Digital dermatitis is a disease that causes
lameness
A limp is a type of asymmetric abnormality of the gait. Limping may be caused by pain, weakness, neuromuscular imbalance, or a skeletal deformity. The most common underlying cause of a painful limp is physical trauma; however, in the absence ...
in
cattle
Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus '' Bos''. Mature female cattle are calle ...
. It was first discovered in Italy in 1974 by Cheli and Mortellaro. This disease is caused by a mixture of different bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria, including
spirochetes of the genus ''
Treponema'', are found in the lesions associated with the infection. Digital dermatitis is different from
foot rot in cattle and both conditions may occur concurrently.
Digital dermatitis primarily affects dairy cattle and has been known to lower the quantity of milk produced, but the quality of the milk is unaffected.
Evidence shows that risk factors favouring digital dermatitis outbreaks include: poor hygiene and high humidity; introduction of infected animals; no hoof care for heifers and dry cows; high levels of chronically infected animals; insufficient or inadequate hoof trimming; soft hooves and unbalanced nutrition.
Presentation
Digital dermatitis appears as lesions which initially looks like a raw, red, oval ulcer on the back of the heel. These lesions develop raised, hair-like projections or wart-like lesions, and some may extend up between the claws or appear on the front of the foot.
Cause
Digital dermatitis is a polymicrobial disease involving treponemes and other
anaerobes.
Treponemes are the bacterium most commonly found in lesions. Their abundance increases as the lesion progresses. They account for 94% of bacterial sequences detected in chronic lesions.
Diagnosis
A scoring system was developed to classify the different stages of digital dermatitis, the M-stages system, where "M" stands for Mortellaro. The different stages are described as: M0, healthy skin; M1, early stage, skin defect < 2 cm diameter; M2, acute active ulcerative lesion; M3, healing stage, lesion covered with scab-like material; M4, chronic stage, that may be dyskeratotic (mostly thickened epithelium) or proliferative or both.
Diagnosis is principally based on history and clinical signs. It is very rare that attempts are made to
isolate the bacteria.
[Interdigital Dermatitis - Cattle](_blank)
reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 11 October 2011.
Treatment
Treatment of lesions of digital dermatitis is done by topical application of agents to the affected skin. The skin should be cleaned and kept dry prior to treatment.
Topical
A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical medication means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes ...
oxytetracycline (OTC) is often referred as the most reliable treatment as cows treated with OTC have a good recovery rate. Bandaging the lesion is often undertaken but there is no evidence of any benefit and bandaging can provide the anaerobic environment which supports the spirochaetes. Systemic antibiotics are not needed.
Control and prevention of digital dermatitis relies on prompt detection, isolation and treatment of affected cattle. Group hoof disinfection can be achieved via the passage of the cows through footbaths of antimicrobial solutions. Slurry build-up should be avoided since organic matter can impair the antimicrobial efficacy of the footbath solutions. Regular footbaths should be organised, using
formalin
Formaldehyde ( , ) (systematic name methanal) is an organic compound with the chemical formula and structure , more precisely . The compound is a pungent, colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde. It is stored as ...
,
copper sulphate or a
thymol-based disinfectant.
While regular footbathing can help prevent hoof infections, occasional flare-up of active M2 lesions can happen.
Copper sulfate Copper sulfate may refer to:
* Copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4, a common, greenish blue compound used as a fungicide and herbicide
* Copper(I) sulfate, Cu2SO4, an unstable white solid which is uncommonly used
{{chemistry index
Copper compounds ...
footbaths are one of the most common forms of protection and treatment for digital dermatitis thanks to its antimicrobial trait and its ability to harden hooves to prevent exposure to bacteria. Copper sulfate is more effective as a prevention method rather than a treatment for digital dermatitis.
Synonyms
* Hairy heel warts
* Strawberry foot rot
* Mortellaro disease
* Italian foot rot
* Papillomatous digital dermatitis (caused by
Treponema spirochetes)
References
Further reading
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{{Authority control
Bovine diseases
Bacterial diseases