dBm0 is an abbreviation for the power in decibel-milliwatts (dBm) measured at a zero transmission level point (ZLP). dBm0 is a concept used (amongst other areas) in audio/telephony processing since it allows a smooth integration of analog and digital chains. Notably, for

A-law An A-law algorithm is a standard companding algorithm, used in European 8-bit PCM digital communications systems to optimize, i.e. modify, the dynamic range of an analog signal for digitizing. It is one of the two companding algorithms in the ...

and μ-law codecs the standards define a sequence which has a output. The unit dBm0 is used to describe levels of digital as well as analog signals and is derived from its counterpart dBm. Although today dBm0 may be considered supplanted by the similar unit decibels relative to full scale (dBFS) (discussion at ), dBm0 can be viewed as connecting both the old world of analog telecommunication and the new world of digital communication. The level corresponds to the digital milliwatt (DMW) and is defined as the absolute

power Power may refer to: Common meanings * Power (physics), meaning "rate of doing work" ** Engine power, the power put out by an engine ** Electric power, a type of energy * Power (social and political), the ability to influence people or events Math ...

level at a digital reference point of the same signal that would be measured as the absolute power level, in dBm, if the reference point was analog. The absolute power in dBm scale for a power in

milliwatt The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3. It is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. The watt is named in honor o ...

s (mW) is defined as:

10 \log_ \frac \, .

When the test impedance is resistive, can be referred to a

voltage Voltage, also known as (electrical) potential difference, electric pressure, or electric tension, is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a Electrostatics, static electric field, it corresponds to the Work (electrical), ...

of , which results in a reference active power of . Then corresponds to an overload level of approximately in the

analog-to-digital conversion In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an analog signal, such as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal. An ADC may also provide ...

. Given a sinusoid signal of RMS, the power at a zero transmission level point is:

P = \frac = 0.001 mathrm = 1 mathrm = 0 mathrm,,

and the voltage level at the ZLP is:

L = 10*\log_\left( \frac \right)^2 \approx -2.214 mathrm

TIA-810TIA/EIA 810-A, Transmission Requirements for Narrowband Voice over IP and Voice over PCM Digital Wireline Telephones characterizes:

When a analog signal is applied to the coder input, a digital code is present at the digital reference. In general, when a digital code is applied to the decoder, a analog signal appears at the decoder output. More specifically, when the periodic sequence as given in Table 2, in either mu-law or A-law as appropriate, is applied to the decoder at the digital reference point, a , sine-wave signal appears at the decoder output. is 3.14 (A-law) or 3.17 (mu-law) dB below digital full scale.

In all standards, dBm0 is always an RMS unit. Peaks are described in a different way, sometimes by mentioning the margin to overload or clipping. The nominal downlink level in mobile phone telecommunication at the point of interconnection is .

Comparison to dBFS

Digital signals in the abstract digital realm do not necessarily inherently represent any type of measurable physical unit. They are not necessarily relative to any specific reference power level, and thus they need not be expressed as dBm0. But the early pioneers of telephonometry gave us the pseudo-digital unit of dBm0, which persists. A more commonly used unit today for digital signal levels is dB Full Scale or

dBFS Decibels relative to full scale (dBFS or dB FS) is a unit of measurement for amplitude levels in digital systems, such as pulse-code modulation (PCM), which have a defined maximum peak level. The unit is similar to the units dBov and decibels r ...

. The relationship between dBm0 and dBFS is unfortunately ambiguous. It depends how RMS and peak levels in dBFS are defined. The ambiguity is if a full scale sinusoidal in a digital system is defined to have an RMS level of or if it should be defined to have a RMS value of , equal to the dBFS peak value. Today, the interpretation by many companies tend to go towards a definition that a full scale sinusoidal is and . The only signal that can hold according to this definition, is a fully saturated square wave. For the relationship between dBm0 and dBFS, this means that is equivalent to and . This also means that the commonly used POI (Point of Interconnect) level of can be transformed to in an A-law codec system, or in a μ-law codec system (using the definition of a full scale sinusoidal being and . Though, there are some companies defining that dBFS RMS equals dBFS peak for sinusoidal signals. Examples are: Qualcomm and Knowles (and other digital

MEMS MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) is the technology of microscopic devices incorporating both electronic and moving parts. MEMS are made up of components between 1 and 100 micrometres in size (i.e., 0.001 to 0.1 mm), and MEMS devices ...

microphone companies). This gives some consequences when trying to calculate crest factors for speech or noise, because the difference between peak and rms value in analog domain does not correspond to the difference between peak and rms level in digital domain. Other companies like Adobe (software creator of Adobe Audition) and Listen Inc. (software creator of SoundCheck) offer the possibility to choose which dBFS rms definition you want to use in the program.

Comparison to dBFS

Notes

References

Sources