The Cardueae are a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

of flowering plants in the daisy family (

Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...

) and the subfamily Carduoideae. Most of them are commonly known as

thistle Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterised by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles can also occur all over the planton the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves. ...

s; four of the best known genera are '' Carduus'', '' Cynara'' (containing the widely eaten

artichoke The globe artichoke (''Cynara cardunculus'' var. ''scolymus'' ),Rottenberg, A., and D. Zohary, 1996: "The wild ancestry of the cultivated artichoke." Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 43, 53–58. also known by the names French artichoke and green articho ...

), ''

Cirsium ''Cirsium'' is a genus of perennial and biennial flowering plants in the Asteraceae, one of several genera known commonly as thistles. They are more precisely known as plume thistles. These differ from other thistle genera ('' Carduus'', ''Silyb ...

'', and ''

Onopordum ''Onopordum'', or cottonthistle, is a genus of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. They are native to southern Europe, northern Africa, the Canary Islands, the Caucasus, and southwest and central Asia. They grow on disturb ...

''. They are

annual Annual may refer to: *Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year ** Yearbook ** Literary annual *Annual plant *Annual report *Annual giving *Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco *Annuals (band), ...

biennial Biennial means (an event) lasting for two years or occurring every two years. The related term biennium is used in reference to a period of two years. In particular, it can refer to: * Biennial plant, a plant which blooms in its second year and th ...

, or

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

herb In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicinal ...

s. Many species are

thorn Thorn(s) or The Thorn(s) may refer to: Botany * Thorns, spines, and prickles, sharp structures on plants * ''Crataegus monogyna'', or common hawthorn, a plant species Comics and literature * Rose and Thorn, the two personalities of two DC Com ...

y on leaves, stems, or

involucre In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or o ...

, and some have laticifers or

resin In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. Resins are usually mixtures of organic compounds. This article focuses on natu ...

conduits. Almost 80 genera comprising 2500 species are assigned to this tribe, native of temperate regions of Europe and Asia (especially the Mediterranean region and Minor Asia), Australia and tropical Africa; only three genera contain species native to the Americas.Bremer 1994 ''

'': Cladistic and Classification ribe ''Carduae'': 112-156/ref>

Taxonomy

Cardueae is a synonym for Cynareae, but the name Cynareae was published almost a decade earlier, so has precedence. Some authors have divided the plants traditionally held to be in this tribe into three tribes: Cynareae in the narrow sense, Carlineae, and Echinopeae. However, other authors have retained the traditional broader classification.

Subtribes and genera

Arctiinae The Arctiinae (formerly called the family Arctiidae) are a large and diverse subfamily of moths with around 11,000 species found all over the world, including 6,000 neotropical species.Scoble, MJ. (1995). ''The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and D ...

Garcia-Jacas & Susanna **''

Arctium ''Arctium'' is a genus of biennial plants commonly known as burdock, family Asteraceae. Native to Europe and Asia, several species have been widely introduced worldwide. Burdock's clinging properties, in addition to providing an excellent mecha ...

'' **'' Cousinia'' * Berardiinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna **'' Berardia'' * Cardopatiinae Less. **''

Cardopatium ''Cardopatium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. They are native to the central and eastern Mediterranean region In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin (; also known as the Mediterranean Region or sometimes Mediter ...

'' **'' Cousiniopsis'' * Carduinae Dumort. **'' × Carduogalactites'' **'' × Cirsio-carduus'' **'' Carduus'' **''

'' **'' Cynara'' **'' Galactites'' **'' Lamyropsis'' **''

Notobasis ''Notobasis'' is a genus in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and the Middle East, from Madeira, the Canary Islands, Morocco and Portugal east to Egypt, Iran and Azerbaijan. ; Species * '' ...

'' **'' Picnomon'' **'' Ptilostemon'' **''

Silybum ''Silybum'' (milk thistle) is a genus of two species of thistles in the family Asteraceae. The plants are native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. One species has been introduced elsewhere, including in No ...

'' **'' Tyrimnus'' * Carlininae Dumort. **''

Atractylis ''Atractylis'' is a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae. ; Species ''Atractylis'' is native to the greater Mediterranean region (southern Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; es, :es:C ...

'' **''

Atractylodes ''Atractylodes'' is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Species ''Atractylodes'' is native to eastern Asia. * '' Atractylodes amurensis'' – Korea, Amur * '' Atractylodes carlinoides'' – Hubei * '' Atractylodes japoni ...

'' **'' Carlina'' **'' Thevenotia'' **'' Tugarinovia'' * Centaureinae Dumort. **'' Amberboa'' **'' Callicephalus'' **'' Carduncellus'' **'' Carthamus'' **''

Centaurea ''Centaurea'' () is a genus of over 700 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members of the genus are found only north of the equator, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere; the Middle East and surrounding reg ...

'' **'' Centaurodendron'' **'' Centaurothamnus'' **''

Cheirolophus ''Cheirolophus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae first described as a genus in 1827. The genus is native to the western Mediterranean (Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Algeria, Morocco, Malta Malta ( , , ), offici ...

'' **'' Crocodilium'' **''

Crupina ''Crupina'' is a small genus of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. The common crupina '' Crupina vulgaris'' is a notorious noxious weed on several continents. The other species, '' Crupina crupinastrum'', also has the po ...

'' **'' Femeniasia'' **'' Goniocaulon'' **'' Karvandarina'' **''

Klasea ''Klasea'' is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. ; Species ; formerly included * ''Klasea chinensis - Rhaponticum chinense'' * ''Klasea insularis - Serratula coronata var. insularis' ...

'' **''

Leuzea ''Rhaponticum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. Description ''Rhaponticum'' species are perennial herbaceous plants with simple, rarely branched stems. The leaves are simple to pinnatifid. T ...

'' **'' Mantisalca'' **'' Myopordon'' **'' Nikitinia'' **''

Oligochaeta Oligochaeta () is a subclass of animals in the phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, including all of the various earthworms. Specifically, oligochaetes comprise the terrestrial megadrile earthworm ...

'' **'' Phalacrachena'' **'' Phonus'' **'' Plagiobasis'' **'' Plectocephalus'' **''

Psephellus ''Psephellus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to eastern Europe and western Asia. A taxonomic revision reassigned many species from ''Centaurea ''Centaurea'' () is a genus of over 700 species of herbaceous thi ...

'' **'' Rhaponticoides'' **''

Russowia ''Russowia'' is a genus of Asian plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. Species The only known species is ''Russowia sogdiana'', native to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan ...

'' **''

Schischkinia ''Schischkinia'' is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. ;Species There is only one known species, ''Schischkinia albispina'', native to Asia: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Xinjiang, Afghanistan, and Iran ...

'' **'' Serratula'' **'' Stizolophus'' **'' Tricholepis'' **'' Volutaria'' **''

Zoegea ''Zoegea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. ; Species * ''Zoegea crinita'' Boiss. - Tajikistan * ''Zoegea leptaurea'' L. - Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey * ''Zoegea purpurea'' Fresen. - Egy ...

'' * Dipterocominae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna **'' Dipterocome'' * Echinopsinae Dumort. **''

Echinops ''Echinops'' is a genus of about 120 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, commonly known as globe thistles. They have spiny foliage and produce blue or white spherical flower heads. They are native to Europe, east to central As ...

'' * Onopordinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna **'' Alfredia'' **'' Ancathia'' **'' Lamyropappus'' **'' Olgaea'' **''

'' **''

Synurus ''Synurus'' is a genus of Asian plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. ''Synurus'' has a thick stem up to 1.5 meters tall. It produces large, nodding, spherical flower heads up to 6 centimeters wide with purple florets. The ...

'' **'' Syreitschikovia'' **'' Xanthopappus'' * Saussureinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna **'' Dolomiaea'' **''

Jurinea ''Jurinea'' is a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae. The species are native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa.

'' **'' Polytaxis'' **''

Saussurea ''Saussurea'' is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae, native to cool temperate and arctic regions of East Asia, Europe, and North America, with the highest diversity in alpine habit ...

'' * Staehelininae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna **'' Staehelina'' * Xerantheminae Cass. ex Dumort. **'' Amphoricarpos'' **'' Chardinia'' **'' Shangwua'' **''

Siebera ''Siebera'' is a genus of plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. ; Species Xeranthemum ''Xeranthemum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has silvery flower heads with purplish tubular flowers. Species Species include: # ''Xeranthemum annuum ''Xeranthemum annuum'' is a flowe ...

References

Asteraceae tribes Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck {{Cynareae-stub