Cîteaux Abbey ( ) is a
Catholic
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
abbey
An abbey is a type of monastery used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess. Abbeys provide a complex of buildings and land for religious activities, work, and housing of Christians, Christian monks and nun ...
located in
Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux
Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Cîteaux Abbey is located in the commune.
Geography Climate
Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification ''Cfb'' ...
, south of
Dijon
Dijon (, ; ; in Burgundian language (Oïl), Burgundian: ''Digion'') is a city in and the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Côte-d'Or Departments of France, department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Regions of France, region in eas ...
,
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
. It is notable for being the original house of the
Order of Cistercians. Today, it belongs to the
Trappists
The Trappists, officially known as the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (, abbreviated as OCSO) and originally named the Order of Reformed Cistercians of Our Lady of La Trappe, are a Religious order (Catholic), Catholic religious o ...
(also called the Cistercians of the Strict Observance).
The abbey has about 35 monks. The community produces a cheese branded under the abbey's name, as well as caramels and honey-based candies.
History
Cîteaux Abbey was founded on Saint Benedict's Day, 21 March 1098, by a group of monks from
Molesme Abbey
Molesme Abbey was a well-known Rule of St. Benedict, Benedictine monastery in Molesme, in Laignes, Côte-d'Or, Duchy of Burgundy, on the border of the Diocese of Langres, Dioceses of Langres and Diocese of Troyes, Troyes.
History
Molesme Abbey ...
seeking to follow more closely the
Rule of St. Benedict
The ''Rule of Saint Benedict'' () is a book of precepts written in Latin by Benedict of Nursia, St. Benedict of Nursia (c. AD 480–550) for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot.
The spirit of Saint Benedict's Rule is summed up ...
. The Abbey was supported by Renaud, Vicomte de Beaune, and Odo I, Duke of Burgundy. They were led by Saint
Robert of Molesme, who became the first
abbot
Abbot is an ecclesiastical title given to the head of an independent monastery for men in various Western Christian traditions. The name is derived from ''abba'', the Aramaic form of the Hebrew ''ab'', and means "father". The female equivale ...
. The site was wooded and swampy, in a sparsely populated area. The
toponym
Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of ''wikt:toponym, toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage, and types. ''Toponym'' is the general term for ...
predates the abbey, but its origin is uncertain. Theories include a derivation from ''cis tertium''
'lapidem miliarium'' "this side of the third (
milestone
A milestone is a numbered marker placed on a route such as a road, railway, railway line, canal or border, boundary. They can indicate the distance to towns, cities, and other places or landmarks like Mileage sign, mileage signs; or they c ...
)" of the Roman road connecting
Langres
Langres () is a commune in France, commune in northeastern France. It is a Subprefectures in France, subprefecture of the Departments of France, department of Haute-Marne, in the Regions of France, region of Grand Est.
History
As the capital ...
and
Chalons sur Saône, or alternatively from ''cisternae'' "cisterns", which in Middle Latin could refer to stagnant pools of a swamp.
In the year 1111, the monastery produced the illuminated manuscript now known as the Cîteaux ''
Moralia in Job''.
The second abbot was Saint
Alberic, and the third abbot
Saint Stephen Harding, who wrote the ''
Carta Caritatis'' that described the organisation of the order.
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist. (; 109020 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was an abbot, mystic, co-founder of the Knights Templar, and a major leader in the reform of the Benedictines through the nascent Cistercian Order.
Bernard was ...
, who would later be proclaimed
Doctor of the Church
Doctor of the Church (Latin: ''doctor'' "teacher"), also referred to as Doctor of the Universal Church (Latin: ''Doctor Ecclesiae Universalis''), is a title given by the Catholic Church to saints recognized as having made a significant contribut ...
, was a monk of Cîteaux Abbey and was sent in 1115 to found
Clairvaux Abbey, of which he became the first abbot. Saint Bernard was influential in the exponential growth of the Cistercian Order that followed.

The great church of Cîteaux Abbey, begun in around 1140, was completed in 1193. The
Dukes of Burgundy
Duke of Burgundy () was a title used by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, from its establishment in 843 to its annexation by the Crown lands of France, French crown in 1477, and later by members of the House of Habsburg, including Holy Roman E ...
subsequently used it as their dynastic place of burial. Other dignitaries were buried in side chapels, perhaps most famously the magnificent
tomb of Philippe Pot, a high Burgundian official who died in 1493.
By the beginning of the 13th century the order had more than 500 houses and Cîteaux became an important center of Christianity. In 1244, King
Louis IX of France
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), also known as Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270. He is widely recognized as the most distinguished of the Direct Capetians. Following the death of his father, Louis VI ...
(Saint Louis) and his mother
Blanche of Castile visited the abbey.
During the
Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War (; 1337–1453) was a conflict between the kingdoms of Kingdom of England, England and Kingdom of France, France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages. It emerged from feudal disputes over the Duchy ...
, the monastery was pillaged in 1360 (the monks sought refuge in Dijon), in 1365, 1434 and 1438. In 1380,
the Earl of Buckingham stayed at
L'Aumône Abbey, a daughter house of Cîteaux located in the forest of
Marchenoir whilst his army was quartered in the surrounding Forest.
The modern era
Since Cîteaux, the head of the order, had to meet extraordinary demands above and beyond those of other Cistercian abbeys, its campus was different. There had to be accommodations for the delegates of the annual chapter, their entourages and horses, but also for the ducal family. These obligations had an impact on the development of the abbey's infrastructure.
[Martine Plouvier et Alain Saint-Denis: Pour une histoire monumentale de l’abbaye de Cîteaux (1908-1998). ''Cîteaux, commentarii cistercienses'', Association Bourguignonne des Sociétés Savantes, 1998.]
To the north, the abbey's gatehouse opened onto a first courtyard, the so-called "lower courtyard," which was flanked by large buildings for guests and pilgrims. At its southern end there was a second gate, the upper floor of which was reserved for the accommodation of the Duchesses of Burgundy. It opened onto a large courtyard of honor, which in turn led to the residence of the Dukes of Burgundy. This courtyard also included buildings that were only used during the General Chapter.
In the beginning of the 16th century, the abbey had a strong community of about 200 members. However, it suffered badly in the
French Wars of Religion
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholic Church, Catholics and Protestantism, Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598. Between two and four million people died from violence, famine or disease di ...
and slowly declined for the next century. in 1589, soldiers stormed and looted the abbey, reportedly carrying away "three hundred wagonloads of booty" and leaving the monastery in ruins. Cîteaux was left "practically abandoned for years," and it took until around 1610 for any sort of stable monastic life to be re-established there.
In 1698, the abbey had 72 professed monks. In 1790, in the wake of the
French Revolution, the monks were offered a pension if they agreed to return to civilian life. Fourteen of them, including Abbot Francois Trouvé, refused the offer, while twenty-nine took it. The abbey was seized and the property sold off by the government; what was left was looted by the local population. To calm the ensuing violence, a minor squad under the direction of
Napoléon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
was called in.
Penitentiary colony
The Cîteaux Abbey see the establishment in 1846 of the agricultural penitentiary colony led by Father Joseph Rey. The colony was intended to detain minors and teach them a trade. The educational methods were similar to military methods, and from 1883, reports revealed poor hygiene, nutrition, and teaching conditions, and the Ministry of the Interior no longer sent prisoners to this colony. They would henceforth be entrusted to public colonies. The scandal of 1888, brought up before the National Assembly, led to the withdrawal of recognition of public utility from the Society of the Brothers of St Joseph. This lasted until 1895. The Cîteaux estate then passed into state hands. Cîteaux became a monastery again in 1898, when the Trappist monks settled there.
The rebirth of the Abbey
Trappist monks resumed monastic life at the abbey in 1898, and they continue to reside there. The first monks, four in number, arrived from
Sept-Fons on 2 October 1898. In 1913, the abbey had around twenty-five people, monks and lay brothers, and was facing financial difficulties. The commercial production of cheese began around this time. In 1998, the celebration of the 9th centenary of the founding of Cîteaux was marked by the renovation of the church.
Restoration work
The abbey has preserved three buildings from the ancient period. The oldest, the library, completed in 1509, with a
ribbed vault
A rib vault or ribbed vault is an architectural feature for covering a wide space, such as a nave, church nave, composed of a framework of crossed or diagonal arched ribs. Variations were used in Roman architecture, Byzantine architecture, Isla ...
. The "Définitoire", with a
groin vault, which includes several rooms including a large one with central columns, and the dormitory on the upper floor and finally the last building, called the Lenoir building, completed in 1771. These three buildings were classified as
historic monuments by decree of December 28, 1978. Between 1824 and 1839, transformations were carried out to adapt the building to the needs of a sugar mill.
A rehabilitation and restoration project, supported by the Congrégation de Cîteaux and the international association Cîteaux Mater Nostra, was initiated on the basis of a programming study carried out in 2019 by the Archipat agency.
Notable abbots
*
Robert of Molesme (21 March 1098 - 6 July 1099)
*
Alberic (July 1099 - 26 January 1108)
*
Stephen Harding
Stephen Harding () (28 March 1134) was an English-born monk and abbot, who was one of the founders of the Cistercian Order. He is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church.
Early life
Stephen was born in south-west England and, as a youth, ...
(1108 - September 1133)
*
Raynaud de Bar (1134 - 16 December 1150)
*
Gilbert le Grand (May 1163 - 17 October 1168)
*
Guy II de Paray (April/May 1194 - 1200)
*
Arnaud Amaury (September 1200 - 12 March 1212)
*
Conrad of Urach (3 April 1217 - 8 January 1218)
*
Guy III de Bourgogne (1257/1258 - May 1262)
*
Robert II de Pontigny (January 1294 - 30 November 1299)
*
Jérôme de la Souchère (1/2 July 1564 - 23 October 1571)
*
Nicolas I Boucherat (12 December 1571 - December 1583)
*
Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), commonly known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a Catholic Church in France, French Catholic prelate and statesman who had an outsized influence in civil and religi ...
(19 November 1635 - 4 December 1642)
*
Claude Vaussin (2 January 1643 - 1 February 1670)
Film set
In 2018, a team from the TV programme
Secrets d'Histoire filmed several sequences at the abbey as part of an episode devoted to
Blanche of Castile, entitled
Blanche of Castile, the Queen Mother has character..., broadcast on 5 July 2018 on
France 2
France 2 () is a French free-to-air public television channel. The flagship channel of France Télévisions, it broadcasts generalist programming including news, entertainment (such as dramas, films, and game shows), factual programmes, and sp ...
channel.
References
Sources
* Plouvier, M. and Saint-Denis, A. (eds.), 1998: ''Pour une histoire monumentale de Cîteaux, 1098-1998'' (''Commentarii cistercienses. Studia et documenta'', 8), Cîteaux.
External links
Official site
Pictures
*
Abbey StampIllumination of an Abbey Manuscript
{{DEFAULTSORT:Citeaux Abbey
Buildings and structures completed in 1193
Churches completed in the 1190s
Cistercian monasteries in France
Trappist monasteries in France
Buildings and structures in Côte-d'Or
1098 establishments in Europe
1090s establishments in France
Christian monasteries established in the 1090s