Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the

broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting began ...

television program Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertising ...

s and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship. It was the United States′ first model of radio (and later television) during the 1920s, in contrast with the

public television Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing ...

model in

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...

during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States and Brazil, until the 1980s.

Features

Advertising

Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing

radio advertisement In the United States, commercial radio stations make most of their revenue by selling airtime to be used for running radio advertisements. These advertisements are the result of a business or a service providing a valuable consideration, usually ...

s and

television advertisement A television advertisement (also called a television commercial, TV commercial, commercial, spot, television spot, TV spot, advert, television advert, TV advert, television ad, TV ad or simply an ad) is a span of television programming produce ...

s for profit. This is in contrast to

public broadcasting Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing ...

, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show. During

pledge drive A pledge drive is an extended period of fundraising activities, generally used by public broadcasting stations to increase contributions. The term " pledge" originates from the promise that a contributor makes to send in funding at regular interv ...

s, some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations. In the United States,

non-commercial educational A non-commercial educational station (NCE station) is a radio station or television station that does not accept on-air advertisements ( TV ads or radio ads), as defined in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and was ...

(NCE) television and radio exists in the form of

community radio Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting. Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest. They broadcast content that is popul ...

; however, premium cable services such as HBO and

Showtime Showtime or Show Time may refer to: Film * ''Showtime'' (film), a 2002 American action/comedy film * ''Showtime'' (video), a 1995 live concert video by Blur Television Networks and channels * Showtime Networks, a division of Paramount Global ...

generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two major

satellite radio Satellite radio is defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)'s ITU Radio Regulations (RR) as a '' broadcasting-satellite service''. The satellite's signals are broadcast nationwide, across a much wider geographical area than ...

systems that are produced in-house (mainly music programming). Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however, advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the

Federal Communications Commission The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisd ...

(FCC) to control commercial broadcasting.

Paid programming

Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as

cable television Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fibre-optic cables. This contrasts with bro ...

radio Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transm ...

and

satellite television Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna commo ...

. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access. Other programming (particularly on cable television) is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they (and often the local cable provider) sell commercial time in a similar manner. The FCC's interest in program control began with the chain-broadcasting investigation of the late 1930s, culminating in the "Blue Book" of 1946, ''Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast Licensees''. The Blue Book differentiated between mass-appeal sponsored programs and unsponsored "sustaining" programs offered by the radio networks. This sustained programming, according to the Blue Book, had five features serving the public interest: *Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule, supplementing the soap operas and popular-music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors *They allowed for the broadcast of programs which, by their controversial or sensitive nature, were unsuitable for sponsorship *They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences *They provided limited broadcast access for

non-profit A nonprofit organization (NPO) or non-profit organisation, also known as a non-business entity, not-for-profit organization, or nonprofit institution, is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, in co ...

and civic organizations *They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation, shielded from the pressures of short-run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor.Boddy, William. ''Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics.'' University of Illinois Press, 1992. Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows. For example, ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds.

Ratings

Programming on commercial stations is more ratings-driven—particularly during periods such as

sweeps Nielsen Media Research (NMR) is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre, films (via the AMC Theatres MAP program), and newspapers. Headquartered in New York City, it is best known for the Nielsen rati ...

in the US and some Latin American countries.

Other factors

Commercial broadcasting (especially

free-to-air Free-to-air (FTA) services are television (TV) and radio services broadcast in unencrypted form, allowing any person with the appropriate receiving equipment to receive the signal and view or listen to the content without requiring a subscripti ...

) is sometimes controversial. One reason is a perceived lack of quality and risk in the programming (to which more conservative elements respond that it is too risqué much of the time), an excessively high ratio of advertising to program time (especially on

children's television Children's television series (or children's television shows) are television programs designed for children, normally scheduled for broadcast during the morning and afternoon when children are awake. They can sometimes run during the early eveni ...

), and a perceived failure to serve the local interest due to media consolidation. Commercial radio (in particular) is criticized for a perceived homogeneity in programming, covert politically motivated censorship of content, and a desire to cut costs at the expense of a station's identifiable personality. Politics is a major force in media criticism, with an ongoing debate (especially in the United States) as to what moral standards – if any – are to be applied to the airwaves.

Global commercial broadcasting

Americas

Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of Latin America. "The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor by national corporations and federal regulators." The best-known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC, CBS,

Fox Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull, upright, triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or ''brush''). Twelv ...

, and

NBC The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network. The flagship property of the NBC Entertainment division of NBCUniversal, a division of Comcast, its headquarters ...

television networks, based in the United States. Major

cable television in the United States Cable television first became available in the United States in 1948. By 1989, 53 million U.S. households received cable television subscriptions, with 60 percent of all U.S. households doing so in 1992. with Data by SNL Kagan shows that about 58 ...

operators include

Comcast Comcast Corporation (formerly known as American Cable Systems and Comcast Holdings),Before the AT&T merger in 2001, the parent company was Comcast Holdings Corporation. Comcast Holdings Corporation now refers to a subsidiary of Comcast Corpora ...

Charter Communications Charter Communications, Inc., is an American telecommunications and mass media company with services branded as Spectrum. With over 32 million customers in 41 states, it is the second-largest cable operator in the United States by subscribers, ...

and

Cox Communications Cox Communications, Inc. (also known as Cox Cable and formerly Cox Broadcasting Corporation, Dimension Cable Services and Times-Mirror Cable) is an American digital cable television provider, telecommunications and home automation services. It ...

Direct-broadcast satellite Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna comm ...

(DBS) services include

DirecTV DirecTV (trademarked as DIRECTV) is an American Multichannel television in the United States, multichannel video programming distributor based in El Segundo, California, El Segundo, California. Originally launched on June 17, 1994, its primary ...

and

Dish Network DISH Network Corporation (DISH, an acronym for DIgital Sky Highway) is an American television provider and the owner of the direct-broadcast satellite provider Dish, commonly known as Dish Network, and the over-the-top IPTV service, Sling TV ...

. In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to

advertising Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to put a product or service in the spotlight in hopes of drawing it attention from consumers. It is typically used to promote a ...

. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their

commercials A television advertisement (also called a television commercial, TV commercial, commercial, spot, television spot, TV spot, advert, television advert, TV advert, television ad, TV ad or simply an ad) is a span of television programming produce ...

, usually based upon program ratings or the

audience measurement Audience measurement measures how many people are in an audience, usually in relation to radio listenership and television viewership, but also in relation to newspaper and magazine readership and, increasingly, web traffic on websites. Some ...

of a station or network. This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than

, a disadvantage of commercial radio and television.

Europe

In Europe, commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting (where programming is largely funded by broadcast receiver licences, public donations or government grants). In the UK, Sky UK is available and

WorldSpace 1worldspace, known for most of its existence simply as WorldSpace, is a defunct satellite radio network that in its heyday provided service to over 170,000 subscribers in eastern, southern and northern Africa, the Middle East, and much of Asia w ...

Satellite Radio was available.

Asia

The best-known commercial services in Asia are one of the South Korean radio and television network SBS along with one of the Hong Kong television network TVB.

List of major commercial broadcasters

Contemporary hit radio Contemporary hit radio (also known as CHR, contemporary hits, hit list, current hits, hit music, top 40, or pop radio) is a radio format that is common in many countries that focuses on playing current and recurrent popular music as determined by ...

in bold.

Americas

Argentina

* América * Paramount Networks Americas **

Telefe Telefe (acronym for Televisión Federal) is a television station located in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The station is owned and operated by Paramount Global through Televisión Federal S.A. Telefe is also one of Argentina's six national televisio ...

El Nueve Channel 9, known by its brand name El Nueve (stylized as elnueve) is an Argentine free-to-air television network based in Buenos Aires with programming centred on general entertainment. History Origins and first Romay ownership After the fall of ...

El Trece Channel 13 (known by its current brand name El Trece, stylized as eltrece) is an Argentine free-to-air television network and the flagship station of the network of the same name, located in the capital of Argentina, Buenos Aires. It is owned ...

* Net TV *Bravo TV

Bolivia

* ATB * Canal 11 * Bolivisión *

Red UNO Red is the color at the long wavelength end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and opposite violet. It has a dominant wavelength of approximately 625–740 nanometres. It is a primary color in the RGB color model and a seconda ...

Brazil

* Band *

Globo Globo (meaning ''globe'' in Portuguese, Spanish and Italian) may refer to: *Grupo Globo, a Brazilian conglomerate primarily in mass media **TV Globo, a television network *** GloboNews, a television 24-hour news channel *** Globo (Portuguese TV c ...

RecordTV RecordTV (), formerly known as Rede Record, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network. It is currently the second largest commercial TV station in Brazil, and the 28th largest in the 2012 world ranking. In 2010, it was elected by the adverti ...

* RedeTV! * SBT * CNT

Canada

;English language *

CTV CTV may refer to: Television * Connected TV, or Smart TV, a TV set with integrated internet North America and South America * CTV Television Network, a Canadian television network owned by Bell Media ** CTV 2, a secondary Canadian televisio ...

Citytv Citytv is a Canadian television network owned by the Rogers Sports & Media subsidiary of Rogers Communications. The licence of the original Citytv station, granted the callsign of CITY-TV by the CRTC on November 25, 1971 to Cable Television A ...

Global Television Network The Global Television Network (more commonly called Global, or occasionally Global TV) is a Canadian English-language terrestrial television network. It is currently Canada's second most-watched private terrestrial television network after CT ...

;French language * TVA *

Noovo Noovo is a Canadian French-language terrestrial television network owned by the Bell Media subsidiary of BCE Inc. The network has five owned-and-operated and three affiliated stations throughout Quebec, although it can also be seen over-the-ai ...

Chile

* UCV Televisión * Canal 13 * Paramount Networks Americas **

Chilevisión Chilevisión (often abbreviated as CHV) is a Chilean free-to-air television channel. It is the third oldest Chilean television network, owned by Paramount Networks Americas, being founded by the University of Chile on November 4, 1960. Histor ...

* Mega *

La Red La Red (Spanish for "The Network" or "The Net") may refer to: * ''Rossana'' (film), known in Spanish as ''La red'', a 1953 Mexican drama directed by Emilio Fernández * La Red (Chilean TV channel), a private television channel in Chile * , a tel ...

* Telecanal

Colombia

* RCN Televisión *

Caracol Televisión Caracol Televisión (known as Caracol and previously as Canal Caracol) is a Colombian free-to-air television network owned by Caracol Medios, a unit of Grupo Valorem. It is one of the leading private TV networks in Colombia, alongside Canal RCN ...

* Channel 1 * Canal A

Costa Rica

* Teletica * Repretel

Ecuador

Ecuavisa Ecuavisa is an Ecuadorian free-to-air television network that was launched on March 1, 1967 on Quito's channel 8 and Guayaquil's channel 2. It is one of the leading TV networks in the country. The channel has an international feed named '' Ecu ...

* Gamavisión * Teleamazonas * TC Televisión * Canal Uno

Mexico

Televisa Grupo Televisa is a Mexican multimedia mass media company. A major Latin American mass media corporation, it often presents itself as the largest producer of Spanish-language content. In April 2021, Televisa and Univision Communications announce ...

TV Azteca TV Azteca, S.A.B. de C.V. is a Mexican multimedia conglomerate owned by Grupo Salinas. It is the second-largest mass media company in Mexico after Televisa. It primarily competes with Televisa as well as some local operators. It owns two nation ...

Imagen Televisión Imagen Televisión is a national broadcast television network in Mexico, owned by Grupo Imagen. It launched on October 17, 2016, at 8 p.m. History Imagen on television In 2006, Imagen's parent, Grupo Empresarial Ángeles, acquired XHRAE ...

* Grupo Multimedios * MVS Comunicaciones *

Quiero TV Quiero (Spanish for "I want" or "I love") may refer to: * "Quiero" (Anahí song), 2010 * "Quiero" (Ricardo Arjona song), 2007 * "Quiero" (Selena song), 1988 * "Quiero", song by Julio Iglesias from the album ''El Amor'' (1975) * "Quiero", song b ...

Panama

* Telemetro * TVN

Paraguay

* Paravisión * SNT * Trece * Unicanal

Peru

* América Televisión * Global Televisión *

ATV ATV may refer to: Broadcasting * Amateur television *Analog television Television stations and companies * Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra * ATV (Armenia) * ATV (Aruba), NBC affiliate * ATV (Australian TV station), Melbourne * ATV (Austria) * AT ...

*Latina Televisión * Panamericana Televisión *

La Tele La Tele was a regional television network in Venezuela. It could be seen on the cable and satellite systems of DirecTV (channel 113 in all of Venezuela), Supercable (channels 49, 48, 49, 49, 48, and 44 in Caracas, Margarita Island, Maracay ...

United States

;English language * ABC * CBS *

The CW ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in ...

MyNetworkTV MyNetworkTV (unofficially abbreviated MyTV, MyNet, MNT or MNTV, and sometimes referred to as My Network) is an American commercial broadcast television syndication service and former television network owned by Fox Corporation, operated by its ...

;Spanish language *

Azteca América Azteca América (, sometimes shortened to Azteca) is an American Spanish-language free-to-air television network owned by INNOVATE Corp., which acquired the network from the Azteca International Corporation subsidiary of TV Azteca. Headquartered ...

* Estrella TV *

Telemundo Telemundo (; formerly NetSpan) is an American Spanish-language terrestrial television network owned by NBCUniversal Telemundo Enterprises, a division of NBCUniversal, which in turn is owned by Comcast. It provides content nationally with prog ...

Univision Univision () is an American Spanish-language free-to-air television network owned by TelevisaUnivision. It is the United States' largest provider of Spanish-language content. The network's programming is aimed at the Latino public and inclu ...

UniMás UniMás (, stylized as ''UNIMÁS'', and originally known as TeleFutura from its launch on January 14, 2002, to January 6, 2013) is an American Spanish free-to-air television network owned by TelevisaUnivision. The network's programming, which is ...

Uruguay

* Canal 4 * Canal 10 * Teledoce

Venezuela

Venevisión Venevisión () is a Venezuelan free-to-air television channel and one of Venezuela's largest television networks, owned by the Cisneros Media division of Grupo Cisneros. History The company's roots date back to June 1, 1953, with the establi ...

* Televen *

Globovisión Globovisión is a 24-hour television news network. It broadcasts over-the-air in Caracas, Aragua, Carabobo and Zulia on UHF channel 33. Globovisión is seen in the rest of Venezuela on cable or satellite (Globovisión has an alliance with Dire ...

* Meridiano Televisión * Vale TV

Asia

China

* Fantastic Television Limited (奇妙電視, FTV) —

Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta i ...

, China **76_HD - Hong Kong International Business Channel (香港國際財經台) -

Hong Kong English Hong Kong English is a variety of the English language native to Hong Kong. The variant is either a learner interlanguage or emergent variant, primarily a result of Hong Kong's British overseas territory history and the influence of native ...

**77_HD - HOY TV -

Hong Kong Cantonese Hong Kong Cantonese is a dialect of the Cantonese language of the Sino-Tibetan family. Although Hongkongers refer to the language as "''Cantonese''" (), publications in mainland China describe the variant as ''Hong Kong dialect'' (), due to ...

**78_HD - HOY Infotainment (HOY資訊台) -

* HK Television Entertainment Ltd (香港電視娛樂有限公司, HKTVE) —

, China **96_HD -

ViuTVsix ViuTVsix is a free-to-air English language general entertainment television channel in Hong Kong operated by HK Television Entertainment (HKTVE), whose parent company, PCCW, also operates IPTV platform Now TV and media streaming service Viu. ...

**97_HD -

ViuTV ViuTV is a Cantonese language general entertainment television channel in Hong Kong operated by HK Television Entertainment (HKTVE), whose parent company PCCW also operates the IPTV platform Now TV and the media streaming service Viu. The ...

Television Broadcasts Limited Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) is a television broadcasting company based in Hong Kong SAR. The Company operates five free-to-air terrestrial television channels in Hong Kong, with TVB Jade as its main Cantonese language service, and TV ...

(電視廣播有限公司 "無綫電視", TVB) —

, China **81_HD -

TVB Jade TVB Jade (), or simply Jade, is a Hong Kong Cantonese-language free-to-air television channel owned and operated by Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) as its flagship service, alongside its sister network, the English-language TVB Pearl. ...

(無線電視翡翠台) -

**82_HD - TVB J2 -

/Contemporary Teenager Youth Teen Channel **83_HD - TVB News Channel (無線新聞台) -

24-hour clock The modern 24-hour clock, popularly referred to in the United States as military time, is the convention of timekeeping in which the day runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 hours. This is indicated by the hours (and minutes) pas ...

News Channel **84_HD -

TVB Pearl TVB Pearl is a terrestrial television channel in Hong Kong owned by Television Broadcasts Limited. Established on 19 November 1967, it shares headquarters with TVB's other properties at TVB City at 77 Chun Choi Street in Tseung Kwan O Indus ...

(無線電視明珠台) -

**85_HD -

TVB Finance, Sports & Information Channel TVB Finance, Sports & Information Channel (formerly TVB Finance Channel and TVB Finance & Information Channel, ) is a 24-hour non-stop Cantonese finance information channel based in Hong Kong and operated by TVB. The channel provides financial, ...

(無綫財經·體育·資訊台) -

Finance, Sport and Information Channel

India

Paramount Networks EMEAA Paramount Networks Europe, Middle East, Africa & Asia (EMEAA) is a division of Paramount International Networks which is fully owned by Paramount Global. The unit's headquarters are in Berlin, with additional offices in Madrid, Lisbon, Paris, A ...

Colors TV Colors TV is an Indian general entertainment broadcast network owned by Viacom18. The network's programming consists of family dramas, comedies, youth-oriented reality shows, shows on crime and television films. History It was launched on ...

Zee Entertainment Enterprises Zee Entertainment Enterprises (formerly Zee Telefilms) is an Indian media conglomerate owned by Essel Group. Headquartered in Mumbai, it has interests in television, print, internet, film, businesses related to mobile contents, and operates 45 ...

Zee TV Zee TV (stylised as ZEE TV) is a Hindi general entertainment pay television Pay television, also known as subscription television, premium television or, when referring to an individual service, a premium channel, refers to Subscription bus ...

* The Walt Disney Company India **

Star Plus StarPlus is an Indian Hindi language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Disney Star (formerly ''Star India''), a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company India. The network's programming consists of family dramas, comedie ...

* Culver Max Entertainment **

Sony Entertainment Television Sony Entertainment Television (SET) is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel, that was launched on 30 September 1995, and is owned by Culver Max Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Japanese Sony. SET India's Y ...

Indonesia

Japan ( key stations)

* Tokyo TV Asahi (東京テレビ朝日) (EX) * Tokyo Fuji TV (東京フジテレビ) (CX) * Tokyo InterFM (東京InterFM) (DW) * Tokyo J-Wave (東京J-WAVE) (AV) * Tokyo Nippon Broadcasting System (東京ニッポン放送) (LF) * Tokyo Nippon Cultural Broadcasting (東京文化放送) (QR) * Tokyo Nippon Television Network (東京日本テレビ放送網) (AX) * Tokyo Broadcasting System Radio (東京TBSラジオ) (KR) *

Tokyo Broadcasting System Television JORX-DTV, branded as is the flagship station of the Japan News Network (JNN), owned-and-operated by , a subsidiary of JNN's owner, TBS Holdings. It operates in the Kantō region and broadcasts its content nationally through TBS-JNN Network ...

(東京TBSテレビ) (RX) * Tokyo FM (東京エフエム) (AU) *

TV Tokyo JOTX-DTV (channel 7), branded as and known colloquially as , is a television station headquartered in the Sumitomo Fudosan Roppongi Grand Tower in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan, owned and operated by the subsidiary of listed certif ...

(テレビ東京) (TX)

Malaysia

Philippines (major commercial station)

* GMA * GTV * TV5

Singapore

*Astro Malaysia Holdings ** Astro Sensasi * SPH Media Trust ** 96.3 Hao FM ** UFM100.3 ** Money FM 89.3 ** Kiss 92 ** One FM 91.3 *

So Drama! Entertainment ''So Drama!'' Entertainment (previously SAFRA Radio) is a Singapore media company owned by SAFRA National Service Association. In their portfolio are four brands - 883Jia, Power 98, SAF Music and Drama Company and PIONEER (Magazine). PIONEER ...

** 883Jia ** Power 98

South Korea

Taiwan

*TVBS Media Inc. ** TVBS Main Channel ** TVBS Entertainment Channel **

TVBS-NEWS TVBS News or (TVBS-N) is a Taiwanese pay television channel. Launched in 1995, it is the first 24-hour nationwide news channel in the country. Newscasts Current news sections are named as follows. (All time HKT) * Morning News (Weekdays: 09:00 ...

Taiwan Television Taiwan Television Enterprise, Ltd. (), commonly known as TTV and formerly known as Central Television and Voice of Taiwan, is the first terrestrial television station in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It was established on April 28, 1962, and ...

(臺灣電視公司 "台視", TTV) **

TTV Main Channel TTV Main Channel is the primary free-to-air terrestrial television channel of the Taiwan Television company and is the first television channel launched in the Republic of China (Taiwan). History It was established on April 28, 1962, test tran ...

** TTV Finance **TTV Variety **TTV News Channel *

China Television China Television Company, Ltd. (CTV; ) (Formerly called Taiwan Daytime TV (TDT) in 1969-1975) is a television broadcasting company based in Taipei, Taiwan. It was established on September 3, 1968, by the then-ruling Nationalist Party (KMT) ...

(中國電視公司 "中視", CTV) ** CTV Main Channel ** CTV News Channel ** CTV Classic **CTV Bravo *

Chinese Television System The Chinese Television System Inc. () is a terrestrial television station in Taiwan and was founded in 1971. Recent milestones of the network are in sports events, including having the distinction to offer exclusive coverage of the 2017 ...

(中華電視公司 "華視", CTS) ** CTS Main Channel ** CTS News and Info *

Formosa Television Formosa Television () is a television station based in New Taipei, Taiwan. Established on March 27, 1996, FTV began broadcasting on June 11, 1997. Formosa Television is also the first free-to-air television station which was established wit ...

(民間全民電視公司 "民視", FTV) ** FTV Main Channel **FTV Taiwan ** FTV News ** FTV One

Thailand

* Bangkok Workpoint TV SD (23) * Bangkok True4U SD (24) * Bangkok GMM 25 SD (25) * Bangkok Channel 8 SD (27) * Bangkok MONO29 SD (29) * Bangkok ONE 31 HD (31) * Bangkok Thairath TV HD (32) * Bangkok Channel 3 HD (33) * Bangkok Amarin TV HD (34) * Bangkok Channel 7 HD (35) * Bangkok PPTV HD (36)

Vietnam

* Vietnam Television Corporation

Europe

Norway

TV 2 Group TV 2 Group ( Norwegian: ''TV 2 Gruppen'') is Norway's largest commercial media company. TV 2 Group provides services for TV, Teletext, radio, Internet, Web TV, broadband-TV, mobile telephones and other information formats. The company owns ...

** TV 2 **

TV 2 Zebra TV 2 Zebra is a Norwegian television channel showing entertainment programmes, interactive programmes and live sport mainly targeted towards a male audience. The channel was started as TV 2 Xtra on 24 January 2004, but before that the channel wa ...

** TV 2 Nyheter ** TV 2 Sport ** TV 2 Sport Premium ** TV 2 Livsstil *

Viaplay Group Viaplay Group AB, formerly known as Nordic Entertainment Group AB (NENT Group), is a Swedish media and entertainment company headquartered in Stockholm. The company operates the namesake video streaming services Viaplay and Viafree, advertisi ...

** TV3 Norway ** TV3+ Norway ** TV6 Norway * Warner Bros. Discovery Norway **

TVNorge TVNorge (literally "TVNorway"; originally abbreviated TVN, now just abbreviated N in the logos) is a Norwegian television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA. History TVNorge went on the air on 5 December 1988 and was the first adv ...

** FEM **

MAX Max or MAX may refer to: Animals * Max (dog) (1983–2013), at one time purported to be the world's oldest living dog * Max (English Springer Spaniel), the first pet dog to win the PDSA Order of Merit (animal equivalent of OBE) * Max (gorilla) ...

** VOX

Denmark

*Viaplay Group ** TV3 Denmark ** TV3+ ** TV3 Puls ** TV3 Max ** TV3 Sport ** See *Warner Bros. Discovery Denmark ** Kanal 4 ** Kanal 5 **

6'eren 6'eren is a Danish subscription television channel operated by Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA. It replaced SBS Net on 1 January 2009. The channel's target audience is males, branding itself with the slogan "Denmark's got a new TV Channel - and i ...

** Canal 9

Sweden

* TV4 AB ** TV4 ** Sjuan ** TV12 ** TV4 Fakta ** TV4 Film ** TV4 Guld *Viaplay Group **

TV3 Channel 3 or TV 3 may refer to: Television *Canal 3 (Burkina Faso), a commercial television channel in Burkina Faso *Canal 3 (Guatemala), a commercial television channel in Guatemala *Channel 3 (Algeria), a public Algerian TV channel owned by EPTV ...

** TV6 ** TV8 ** TV10 *Warner Bros. Discovery Sweden ** Kanal 5 **

Kanal 9 Kanal 9 (''Channel 9'') is a Swedish free-to-air television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. It targets the 25-59 age group, which is a slightly older age group than the sister channel Kanal 5. The channel launched on 25 February 2007. ...

Kanal 11 Duo 4 (formerly known as Kanal 11 (literal English translation Channel 11)) is an Estonian TV channel owned by Duo Media Networks. The name of the channel was derived from a play on words; in the Estonian language, "Üksteist", the word for ele ...

Finland

* MTV Oy **

MTV3 MTV3 ( fi, MTV Kolme, sv, MTV Tre) is a Finnish commercial television station. It had the biggest audience share of all Finnish TV channels until Yle TV1 (from Yle) took the lead. The letters MTV stand for Mainos-TV (literally "Advertiseme ...

** MTV Sub ** MTV Ava ** C More Total *** C More Max *** C More Juniori *** C More Sport 1 *** C More Sport 2 * Nelonen Media **

Nelonen Nelonen () is a Finnish commercial television channel. It started out as Helsinki's local television channel PTV in 1990 on the HTV cable network (now part of DNA Welho), and changed its name first to PTV4. On June 1, 1997, the channel expand ...

** Jim ** Liv **

Hero A hero (feminine: heroine) is a real person or a main fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength. Like other formerly gender-specific terms (like ''actor''), ''hero ...

*Warner Bros. Discovery Finland ** TV5 ** Kutonen ** Frii ** TLC

Republic of Ireland

* Virgin Media Television **

Virgin Media One Virgin Media One, also called Virgin One, is an Irish free-to-air television channel owned by Virgin Media Ireland (part of Liberty Global), operated through its subsidiary Virgin Media Television. The channel was known until 30 August 20 ...

(SD, HD & +1) ** Virgin Media Two (SD & HD) **

Virgin Media Three Virgin Media Three, also called Virgin Three, is an Irish free-to-air television channel owned by Virgin Media Television. The channel was first launched by Northern Irish broadcaster UTV Media on 1 January 2015 as UTV Ireland; it primarily ...

(SD & HD) ** Virgin Media Four (SD & HD) ** Virgin Media More (SD & HD) * Bauer Media Audio Ireland **

Newstalk Newstalk (formerly NewsTalk 106) is a national independent radio station in Ireland. It is operated by News 106 Limited, a subsidiary of Bauer Media Audio Ireland, and broadcasts under a sound broadcasting contract with the Broadcasting Aut ...

Today FM Today FM is an Irish national commercial FM radio station, owned and operated by Bauer Audio Ireland Limited. Broadcasting since 17 March 1997, it broadcasts mostly music, with a daily news and current affairs programme. Today FM holds a l ...

United Kingdom

France

* TF1 Group **

TF1 TF1 (; standing for ''Télévision Française 1'') is a French commercial television network owned by TF1 Group, controlled by the Bouygues conglomerate. TF1's average market share of 24% makes it the most popular domestic network. TF1 is par ...

TMC TMC may stand for: Companies and brands * Thinking Machines Corporation, a defunct supercomputer company * Toyota Motor Corporation, a Japanese automobile manufacturer *Transportation Management Center, a division of American shipping company C.H. ...

** TFX **

TF1 Séries Films TF1 Séries Films, formerly HD1 (acronym for ''Histoire de'') is a French TV channel, controlled by TF1 Group. HD1 launched on TNT, satellite, and xDSL on 12 December 2012. History Proposed new TNT channels With the shutdown of analogue telev ...

** LCI * M6 Group ** M6 ** W9 ** 6ter **

Gulli Gulli (; stylised as gulli) is a French free-to-air television channel focused on kids programming for those aged 3 to 14. It was created as a result of a partnership between Lagardère Active and state-owned broadcaster France Télévisions. ...

** Paris Première ** Téva ** M6 Music ** TiJi **

Canal J Canal J (stylised as canal J) is a French pay public television channel dedicated to children's programming. It is aimed at children aged seven to fourteen. On 1 February 2019, M6 Group entered negotiations to acquire the television unit o ...

Canal+ Group Groupe Canal+ is a French mass media company. It is owned and controlled by Vivendi and has a film library in excess of 5,000 films. Vivendi has sold some parts of Canal+ to private investors which are still using the name of Canal+. It is headqu ...

Canal+ Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface flow unde ...

Canal+ Cinéma Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or river engineering, engineered channel (geography), channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport watercraft, vehicles (e.g. ...

** Canal+ Sport **

Canal+ Kids Canal+ Family was a French TV channel devoted to the broadcast of family programming. It is part of the "Les Chaînes Canal+" and the "Famille" package from Canal+. Canal+ Family had an African version, on channel 6 from Canal+ Afrique. His ...

**Canal+ Docs **Canal+ Grand Écran **

Canal+ Séries Canal+ Séries is a French TV channel devoted to programming series. It is part of the ''Les Chaînes Canal+'' or the ''Ciné-Séries'' package of Canal+. The channel does not broadcast advertising. The channel broadcasts many shows a few day ...

**Canal+ Sport 360° **Canal+ Foot ** C8 ** CNews ** CStar **CStar Hits France * Altice Média ** BFM TV ** BFM Business ** RMC Story ** RMC Découverte *

NRJ Group The NRJ Group (NRJ is an acronym read as ''énergie'' in French, pronounced ) () is a French multimedia group based in Paris. Its founders are Jean-Paul Baudecroux and Max Guazzini. Since its foundation in 1981 as a French pop music radio ...

** NRJ 12 **NRJ Hits ** Chérie 25

Italy

Mediaset Mediaset Italia S.p.A., also known as Mediaset, is an Italian-based mass media company which is the largest commercial broadcaster in the country. The company is controlled by the holding company MFE - MediaForEurope. Founded in 1987 by forme ...

Rete 4 Rete 4 (in English Network 4) is an Italian free-to-air television channel operated by Mediaset Italia and owned by MFE - MediaForEurope. Presently the director is Sebastiano Lombardi. Programs TV Programmes (currently) Rete 4's streng ...

Canale 5 Canale 5 () is an Italian free-to-air television channel of Mediaset, owned by MFE - MediaForEurope. It was the first private television network to have a national coverage in Italy in 1980. On 4 December 2012, Mediaset launched Canale 5 HD, a ...

Italia 1 Italia 1 (Italian pronunciation ) is an Italian free-to-air television channel on the Mediaset network, owned by MFE - MediaForEurope. It is oriented at both young and adult people. Italia 1 was launched on 3 January 1982 and, originally, was ...

** 20 ** Iris **27 Twentyseven ** La5 **Cine34 **

Focus Focus, or its plural form foci may refer to: Arts * Focus or Focus Festival, former name of the Adelaide Fringe arts festival in South Australia Film *''Focus'', a 1962 TV film starring James Whitmore * ''Focus'' (2001 film), a 2001 film based ...

** Top Crime ** Boing **Cartoonito ** Italia 2 ** TgCom24 ** Mediaset Extra * Warner Bros. Discovery Italia ** Nove ** DMAX **Food Network **

Frisbee A frisbee (pronounced ), also called a flying disc or simply a disc, is a gliding toy or sporting item that is generally made of injection-molded plastic and roughly in diameter with a pronounced lip. It is used recreationally and competitiv ...

Giallo In Italian cinema, ''Giallo'' (; plural ''gialli'', from ''giallo'', Italian for yellow) is a genre of mystery fiction and thrillers that often contains slasher, crime fiction, psychological thriller, psychological horror, sexploitation, a ...

HGTV HGTV (an initialism for Home & Garden Television) is an American pay television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The network primarily broadcasts reality programming related to home improvement and real estate. As of February 2015, ...

** K2 **

Motor Trend ''MotorTrend'' is an American automobile magazine. It first appeared in September 1949, and designated the first Car of the Year, also in 1949. Petersen Publishing Company in Los Angeles published ''MotorTrend'' until 1998, when it was sold to ...

** Real Time **

Warner TV Warner TV is a pay television channel mainly airing in Latin America, Europe, parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia, which is owned by Warner Bros. Discovery through its International unit that focuses on airing American series and films. Mos ...

Sky Italia Sky Italia S.r.l. is an Italian satellite television platform owned by the American media conglomerate Comcast. Sky Italia also broadcasts three national free-to-air television channels: TV8, Cielo and Sky TG24. As of 2018, following an agr ...

** Cielo **Sky Arte **Sky Atlantic **

Sky Cinema Sky Cinema is a British subscription film service owned by Sky Group (a division of Comcast). In the United Kingdom, Sky Cinema channels currently broadcast on the Sky satellite and Virgin Media cable platforms, and in addition Sky Cinema ...

**Sky Documentaries **Sky Investigation **Sky Nature **Sky Serie ** Sky Sport **

Sky TG24 Sky TG24 is Italy's second all-news channel, owned by Sky Italia. Launched on 31 July 2003, it provides non-stop rolling news, weather forecasts and sports stories with half-hourly updates. Overview Part of Sky TG24's programming is available ...

** Sky Uno ** TV8 *

Cairo Communication Cairo Communication S.p.A. is an Italian media and publishing company based in Milan. The shares of the company float in Borsa Italiana Borsa Italiana, based in Milan, is the Italian stock exchange. It manages and organises domestic market, r ...

La7 La7 is an Italian free-to-air television channel owned by Cairo Communication. Until 2013 it was a pay-per-view channel owned by Telecom Italia Media and operated by Telecom Italia. Signal overspill means that parts of Albania, Croatia, S ...

**La7d * Paramount Global Italia **

Super! Super! is an Italian television channel owned by Paramount Networks EMEAA. The channel was launched on 1 September 2010 as ''DeA Super'' on Sky Italia. On 18 March 2012, it became free-to-air and changed name to ''Super!''. The network official ...

VH1 VH1 (originally an initialism of Video Hits One) is an American basic cable television network based in New York City and owned by Paramount Global. It was created by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, at the time a division of Warner Commun ...

Germany

* RTL Deutschland **

RTL Television RTL (from '), formerly RTL plus and RTL Television, is a German-language free-to-air television channel owned by the RTL Group, headquartered in Cologne. Founded as an offshoot of the German-language radio programme '' ,'' RTL is conside ...

** VOX **

RTL II RTL Zwei (stylised as RTLZWEI), formerly spelled RTL 2 and RTL II, is a German-language television channel that is operated by ''RTL2 Television GmbH & Co. KG''. RTL2 is a private television broadcaster with a full program ''(Vollprogramm)'' ...

** RTLup ** Nitro **

Super RTL Super RTL is a German free-to-air television network owned by the RTL Group. The channel originally launched in 1995 as a joint venture between RTL Group predecessor company CLT-UFA and Disney's Buena Vista International Television Investments ...

** Toggo Plus **

n-tv n-tv is a German free-to-air television news channel owned by the Bertelsmann Media's RTL Group. n-tv broadcasts news and weather every hour and half-hour in the morning. It also broadcasts magazine shows and documentaries. History n-tv b ...

**VOXup **

RTL Crime RTL Crime may refer to: * RTL Crime (Croatian TV channel), the TV channel broadcasting in Croatia * RTL Crime (Dutch TV channel), the TV channel broadcasting in the Netherlands * RTL Crime (German TV channel), the TV channel broadcasting in German ...

** RTL Living ** RTL Passion ** Geo Television * ProSiebenSat.1 Media **

Sat.1 Sat.1 is a German free-to-air television channel that is a part of the ProSiebenSat.1 Media Group. It is considered the first privately owned television network in Germany, having been launched in January 1984 as ''PKS'' ''(Programmgesellschaf ...

ProSieben ProSieben (, ''sieben'' is German for "seven"; often stylized as Pro7) is a German free-to-air television network owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media. It was launched on 1 January 1989. It is Germany's second-largest privately owned television compan ...

** kabel eins **

sixx Sixx is a German free-to-air television channel specialised for women. It was launched on 7 May 2010 at 8:15pm. Programming German *''Abenteuer Ferne'' *'' Alles außer Sex'' * '' Anna und die Liebe'' *'' Besser Essen – leben leicht gema ...

** Sat.1 Gold **

ProSieben Maxx ProSieben Maxx is a German free-to-air channel owned by ProSiebenSat.1. The channel started broadcasting on 3 September 2013 with the movie '' Captain America: The First Avenger'' at 8:15 p.m. On 30 July 2013 ProSieben Maxx received a DVB-T b ...

** kabel eins Doku ** Sat.1 Emotions ** ProSieben Fun ** kabel eins classics *

Sky Deutschland Sky Deutschland GmbH, branded as Sky, is a German media company that operates a direct broadcast satellite Pay TV platform in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (through Sky Switzerland). It provides a collection of basic and premium digital su ...

** Sky Atlantic **

**Sky Comedy **Sky Crime **Sky Documentaries ** Sky Krimi **Sky Nature **

Sky One Sky One was a British pay television channel operated and owned by Sky Group (a division of Comcast). Originally launched on 26 April 1982 as Satellite Television, it was Europe's first satellite and non- terrestrial channel. From 31 July 1 ...

**Sky Replay **Sky Showcase ** Sky Sport

Netherlands

RTL Nederland RTL Nederland is a Dutch media network, a subsidiary of the RTL Group. The media company is located in Hilversum, although the licences of its TV stations are issued in Luxembourg. History The history of the network dates back to 1989 when du ...

RTL 4 RTL 4 (Radio Télévision Luxembourg 4) is a Dutch free-to-cable television channel; it is the most-watched commercial station in the country, popular especially with those aged between 20 and 49. RTL 4 is a general entertainment channel with in ...

** RTL 5 **

RTL 7 RTL 7 is a Dutch free-to-cable television channel that was launched as ''Veronica'' on 1 September 1995. RTL 7 is RTL Nederland's "men's channel" with action films, reality television about crime and professions, soccer, motorsport and tal ...

** RTL 8 ** RTL Z **

** RTL Lounge ** RTL Telekids * Talpa Network ** Talpa TV *** Net5 *** SBS6 *** Veronica *** SBS9 **

TV 538 Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication Media (communication), medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of Transmission (telecommunications), television tra ...

Spain

Atresmedia Atresmedia Corporación de Medios de Comunicación, S.A., previously Grupo Antena 3, is a Spanish media group, present in the television, radio and filmmaking industries. Significant shareholders include Grupo Planeta and Bertelsmann. On 6 Ma ...

Antena 3 Antena 3 may refer to: * Antena 3 (Portugal), a national radio channel produced by the Portuguese public broadcasting entity Rádio e Televisão de Portugal *Antena 3 (Romania), a Romanian television channel owned by Intact Media Group *Antena 3 (Sp ...

** La Sexta ** Neox **

Nova A nova (plural novae or novas) is a transient astronomical event that causes the sudden appearance of a bright, apparently "new" star (hence the name "nova", which is Latin for "new") that slowly fades over weeks or months. Causes of the dramati ...

** Mega ** Atreseries * Mediaset España **

Telecinco Telecinco is a Spanish free-to-air television channel operated by Mediaset España. The channel was previously known as Tele 5, because it had first begun its experimental transmissions on 10 March 1989, and a year later, it was officially laun ...

** Cuatro ** FDF **

Divinity Divinity or the divine are things that are either related to, devoted to, or proceeding from a deity.divine< ...

Energy In physics, energy (from Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια, ''enérgeia'', “activity”) is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of hea ...

** Boing ** Be Mad TV HD

Portugal

* SIC ** SIC ** SIC Notícias ** SIC Mulher ** SIC Radical ** SIC K ** SIC Caras ** SIC Internacional * TVI ** TVI ** TVI Ficção ** TVI Reality **

CNN Portugal CNN Portugal is a Portuguese basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by Media Capital, launched on 26 February 2009 as TVI 24, the 24-hour news channel of the terrestrial network Televisão Independente. The network's name was ...

** TVI África ** TVI Internacional

Poland

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

References

External links

*Video
CURRENTLY UNAVAILABLE AS OF 29 APRIL 2011 --
Videoaudio
interview with Ray Fitzwalter on commercial TV in Britain, ''The rise and fall of ITV'', Frontline Club, London, May 2008. {{DEFAULTSORT:Commercial Broadcasting Broadcasting

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