Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy

Coastal Forces was a division of the Royal Navy initially established during World War I, and then again in World War II under the command of Rear-Admiral, Coastal Forces. It remained active until the last minesweepers to wear the "HM Coastal Forces" cap tally were taken out of reserve in 1968. The division received more gallantry awards than any other branch of the Royal Navy during that period.

In 2020, ministerial approval for the change in name from 1st Patrol Boat Squadron to Coastal Forces Squadron was given. It encompasses 14 of 16 Archer-class patrol vessels and the Batch 1 River-class offshore patrol vessels and is responsible for UKEEZ Protection and Patrol.

History

Predecessor

The Royal Navy had previously operated flotillas of small torpedo- and depth-charge-armed craft ( coastal motor boats) during World War I (1914–1918). They operated as often in action against the enemy coast as in defence of British coastal areas.

Establishment

The first post WWI motor torpedo boats built for the Royal Navy were built by the British Powerboat Company at Hythe, Southampton. MTBs 01-19 were built between 1935 and 1938, following the hard chine planing hull designed with T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), for high speed rescue of downed aircraft crew.

During World War II (1939–1945), the first Coastal Forces headquarters was set up at in 1940 under Rear Admiral Piers Kekewich, Flag Officer Coastal Forces. The chief staff officer to the admiral was Augustus Agar, VC, who had commanded coastal motor boats during World War I and in British operations in the Baltic Sea in 1918 and 1919 in support of White Russian forces during the Russian Civil War.

World War II operations

Royal Navy Coastal Forces craft operated mainly in the English Channel and North Sea waters. They were also based in Malta, The 1st & 3rd MTB Flotillas, Numbers 01-06 & 14-19, and , Hong Kong, the 2nd MTB Flotilla, numbers 07-12, 26 & 27.

On 19 December 1941 MTB 07 led the attack on Japanese landing craft in Kowloon Harbour, Hong Kong, taking fire from land, sea and air. The operation was arguably the most daring daylight MTB raid of all time losing over 40% of the flotilla. MTB 07 was hit 97 times losing two crew dead and all three engines. It was hailed as the " Balaclava of the sea".

They were also used in the Mediterranean and off the Norwegian coastline. They were used at the St. Nazaire Raid and the Dieppe Raid. They were used to attack German convoys and their S-boat (known to the Allies as " E-Boat") escorts, carry out clandestine raids and landings, and pick up secret agents in Norway and Brittany. Alongside British officers and sailors, the coastal craft were crewed by various Allied nationalities including Dutch, Norwegian, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealanders.

A number of Captain-class frigates were configured to operate as "coastal forces control frigates" (CFCF). Operating with Coastal Forces officers embarked and responsible for controlling and providing radar support to groups of Coastal Forces' motor torpedo boats intercepting German motor torpedo boats in the North Sea, these frigates were involved in the destruction of at least 26 E-Boats.

By 1944 Coastal Forces numbered 3,000 officers and 22,000 ratings. Altogether there were 2,000 British Coastal Forces craft. Affectionately known as the Royal Navy's "little ships", they fought over 900 actions and sank around 400 enemy vessels, including 48 E-boats and 32 midget submarines. They fired 1,169 torpedoes, shot down 32 enemy aircraft and carried out many mine laying operations. 170 of the "little ships" were sunk or otherwise destroyed.

Post-World War II

After World War II, the Royal Navy re-designated all its motor torpedo boats (MTBs) and motor gun boats (MGBs) as "fast patrol boats." The ''Brave''-class fast patrol boats were the last craft to be built for the Coastal Forces, and the Coastal Forces were disbanded as a separate unit and their last base, (), decommissioned in 1956.

In 1960, a question was asked in the House of Lords why Coastal Forces had been reduced to a skeleton of three patrol boats and three ships operated by two crews, based at '' HMS Dolphin'' in Gosport, when considerable expenditure was made in the 1950s but not followed up, and thus wasted. In addition, Coastal Forces was invaluable as a means of training young officers, and the development of small ships, often to the benefit of the navies of Britain's allies. Lord Carrington, then First Lord of the Admiralty, responded that limited resources and changing threats were the reason, and that keeping the Coastal Forces at a low level would at least enable it to be rapidly expanded should the need arise. He added that nine boats were in operational reserve to maintain Britain's NATO commitment.

The last sailors to wear the "HM Coastal Forces" cap tally were the ship's companies of the inshore minesweepers and on being taken out of reserve in 1968, before individual cap tallies for the minesweepers had been manufactured and issued.

A permanent exhibition of craft, personnel and history of Coastal Forces was established in Gosport in 2021. The exhibition shows that, with 3,000 decorations, including four Victoria Crosses, Coastal Forces personnel received more gallantry awards than any other branch of the Royal Navy.

Craft types used

Coastal Forces included the following types of coastal defence craft:

At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 there were three flotillas totalling 18 motor torpedo "short boats" between and long. These could typically maintain 40 knots and were armed with two torpedo tubes. They were built mainly by the British Power Boat Company, Vospers, and Thornycroft.

In 1940 a modified craft, the motor gun boat (MGB), was introduced. These were armed with weapons such as the 0.5 in (12.7 mm) Vickers machine gun, 2-pounder (40 mm) "pom pom", a single or twin 20 mm Oerlikon cannon and ultimately the 6-pounder (57 mm) gun with autoloader.

It was also apparent that larger craft were needed as the operational capability of the short boats was too restricted by sea conditions. Fairmile designed a series of larger coastal craft, up to long. The Fairmile A Type and B Type were Motor Launches and the C Type was a motor gun boat.

In 1943 the Fairmile D Type appeared. It was a motor torpedo boat – nicknamed the "Dog Boat" – and was designed as a counter to the German S-boat (known to the Allies as the " E-boat"). It could be fitted as either a gun or a torpedo boat, so the designation MGB and MTB tended to be intermixed or 'MGB/MTB' used. It was a good sea boat and could maintain at full load. The later D types carried four torpedo tubes.

The Vosper Type I MTB appeared in 1943. This was a craft with four torpedo tubes and was capable of a maximum speed of .

Bases

Coastal Forces bases were located around the British coast and at major locations overseas.

;South coast
* HMS ''Attack'', Portland
* HMS ''Bee'', then HMS ''Grasshopper'', Weymouth
* HMS ''Bee'', Weymouth 1942–1943
* HMS ''Bee'', Holyhead 1943–1945
* HMS ''Black Bat'', Plymouth
* HMS ''Hornet'', Haslar, Gosport
* HMS ''Tadpole'', Poole
* HMS ''Wasp'', Dover Coastal Forces

;West coast
* HMS ''Ferret II'' Port of Londonderry, Northern Ireland
* HMS ''Seahawk'' Ardrishaig, Argyll
* Fort William, Inverness-shire

;East Coast
* , Harwich
* HMS ''Beehive'', Felixstowe
* HMS ''Midge'', Great Yarmouth
* HMS ''Minos II'', then HMS ''Mantis'', Lowestoft
* HMS ''Sandfly'', Peterhead
* HMS ''Flora II'', Invergordon
* HMS ''Flora III'', Invergordon

;Mediterranean
* HMS ''Gregale'', Malta
* , HMS ''Regea'', Alexandria, Egypt
* HMS ''Razorbill'', Algiers
* , Algiers
;Indo-china
* HMIS ''Cheetah'', Bombay (Royal Indian Navy)

;Other
* HMS ''Argyll''
* , Newhaven, Sussex
* HMS ''Beaver II'', Immingham
* HMS ''Britannia III'', Dartmouth
* HMS ''Cicala'', Dartmouth
* , Leith
* HMS ''Dartmouth'' II, Dartmouth
* HMS ''Fervent'', Ramsgate
* HMS ''Forte IV'', Falmouth
* HMS ''Forward II'', Newhaven
* HMS ''Fox'' Lerwick
* , Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda

Commonwealth coastal forces

Although British Commonwealth coastal forces operated independently from British ones, they used similar vessels:

Surviving craft

Some surviving motor launches in British waters were taken on as pleasure boats and a number of them are on the National Register of Historic Vessels.

Re-formation 2020

The name "Coastal Forces Squadron", replacing the previous title of "1st Patrol Boat Squadron", was re-adopted in May 2020. As of 2023, the Coastal Forces Squadron comprises two divisions: the Off-shore division comprising the three Batch 1 ''River''-class offshore patrol vessels and the In-shore division comprising 14 of 16 ''Archer''-class fast patrol boats. Headquartered at HMNB Portsmouth, as of the mid-2020s the In-shore division of the squadron is playing an increasing role in supporting Royal Navy exercises beyond U.K. waters in both the Baltic and the Norwegian Seas.

In 2023, four ships from Coastal Forces took part in an exercise with the Norwegian Coastal Ranger Command inside the Arctic Circle.

The exercise was repeated in 2024 when four vessels of the Squadron, ''Biter'', ''Blazer'', ''Trumpeter'' and ''Exploit'', deployed to northern Norway as part of the NATO exercise "Steadfast Defender". In June 2024, HMS Puncher and her sister ship HMS Pursuer, embarked personnel from the Navy's the Mine and Threat Exploitation Group and deployed for exercises in the Baltic. The vessels operated an IVER 3 Autonomous Vehicle and a Video Ray Defender remotely operated vehicle to find mines on the seabed.

See also

* Royal Naval Patrol Service
* Trawlers of the Royal Navy
* Coastal Forces of World War II
* Coastal Forces of the Royal Canadian Navy
* Coastal Forces of the Royal Australian Navy
* Coastal Forces of the Royal New Zealand Navy
* Robert Peverell Hichens RNVR MTB Flotilla leader

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Cooper, Bryan. (1972) ''Battle of the Torpedo Boats.''
* Holman, Gordon (1944) ''The Little Ships.'' London: Hodder & Stroughton OCLC 2300084
* Konstam, Angus (2003) ''British Motor Torpedo Boat 1939–45.'' Osprey
* Lambert, John and Ross, Al (1990) ''Allied Coastal Forces of World War II, Volume I: Fairmile designs and US Submarine Chasers.''
* Lavery, Brian (2006
''Churchill's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation, 1939-1945''

*
* Kemp, Paul J (1997) ''British Coastal Forces of WWII'', ISO Publications, London,
*
* Pickles, Harold (1995) ''Untold Stories of Small Boats at War: Coastal Forces Veterans Remember''
* Pope, Dudley (2006) ''Flag 4: The Battle of Coastal Forces in the Mediterranean 1939-1945.''
* Reynolds, L.C. and Cooper, H.F. (1999) ''Mediterranean MTBs at War: Short MTB Flotilla Operations, 1939-45.''
* Reynolds, L. C. (2000) ''Home Waters MTBs at War: Channel and North Sea MTB and MGB Flotilla Operations, 1939-1945''.
* Reynolds, L. C. and Lord Lewin (2000) ''Dog Boats at War: A History of the Operations of the Royal Navy D Class Fairmile Motor Torpedo Boats and Motor Gunboats 1939-1945'', Sutton Publications Inc,
* Reynolds, L. C. (2002) ''Motor Gunboat 658: The Small Boat War in the Mediterranean.''
* Scott, Peter and Hichens, Antony (2009
''The Battle of the Narrow Seas: A History of the Light Coastal Forces in the Channel and North Sea, 1939-1945''
(reprint) Naval Institute Press. .

Further reading

*


- Books About Coastal Forces
*

External links

Imperial War Museum: Coastal Forces

Royal Naval Museum: Coastal Forces


Royal Navy Coastal Forces Veterans



MTB-/MGB-Battles
- ''mostly in German language''

The Coastal Forces Heritage Trust



UK National Register of Historic Vessels




Motor launches and MTBs of the Coastal Forces

{{Admiralty Department, state=collapsed

Royal Navy divisions
Military units and formations of the Royal Navy in World War II
World War II torpedo boats
World War II gunboats