Cloperastine (

INN Inns are generally establishments or buildings where travelers can seek lodging, and usually, food and drink. Inns are typically located in the country or along a highway; before the advent of motorized transportation they also provided accommo ...

) or cloperastin, in the forms of cloperastine hydrochloride (

JAN Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Num ...

) (brand names Hustazol, Nitossil, Seki) and cloperastine fendizoate (or hybenzoate), is an antitussive and

antihistamine Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis, common cold, influenza, and other allergies. Typically, people take antihistamines as an inexpensive, generic (not patented) drug that can be bought without a prescription and provides re ...

that is marketed as a

cough suppressant Cold medicines are a group of medicinal, medications taken individually or in Combination drug, combination as a Symptomatic treatment, treatment for the symptoms of the common cold and similar conditions of the upper respiratory tract. The t ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delt ...

, and in some

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

an countries. It was first introduced in 1972 in Japan, and then in

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

in 1981.

Side effects

Adverse effects may include sedation, drowsiness, heartburn, and thickening of bronchial secretions.

Pharmacology

The precise mechanism of action of cloperastine is not fully clear, but several different biological activities have been identified for the drug, of which include:

ligand In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding with the metal generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electr ...

of the σ₁ receptor (K_i = 20 nM) (likely an

agonist An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response. Receptors are cellular proteins whose activation causes the cell to modify what it is currently doing. In contrast, an antagonist blocks the action of the ago ...

), GIRK channel blocker (described as "potent"),

(K_i = 3.8 nM for the H₁ receptor), and anticholinergic. It is thought that the latter two properties contribute to side effects, such as

sedation Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure. Examples of drugs which can be used for sedation include isoflurane, diethyl ether, ...

and

somnolence Somnolence (alternatively sleepiness or drowsiness) is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (compare hypersomnia). It has distinct meanings and causes. It can refer to the usual state preceding falling asleep ...

, while the former two may be involved in or responsible for the antitussive efficacy of cloperastine.

Synthesis

The halogenation of 4-Chlorobenzhydrol 19-56-2(1) with phosphorus tribromide in

tetrachloromethane Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (such as tetrachloromethane, also recognised by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemica ...

gives 1-(Bromophenylmethyl)-4-chlorobenzene 48-54-9(2). Treatment with ethylenechlorohydrin (

2-Chloroethanol 2-Chloroethanol (also called ethylene chlorohydrin or glycol chlorohydrin) is an organic chemical compound with the chemical formula HOCH2CH2Cl and the ''simplest'' beta-halohydrin (chlorohydrin). This colorless liquid has a pleasant ether-like od ...

) 07-07-3(3) gives 1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)oxy-2-chloroethane

321-46-0 3 (three) is a number, numeral (linguistics), numeral and numerical digit, digit. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4, and is the smallest odd prime number and the only prime preceding a square number. It has religious or cu ...

(4). Reaction with piperidine (5) completes the synthesis of ''Cloperastine'' (6).

References

Antitussives Chlorobenzenes Ethers H1 receptor antagonists Muscarinic antagonists 1-Piperidinyl compounds Potassium channel blockers Sigma receptor ligands {{respiratory-system-drug-stub

Side effects

Pharmacology

Synthesis

See also

References