The château de Saint-Cloud () was a
château
A château (, ; plural: châteaux) is a manor house, or palace, or residence of the lord of the manor, or a fine country house of nobility or gentry, with or without fortifications, originally, and still most frequently, in French-speaking re ...
in
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
, built on a site overlooking the
Seine
The Seine ( , ) is a river in northern France. Its drainage basin is in the Paris Basin (a geological relative lowland) covering most of northern France. It rises at Source-Seine, northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plat ...
at
Saint-Cloud
Saint-Cloud () is a French commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France, from the centre of Paris. Like other communes of Hauts-de-Seine such as Marnes-la-Coquette, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Vaucresson, Saint-Cloud is one of France's wealthie ...
in
Hauts-de-Seine
Hauts-de-Seine (; ) is a department in the Île-de-France region of France. It covers Paris's western inner suburbs. It is bordered by Paris, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne to the east, Val-d'Oise to the north, Yvelines to the west and ...
, about west of
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
. The gardens survive, and the estate is now known as the
Parc de Saint-Cloud.
The château was expanded by
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
''Monsieur'' Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the younger son of King Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria, and the younger brother of King Louis XIV. He was the founder of the House of Orléans, a ...
in the 17th century and by
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Navarre in the decade of 1780. In the 19th century it was used by
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
, by the royal family during the
Bourbon Restoration, by
Louis Philippe d'Orléans, and by
Napoleon III
Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was President of France from 1848 to 1852 and then Emperor of the French from 1852 until his deposition in 1870. He was the first president, second emperor, and last ...
. The palace was burned down in 1870 during the
Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 Janua ...
and its walls were demolished in 1891.
History
Hôtel d'Aulnay
The Hôtel d'Aulnay on the site was expanded into a château in the 16th century by the
Gondi banking family. The Gondis stemmed from a family of
Florentine bank
A bank is a financial institution that accepts Deposit account, deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital m ...
ers established at Lyon in the first years of the 16th century, who had arrived at the court of France in 1543 in the train of
Catherine de' Medici
Catherine de' Medici (, ; , ; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) was an Italian Republic of Florence, Florentine noblewoman of the Medici family and Queen of France from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to Henry II of France, King Henry II. Sh ...
. In the 1570s, the Queen offered Jérôme de Gondi a dwelling at Saint-Cloud, the ''Hôtel d'Aulnay'', which became the nucleus of the château with a right-angled wing that looked out on a terrace.
The main front faced south, with a wing that terminated in a
pavilion
In architecture, ''pavilion'' has several meanings;
* It may be a subsidiary building that is either positioned separately or as an attachment to a main building. Often it is associated with pleasure. In palaces and traditional mansions of Asia ...
affording a handsome view over the Seine river.
Henry III of France
Henry III (; ; ; 19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589) was King of France from 1574 until his assassination in 1589, as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1573 to 1575.
As the fourth son of King Henry II of France, he ...
installed himself in this house in order to conduct the siege of Paris during the
Wars of Religion. In 1589 he was assassinated there by the monk
Jacques Clément
Jacques Clément (1567 – 1 August 1589) was a French conspirator and the regicide of King Henry III.
Early life
He was born at Serbonnes, in today's Yonne '' département'', in Burgundy, and became a lay brother of the Third Order of S ...
.
17th century
After the death of Jérôme de Gondi in 1604, his son Jean-Baptiste II de Gondi sold the château to Jean de Bueil, comte de Sancerre, who died shortly afterward. The château was bought back by
Jean-François de Gondi,
archbishop of Paris. His embellishments notably included gardens by
Thomas Francine.
After the death of Jean-François de Gondi in 1654, the château was inherited by Philippe-Emmanuel de Gondi and then by his nephew Henri de Gondi, known as the
Duke of Retz. The latter sold the property in 1655 to
Barthélemy Hervart, a banker of German extraction who was ''intendant'' then ''surintendant des finances''. He enlarged the park to 12 hectares and did considerable rebuilding. He built a ''grande cascade'' (not the present one) in the park.
Garden details that seem to be of this phase of Saint-Cloud were drawn by
Israël Silvestre. It was built in the Italian style, with an invisibly flat roof and frescoed façades. Its gardens descended in a series of terraces to the Seine, with fountains at each level.
On 8 October 1658, Hervart organised a sumptuous feast at Saint-Cloud in honour of the young
Louis XIV
LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the List of longest-reign ...
, his brother,
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
''Monsieur'' Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the younger son of King Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria, and the younger brother of King Louis XIV. He was the founder of the House of Orléans, a ...
(''Monsieur''), their mother
Anne of Austria
Anne of Austria (; ; born Ana María Mauricia; 22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666) was Queen of France from 1615 to 1643 by marriage to King Louis XIII. She was also Queen of Navarre until the kingdom's annexation into the French crown ...
, and
Cardinal Mazarin
Jules Mazarin (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Lou ...
. On 25 October, Monsieur bought the château and its grounds for 240,000 ''
livres''.
It appears that Mazarin pressed the sale, contributing to a policy of building a network of royal châteaux to the west of Paris and relieving the excessively enriched Hervart from the fate of
Nicolas Fouquet
Nicolas Fouquet, marquis de Belle-Île, vicomte de Melun et Vaux (; 27 January 1615 – 23 March 1680) was the Superintendent of Finances in France from 1653 until 1661 under King Louis XIV. He had a glittering career, and acquired enormous weal ...
, whose ''fête'' at
Vaux-le-Vicomte
The Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte () or simply Vaux-le-Vicomte is a Baroque French château located in Maincy, near Melun, southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne Departments of France, department of Île-de-France.
Built between 1658 and 1661 ...
precipitated his fall and imprisonment.
Monsieur was engaged in building operations at Saint-Cloud until his death in 1701. The works were designed and constructed by his architect
Antoine Le Pautre, who built the wings in 1677. The château as it was reconstructed for Monsieur took the form of a "U" open to the east, towards the Seine, with the Gondi château, which had faced south, integrated into its left wing. To the rear, a long
orangery
An orangery or orangerie is a room or dedicated building, historically where orange and other fruit trees are protected during the winter, as a large form of greenhouse or conservatory. In the modern day an orangery could refer to either ...
formed a wing that prolonged the right wing of the courtyard. The entrance avenue, bordered by dependencies (some of which survive), arrived on an angle from the bridge.
Inside, the apartment of 'Madame',
Princess Henrietta of England
Henrietta of England (Henrietta Anne Stuart; 16 June 1644 O.S. New_Style.html" ;"title="6 June 1644 New Style">N.S.– 30 June 1670) was the youngest child of King Charles I of England and his wife, Henrietta Maria of France. She was Duchess ...
, in the left wing was decorated by
Jean Nocret in 1660, and the 45-metre ''Galerie d'Apollon'', which occupied the whole of the right wing, was decorated with myths of
Apollo
Apollo is one of the Twelve Olympians, Olympian deities in Ancient Greek religion, ancient Greek and Ancient Roman religion, Roman religion and Greek mythology, Greek and Roman mythology. Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, mu ...
by
Pierre Mignard
Pierre Mignard or Pierre Mignard I (; 17 November 1612 – 30 May 1695), called "Mignard le Romain" to distinguish him from his brother Nicolas Mignard, was a French painter known for his religious and mythological scenes and portraits. He was a ...
. It was finished in 1680.
The last child of Monsieur and Madame was born here in 1669 and named
Anne Marie d'Orléans
Anne, alternatively spelled Ann, is a form of the Latin female name Anna (name), Anna. This in turn is a representation of the Hebrew Hannah (given name), Hannah, which means 'favour' or 'grace'. Related names include Annie (given name), Annie a ...
. She was the maternal grandmother of
Louis XV
Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached maturity (then defi ...
.
The château was the site of the death of
Princess Henrietta in 1670, for whose funeral
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet (; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704) was a French Bishop (Catholic Church), bishop and theology, theologian. Renowned for his sermons, addresses and literary works, he is regarded as a brilliant orator and lit ...
composed the oration.
In October 1677 five days of magnificent feasts in Louis XIV's honour inaugurated the new decorations and demonstrated the splendour of Monsieur's ménage. The ''Galerie'' was preceded and followed by a salon at either end, a measure to be taken up at Versailles, where Louis XIV found himself outdone in the matter of magnificent galleries, both by his brother and by his mistress in the
château de Clagny, and set out in 1678 to build the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.
Following Le Pautre's death in 1679, the work was continued by his executive assistant
Jean Girard, a master mason rather than a full-fledged architect, and perhaps by
Thomas Gobert.
Jules Hardouin-Mansart
Jules Hardouin-Mansart (; 16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Gra ...
intervened towards the end of the century, designing a grand staircase in the left wing in the manner of the Ambassadors' Staircase at Versailles (destroyed in 1752).
André Le Nôtre
André Le Nôtre (; 12 March 1613 – 15 September 1700), originally rendered as André Le Nostre, was a French landscape architect and the principal gardener of King Louis XIV of France. He was the landscape architect who designed Gardens ...
replanned the gardens and the park took on the dimensions it retains today. The ''Grande Cascade'', constructed by Le Pautre in 1664–65, has survived. Hardouin-Mansart added the basin and the lowermost canal in 1698.
A total of 156,000 ''livres'' is estimated to have been spent over the years.
18th century
Saint-Cloud descended in the family of Monsieur's heirs, the Dukes of Orléans, and remained in their hands for most of the 18th century.
After protracted negotiations, the château de Saint-Cloud was bought in 1785 by
Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette (; ; Maria Antonia Josefa Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last List of French royal consorts, queen of France before the French Revolution and the establishment of the French First Republic. She was the ...
, who believed that the air there would be good for her children, and was fond of the idea of leaving them a private and serene residence.
Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, who had not visited the château since his
morganatic
Morganatic marriage, sometimes called a left-handed marriage, is a marriage between people of unequal social rank, which in the context of royalty or other inherited title prevents the principal's position or privileges being passed to the spous ...
marriage with
Madame de Montesson, was induced to part with it for 6,000,000 ''livres''.
After the sale of the palace was officially finished, Marie Antoinette set about transforming her new private home, which was intended, from 1790 to 1800, to house the court while the château de Versailles was renovated. She set to transforming Saint-Cloud in 1787-88 by her preferred architect
Richard Mique
Richard Mique () (18 September 1728 – 8 July 1794) was a Neoclassical architecture, Neoclassical French architect born in Lorraine. He is most remembered for his picturesque hamlet, the hameau de la Reine — not particularly characteristic of h ...
, who enlarged the ''
corps de logis
In architecture, a ''corps de logis'' () is the principal or main block, or central building of a mansion, country or manor house, castle, or palace. It contains the rooms of principal business, the state apartments and the ceremonial or formal ...
'' and the adjacent half of the right wing; he rebuilt the garden front. Hardouin-Mansart's staircase was demolished in favour of new stone stairs leading into the state apartments.
The château was at first refurnished from the ''Garde Meuble'' with furnishings collected from other royal residences, but soon furniture was commissioned for Saint-Cloud, showcasing the Queen's patronage of the arts and tastes. Gilded chairs and marquetry commodes with gilt-bronze mounts in the
Louis XVI style
Louis XVI style, also called ''Louis Seize'', is a style of architecture, furniture, decoration and art which developed in France during the 19-year reign of Louis XVI (1774–1792), just before the French Revolution. It saw the final phase of t ...
were being delivered to Saint-Cloud right up to the opening days of the
French Revolution. In 1790 the royal family, imprisoned in the Tuileries Palace in Paris since 6 October 1789, managed to spend the summer here; those were their last days of privacy and freedom. During their stay, Saint-Cloud was the setting for the famous interview between Marie Antoinette and
Mirabeau.
After the monarchy was abolished, the château was declared a ''bien national'' and emptied, its furnishings sold off in the Revolutionary sales, along with those of the other royal residences.
The Saint-Cloud
orangery
An orangery or orangerie is a room or dedicated building, historically where orange and other fruit trees are protected during the winter, as a large form of greenhouse or conservatory. In the modern day an orangery could refer to either ...
was the setting for the
coup d'état
A coup d'état (; ; ), or simply a coup
, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership. A self-coup is said to take place when a leader, having come to powe ...
of
18 Brumaire
The Coup of 18 Brumaire () brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of the French First Republic. In the view of most historians, it ended the French Revolution and would soon lead to the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the ...
(10 November 1799), in which the
Directory was suppressed and the
Consulate
A consulate is the office of a consul. A type of mission, it is usually subordinate to the state's main representation in the capital of that foreign country (host state), usually an embassy (or, only between two Commonwealth countries, a ...
declared.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
was proclaimed
Emperor of the French
Emperor of the French ( French: ''Empereur des Français'') was the title of the monarch and supreme ruler of the First French Empire and the Second French Empire. The emperor of France was an absolute monarch.
Details
After rising to power by ...
on 18 May 1804 at Saint-Cloud. Saint-Cloud was later used by Napoleon's family and was their main seat along with the
Tuileries Palace
The Tuileries Palace (, ) was a palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the Seine, directly in the west-front of the Louvre Palace. It was the Parisian residence of most French monarchs, from Henri IV to Napoleon III, until it was b ...
.
19th century
File:Escalier d'honneur at the Palace of Saint-Cloud by Pierre-Amboise Richebourg.jpg, Escalier d'honneur
File:Garden Facade of the Palace of Saint-Cloud by Pierre-Amboise Richebourg.jpg, Garden Façade
File:Salon of Apollo at the Palace of Saint-Cloud by Pierre-Amboise Richebourg.jpg, Salon of Apollo
File:Empress's Bedroom at the Palace of Saint-Cloud by Pierre-Amboise Richebourg.jpg, Eugénie's Bedroom
File:Salon of Venus at Palace of Saint-Cloud by Pierre-Amboise Richebourg.jpg, Salon of Venus
Napoleon made Saint-Cloud his preferred residence and transformed the ''Salon de Vénus'' to a throne room, which Saint-Cloud had naturally lacked, but neither he nor the occupants to follow did much more to Saint-Cloud than interior decoration. When the
Prussia
Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...
ns captured it in 1814, they supposedly found
Albrecht Altdorfer
Albrecht Altdorfer ( – 12 February 1538) was a German painter, engraver and architect of the Renaissance working in Regensburg, Bavaria. Along with Lucas Cranach the Elder and Wolf Huber he is regarded to be the main representative of the Da ...
's ''
The Battle of Alexander at Issus
''The Battle of Alexander at Issus'' (German: ''Alexanderschlacht'') is a 1529 oil painting by the German artist Albrecht Altdorfer (c. 1480–1538), a pioneer of landscape art and a founding member of the Danube school. The painting portrays t ...
'' hanging in his bathroom.
It was at Saint-Cloud once again, in Monsieur's ''Galerie d'Apollon'', that
Napoleon III
Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was President of France from 1848 to 1852 and then Emperor of the French from 1852 until his deposition in 1870. He was the first president, second emperor, and last ...
invested himself as Emperor of the French on 1 December 1852. During the
Second Empire, Napoleon III and his wife
Eugénie stayed at Saint-Cloud in the spring and the autumn. Napoleon III had the orangery demolished in 1862 and Eugénie transformed the bedroom of Madame into a salon in the
Louis XVI style
Louis XVI style, also called ''Louis Seize'', is a style of architecture, furniture, decoration and art which developed in France during the 19-year reign of Louis XVI (1774–1792), just before the French Revolution. It saw the final phase of t ...
. The castle was used during much of the nineteenth century to welcome members of European royal families. For example,
Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in January 1901. Her reign of 63 year ...
and
Prince Albert
Prince Albert most commonly refers to:
*Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819–1861), consort of Queen Victoria
*Albert II, Prince of Monaco (born 1958), present head of state of Monaco
Prince Albert may also refer to:
Royalty
* Alb ...
stayed at Saint-Cloud when they came to visit Paris for the first
Exposition Universelle (1855)
The of 1855 (), better known in English as the 1855 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, France, from 15 May to 15 November 1855. Its full official title was the . It was the first of ten major expositions ...
.
At Saint-Cloud, Napoleon III declared
war on Prussia on 28 July 1870. The heights dominating Paris were occupied by the Prussians during the
siege of Paris, who shelled Paris from the grounds of the château. Counter-fire from the French hit the building, and it caught fire and burned out on 13 October 1870. Much of its contents had been removed by Eugénie after war was declared.
The standing roofless walls were destroyed in 1891. The pediment of the château's right wing, one of the preserved parts of the building, was bought by
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria
Ferdinand I (Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria; 26 February 1861 – 10 September 1948) was Prince of Bulgaria from 1887 to 1908 and Tsar of Bulgaria from 1908 until his abdication in 1918. Under his rule, Bulgaria entered the First Worl ...
and integrated into his
Euxinograd palace on the
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...
coast.
File:Saint-Cloud Palace and Park by Constant Famin.jpg, Interior view of destroyed palace, by Constant Famin, 1870–1871
File:Saint-Cloud, château après 1870.jpg, The burnt-out shell in 1870
File:Braun, Adolphe (1811-1877) - Paris, 1871 - Ruines du château of St Cloud 3.jpg, The ruins in 1871
20th century
The sculpture group
France crowning Art and Industry was installed in the lower part of the park in 1900.
Many thousands of trees in the park were knocked down or badly damaged in a storm on 26 December 1999, but restoration work was carried out.
21st century
Today, only a few outbuildings and its park of 460
hectare
The hectare (; SI symbol: ha) is a non-SI metric unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides (1 hm2), that is, square metres (), and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. ...
s remain, constituting the domaine national de Saint-Cloud. It includes the garden ''à la française'' designed by Le Nôtre, Marie Antoinette's flower garden (where roses for the French state are grown), a garden ''à l'anglaise'' from the 1820s (the Trocadéro garden), ten fountains, and a viewpoint of Paris known as 'la lanterne', because a lantern was lit there when Napoleon Bonaparte was in residence.
The
pavillon de Breteuil
The Pavillon de Breteuil () is a building in the southeastern section of the Parc de Saint-Cloud in Saint-Cloud, France, to the southwest of Paris. It is listed in France as a Monument historique, historic monument. Since 1875 it has been the head ...
in the park has been the home of the
General Conference on Weights and Measures
The General Conference on Weights and Measures (abbreviated CGPM from the ) is the supreme authority of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), the intergovernmental organization established in 1875 under the terms of the Metre C ...
since 1875.
The park has been the venue for the
Rock en Seine
Rock en Seine () is a multiple-day rock music festival, held at Domaine National de Saint-Cloud, the Château de Saint-Cloud's park, west of Paris, inside the garden designed by André Le Nôtre.
Name
The name is a pun, based on exactly the ...
festival since 2003.
Rebuilding the château de Saint-Cloud
Since December 2006, there has been a movement to reconstruct the château de Saint-Cloud, led chiefly by an association that wants to finance the project primarily through private sources rather than through the government. The association, 'Reconstruisons Saint-Cloud!' or 'Reconstruct Saint-Cloud!', was created in 2006 and seeks to fund the rebuilding by imposing a fee on visitors.
See also
*
Railway of the Prince Imperial
*
List of Baroque residences
References
* Fiske Kimball, ''Creation of the Rococo,'' (Philadelphia Museum of Art) 1943.
External links
Official site of the Domaine National de Saint-Cloud
Reconstruisons Saint-Cloud !
The Changing Face of the City Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chateau De Saint-Cloud
Houses completed in 1701
Buildings and structures demolished in 1891
1891 disestablishments in France
Saint-Cloud
Saint-Cloud () is a French commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France, from the centre of Paris. Like other communes of Hauts-de-Seine such as Marnes-la-Coquette, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Vaucresson, Saint-Cloud is one of France's wealthie ...
Saint-Cloud
Saint-Cloud () is a French commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France, from the centre of Paris. Like other communes of Hauts-de-Seine such as Marnes-la-Coquette, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Vaucresson, Saint-Cloud is one of France's wealthie ...
Saint-Cloud
Saint-Cloud () is a French commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France, from the centre of Paris. Like other communes of Hauts-de-Seine such as Marnes-la-Coquette, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Vaucresson, Saint-Cloud is one of France's wealthie ...
Saint-Cloud
Saint-Cloud () is a French commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France, from the centre of Paris. Like other communes of Hauts-de-Seine such as Marnes-la-Coquette, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Vaucresson, Saint-Cloud is one of France's wealthie ...
Palaces and residences of Napoleon
Ancien Régime French architecture
Baroque buildings in France
Châteaux with formal gardens in France
Gardens in Hauts-de-Seine
1572 establishments in France
Monuments of the Centre des monuments nationaux
Marie Antoinette
Napoleon
Napoleon III
Burned buildings and structures in France
Franco-Prussian War
House of Orléans