Chang'e Program

Chang'e ( ; ), originally known as Heng'e (), is the goddess of the Moon and wife of Hou Yi, the great archer. Renowned for her beauty, Chang'e is also known for her ascending to the Moon with her pet Yu Tu, the Moon Rabbit and living in the Moon Palace (). She is one of the major goddesses in Chinese mythology, Chinese folk religion, Chinese Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. In modern times, Chang'e is the namesake of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program.

Origins and descriptions

Chang'e first appeared in ''Guicang'', a divination text written during the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC – 256 BC). From the few preserved fragments of the text, it mentions "Yi shoots the ten Suns", and "Chang'e ascending to the moon." Chang'e—originally named —was renamed to avoid the taboo on sharing names with a deceased emperor, in this case, Liu Heng, an emperor from Han Dynasty. Many Chinese poems are written around the theme of Chang'e and the moon.

In pre-Qin Dynasty (before 221 BC), the text , mentions . The name "Chang Xi" in this text refers to "Chang'e" since the pronunciation of "" is identical to "" in ancient Chinese.

Late Tang Dynasty (618–907), famous poet, Li Shangyin, wrote the poem "Chang'e" based on the story of Chang'e stealing the immortal elixir. Like this goddess, the poet discovers a connection in the solitude of moonlight, sensing their shared loneliness while gazing at the night sky. Among the hundreds of poems around Chang'e and the Moon, she gradually evolved into a symbol of nostalgia and solitude for numerous poets beyond Li.

The original poem in Traditional Chinese:

The translation by Witter Bynner, in his book ''The Jade Mountain'':

To the Moon Goddess

Now that a candle-shadow stands on the screen of carven marble

And the River of Heaven slants and the morning stars are low,

Are you sorry for having stolen the potion that has set you

Over purple seas and blue skies, to brood through the long nights?

During the Ming and Qing dynasties (Ming: 1368–1644, Qing: 1644–1911), with the flourishing of urban literature, the image of Chang'e gradually became more secularized. In the novel ''Journey to the West'' (, 1592), Chang'e is a title that refers to the celestial maidens in the Moon Palace, and it is the Weathervane Marshal who teases the Niche Dress Fairy, not Chang'e. In ''Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio'' (, 1766), while Chang'e remains a celestial being from heaven, her character undergoes a transformation as she descends to the mortal realm, shedding her divinity.

Myth

Tales

There are many tales about Chang'e, including a well-known story about her that is given as the origin of the Mid-Autumn Festival.

In a very distant past, Chang'e was a beautiful woman. Ten suns had risen together into the skies and scorched the Earth, thus causing hardship for the people. Hou Yi, a legendary archer and the husband of Chang'e, shot down nine of them, leaving just one Sun, and was rewarded with two portions of the elixir of immortality. As he did not want to gain immortality without his beloved wife, Hou Yi waited to consume the elixir and left it with his wife, Chang'e. While Hou Yi went hunting, his apprentice Fengmeng broke into his house and tried to force Chang'e to give him the elixir, so Chang'e took both portions herself rather than giving them up to Fengmeng. Then, Chang'e flew upward past the heavens, choosing the Moon to be her immortal residence as she loved her husband and wished to live near him. When Hou Yi discovered what transpired, he felt responsible for Chang'e, so he displayed the fruits and cakes that his wife had enjoyed, then killed himself.Yang & An 2005, 89–90 & 233.

In older versions of the story, Chang'e stole the elixir from Hou Yi, drank it, and flew to the Moon so that her husband could not go after her.

In the most classic version of the story, Wu Gang does good deeds for the King, and receives an immortality pill from him, and is asked to keep it safe in his house. One day, when Wu Gang was not home, thieves broke in, and Chang'e, in a brief shock of pain, swallows it when she was not supposed to. Citizens cried as Chang'e flew up to the Moon, now living with a jade rabbit. Her husband returns, realizes what just happened and mourns her death. He continues to cut wood for Chang'e in the mortal realm. His name is changed to Hou Yi in some adaptations of the myth.

In other depictions

Chang'e also appears in Wu Cheng'en's late 16th-century novel, the ''Journey to the West''; here, she is said to live in the , located upon the Moon. During a heavenly festival of immortal peaches (after Sun Wukong's banishment), the heavenly official (a Canopy Marshal named ''Heavenly Tumbleweed'') who would become '' Zhu Bajie'', became heavily drunk, saw the goddess Chang'e, and attempted to force himself on her, only to be prevented and reported for this act. He was reincarnated as a boar/man beast-monster, who would later be recruited by the Bodhisattva, ''Guanyin'', as a guardian for ''Tang Sanzang'' as he went on his pilgrimage to India for the ''Tripitaka'', the three baskets of scriptures written by ''Tathāgata'' ''Buddha''. Later into the story, the goddess Chang'e's pet, the Jade Rabbit, became an antagonist and had to be retrieved by Chang'e and Taiyin Xingjun before ''Sun Wukong'' killed the rabbit.

Adaptations into film and novels

In 2020, a film called '' Over the Moon'' premiered on Netflix. A young girl named Fei Fei flies to the Moon using a rocket she built to find Chang'e. Her hope is to convince her father true love exists and persuade him not to remarry. Chang'e is mourning over the loss of Houyi, who died on earth before they could be reunited. She believes Fei Fei holds the key to reuniting her with Houyi (through a magical potion created by Jade Rabbit) before the last sliver of moonlight is gone.

Space travel

Chang'e was mentioned in a conversation between Houston CAPCOM and the Apollo 11 crew just before the first Moon landing in 1969: The International Astronomical Union has assigned the name Chang-Ngo to a small impact crater on the Moon.

In 2007, China launched its first lunar probe, a robotic spacecraft named Chang'e 1 in the Goddess' honor. A second robotic probe, named Chang'e 2, was launched in 2010. A third Chang'e spacecraft, called Chang'e 3, landed on the Moon on 14 December 2013, making China the third country to achieve such a feat after the former Soviet Union and the United States. The lander also delivered the robotic rover ''Yutu'' ("Jade Rabbit") to the lunar surface. On 3 January 2019, Chang'e 4 touched down on the far side of the Moon and deployed the ''Yutu-2'' rover. Likewise all Chinese landers since then are named as Chang'e.

In popular culture

The original plotline and inspiration of Naoko Takeuchi's ''Sailor Moon'' is inspired by the legend of Chang'e (and ''Nayotake-no-Kaguya-hime'' from ''The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter'' and the myth of Selene and her mortal-turned-immortal lover, Endymion from Classical Greco-Roman Mythology). The titular character is a princess of the Moon while her love interest is from Earth; her reincarnation's civilian identity's name is "Usagi Tsukino" (a pun on the " Rabbit on the Moon").

In the video game series ''Touhou Project'', Chang'e is the mysterious sworn enemy of Junko, the final boss of the 15th game '' Legacy of Lunatic Kingdom''.

Chang'e and her story is the main theme of the 2020 American-Chinese animated feature film ''Over the Moon'' produced by Netflix. The goddess is voiced by Phillipa Soo.

Chang'e and her story was reimagined in the 2022 fantasy novel '' Daughter of the Moon Goddess'' by Sue Lynn Tan.

Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard included the track "Chang'e", containing elements of her story, on their 2023 album '' The Silver Cord''. They reference her again in the song "Mirage City" on their 2024 album '' Flight b741''.

Gallery

Tang dynasty bronze mirror with moon goddess and rabbit design, HAA.JPG, Tang Dynasty Bronze Mirror with Chang'e and Moon rabbit, Honolulu Museum of Art
Datong 282.jpg, Porcelain Pillow of Guanghan Palace in Yuan Dynasty, collected in Datong Museum
Chang E, The Moon Goddess.jpg, Fan Map of Chang'e in Yuan or Early Ming Dynasty
Carved lacquer wooden box, Ming Dynasty.jpg, Moon Palace on Ming Dynasty lacquer wooden box
费以耕、张熊梅月嫦娥图扇页.jpg, Fan map of Chang'e by Fei Yigeng and Zhang Xiong, from Qing dynasty
Long Corridor-嫦娥.JPG, Colored Paintings of the Summer Palace Corridor: Guanghan Autumn Scenery, a copy of Qian Hui'an 's imitation of Qing Dynasty painter Hua Yan in the late Qing Dynasty
Chang'e flees to the moon by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi.jpg, Tsukioka Yoshitoshi Ukiyo-e ''A Hundred Poses of the Moon'' Chang'e flees to the Moon
The dragon, image, and demon; or, The three religions of China- Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, giving an account of the mythology, idolatry, and demonolatry of the Chinese (1887) (14760951946).jpg, Illustration of Chang'e in "Three Religions in China: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism" (1887) of DuBose
Chang'e flies to the moon - Project Gutenberg eText 15250.jpg, Chang'e flies off into the Moon as her husband Houyi watches

See also

* List of lunar deities
* List of Chinese mythology

Notes

References

Bibliography

*

Further reading

* Allan, Tony, Charles Phillips, and John Chinnery, ''Land of the Dragon: Chinese Myth'', Duncan Baird Publishers, London, 2005 (through Barnes & Noble Books),
* Laing, Ellen Johnston, "From Thief to Deity: The Pictorial Record of the Chinese Moon Goddess, Chang E" in Kuhn, Dieter & Stahl, Helga, ''The Presence of Antiquity: Form and Function of References to Antiquity in the Cultural Centers of Europe and East Asia''. Wuerzburg, 2001, pp. 437–54.

External links

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Mid-Autumn Festival
Chinese goddesses
Lunar goddesses
Taoist deities
Rabbit deities