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Cegelec is a French engineering company specialized in
electrical infrastructure Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and priv ...
,
HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the use of various technologies to control the temperature, humidity, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. ...
,
information technology Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange all kinds of data . and information. IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT). An information technology system ...
, nuclear energy development,
transport infrastructure Transport (in British English), or transportation (in American English), is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land ( rail and road), water, cable, pipelin ...
,
robotics Robotics is an interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary branch of computer science and engineering. Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots. The goal of robotics is to design machines that can help and assist human ...
and offering both public and private services. Cegelec was officially formed in
1989 File:1989 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Cypress structure collapses as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, killing motorists below; The proposal document for the World Wide Web is submitted; The Exxon Valdez oil tanker ru ...
, and as of 2014 the company employs around 22,000 people and operates in 30 countries, with major activity in
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...
,
Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
,
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
, the
Middle East The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (Europ ...
and
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
. It was acquired by
Vinci Vinci may refer to: Places *Vinci, Tuscany, a ''comune'' in the Province of Florence, Italy *Vinci (Golubac), a community in Braničevo District, Serbia People * Alessandro Vinci (born 1987), Italian footballer *Alessio Vinci (born 1968), Itali ...
Energies on 14 April 2010, assimilating the collection of Cegelec's sub-companies, which each specialize in a specific field or geographical region, into Vinci's corporate system.


History

In 1913 the company Compagnie Générale d'Entreprises Électriques (CGEE) was established by the Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE). In 1971 it was renamed CGEE-Alstom. In 1989 CGE and
General Electric Company The General Electric Company (GEC) was a major British industrial conglomerate involved in consumer and defence electronics, communications, and engineering. The company was founded in 1886, was Britain's largest private employer with over 250 ...
formed the joint operation GEC-Alstom, and CGEE-Alstom was renamed Cegelec. In 1999 Cegelec became ''Alstom Entreprise'' and ''Alstom Contracting''. On 20 July 2001 Alstom Contracting was subject to a Leveraged Management Buyout supported by
Caisse des dépôts et consignations The Caisse des dépôts et consignations (CDC; ) is a French public sector financial institution created in 1816, and part of the government institutions under the control of the Parliament. Often described as the "investment arm" of the French ...
and Charterhouse Capital Partners, and was renamed Cegelec. The company was acquired by private equity fund LBO France in 2006. In 2008 Qatari Diar became the majority shareholder. In September 2009, Cegelec was purchased by
Vinci Vinci may refer to: Places *Vinci, Tuscany, a ''comune'' in the Province of Florence, Italy *Vinci (Golubac), a community in Braničevo District, Serbia People * Alessandro Vinci (born 1987), Italian footballer *Alessio Vinci (born 1968), Itali ...
. In 2014, Cegelec adopted the Actemium brand name.


Organisation

After Vinci's acquisition of the company from Qatari Diar in 2010, Cegelec's organisation and operation under the Cegelec company title did not change; Vinci's energy and engineering divisions have assisted Cegelec endeavors but have not actively changed the organisational structure of Cegelec. Cegelec is split into 15 separate sub-companies, which are all owned by the overarching Cegelec company known as Cegelec Enterprise. After the acquisition, the administration and direction of each company were controlled by Vinci Energies, yet each sub-company maintained their original specializations. The following are all the Cegelec sub-companies listed on Cegelec.com as of 17/April/2020: * Cegelec CEM ** Specializing in
nuclear energy Nuclear energy may refer to: * Nuclear power, the use of sustained nuclear fission or nuclear fusion to generate heat and electricity *Nuclear binding energy Nuclear binding energy in experimental physics is the minimum energy that is required ...
engineering, Cegelec CEM has 240 employees and offers services across the nuclear cycle to nuclear plants throughout France. Some notable customers are
Électricité de France Électricité de France S.A. (literally ''Electricity of France''), commonly known as EDF, is a French multinational electric utility company, largely owned by the French state. Headquartered in Paris, with €71.2 billion in revenues in ...
(EDF), the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), the National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (ANDRA),
Areva Areva S.A. is a French multinational group specializing in nuclear power headquartered in Courbevoie, France. Before its 2016 corporate restructuring, Areva was majority-owned by the French state through the French Alternative Energies and Ato ...
, and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (
ITER ITER (initially the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, ''iter'' meaning "the way" or "the path" in Latin) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject aimed at creating energy by replicating, on Ear ...
). Cegelec CEM is further subdivided into three business units, each responsible for different stages of the nuclear cycle. *** CEM Ingénierie: **** Specialized in preliminary designs and assisting in the creation of new nuclear plants, Ingénierie ensures all designs and plans satisfy nuclear safety protocols, are secure, are sustainable and are feasible to construct. Such practices were useful in developing modern-day nuclear reactor safety protocols, as seen in their contribution to the 1993
IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a 501(c)(3) professional association for electronic engineering and electrical engineering (and associated disciplines) with its corporate office in New York City and its operati ...
Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium. *** CEM Projets: **** Primarily focused on research projects and waste management, this business unit is usually contracted for innovative nuclear projects, such as that of
ITER ITER (initially the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, ''iter'' meaning "the way" or "the path" in Latin) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject aimed at creating energy by replicating, on Ear ...
and their
experimental reactor Research reactors are nuclear fission-based nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a neutron source. They are also called non-power reactors, in contrast to power reactors that are used for electricity production, heat generation, or mariti ...
. They provide services in reactor pool liners, robotics, high specification tasks and high integrity handling systems. *** CEM Énergie: **** This business unit is mostly concerned with post-construction maintenance and refurbishment. They are regularly tasked with renewing EDF’s nuclear power plants, upgrading plants across France to updated nuclear regulations, and currently partaking in NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) and associated services for EDF’s Hinkley Point C nuclear plant in Somerset, England. * Cegelec Projets Espace ** This sub-company is specialized in space projects and works closely with French national agencies such as
CNES The (CNES; French: ''Centre national d'études spatiales'') is the French government space agency (administratively, a "public administration with industrial and commercial purpose"). Its headquarters are located in central Paris and it is un ...
, by whom they have been contracted “to develop the cryogenic interfaces between the launcher and ground systems” on the
Ariane 6 Ariane 6 is a European expendable launch system currently under development since the early 2010s by ArianeGroup on behalf of the European Space Agency (ESA). It is intended to replace the Ariane 5, as part of the Ariane launch vehicle famil ...
rocket in French Guiana. Like with this project, this branch of Cegelec operates on a contract basis, assisting larger corporations in engineering, maintaining fire solutions for launch and designing personal protective equipment. * Cegelec Défense ** Cegelec Défense is a sub-company offering personalized security and information security to customers, frequently updating the content of their services via exchanges with the
French Armed Forces The French Armed Forces (french: Forces armées françaises) encompass the French Army, Army, the French Navy, Navy, the French Air and Space Force, Air and Space Force and the National Gendarmerie, Gendarmerie of the French Republic. The Preside ...
and networks from both within Vinci Group and without. Recently, Cegelec Défense has been contracted by the
French Government The Government of France (French: ''Gouvernement français''), officially the Government of the French Republic (''Gouvernement de la République française'' ), exercises executive power in France. It is composed of the Prime Minister, wh ...
to maintain a fleet of adaptable Chalands Multi-Missions (CMM), useful tasks such as underwater repair missions, training duties and pollution management. This subsidiary is further subdivided into four business units, each further specializing in security: Cegelec Défense Solutions & Services, Cegelec Défense Infrastructure & Networks, Cegelec Défense Marine and Cegelec Défense Protection & Security. ***Cegelec Défense Solutions & Services ****Primarily responsible for designing and completing one time installments, this business unit offers services to military and civilian companies alike. Such services include mobile command centres, expeditionary logistics, climate simulators, medical equipment and custom services. ***Cegelec Défense Infrastructure & Networks ****Specializing in large infrastructure development and prolonged construction tasks, this unit takes on more permanent tasks. Such tasks include developing hardened bunkers, communication networks, site security reinforcement and long-term maintenance on any infrastructure based security measures. ***Cegelec Défense Marine ****Specializing in military naval ships, the Marine business unit maintains and refits existing vessels with up-to-date technology and software. While focussing on maintenance and refitting, this unit is can be involved at any point in a vessel's lifetime from construction to decommission. They offer services primarily in France, but also conduct business in an international setting. ***Cegelec Défense Protection & Security ****Generally involved with civilian security related contracts, this unit offers surveys of premises and provides solutions to potential perimeter breaches and logistics. They offer surveillance, perimeter security, access control and upgrades to existing facilities. * Cegelec Centre-Est Tertiaire * Cegelec Mobility ** Mobility started as one of the central elements of Cegelec prior to the acquisition by Vinci, specializing in transportation engineering and currently operating under its own brand name of Mobility, while technically classified as Cegelec sub-company. They design, construct, and manage infrastructure of roads, tunnels and railways, both existing and developing. Their work generally involves electrical aspects of transport, such as renewal of railway electrification lines or developing intelligent traffic management systems. Mobility works internationally, having completed projects in France, Luxembourg, Morocco, Algeria and other countries. One of their recent contracts include the electrification of the new tram line between Rabat and
Salé Salé ( ar, سلا, salā, ; ber, ⵙⵍⴰ, sla) is a city in northwestern Morocco, on the right bank of the Bou Regreg river, opposite the national capital Rabat, for which it serves as a commuter town. Founded in about 1030 by the Banu Ifran, ...
, Morocco in 2008. * Cegelec Netherlands * Cegelec Nord Grands Projets * Cegelec Perpigna * Cegelec Polynésie * Cegelec Quimper Infras * Cegelec Ancenis Infras * Cegelec Belgium * Cegelec Shelters Transport Métallerie (STM) * Cegelec Tertiaire IDF * Cegelec Valenciennes Tertiaire


Geographic Areas of Influence


France

From the 2010 Cegelec Financial Report, 58.1% of Cegelec's total sales were made within France, the country which contains the highest diversity of Cegelec’s operations, hosting their nuclear, marine, defense and the largest amount of electrical engineering/transport sub-companies. Cegelec’s international headquarters are in Saint-Denis, acting as the central hub for Cegelec’s international interactions. One of their recent contracts in France was the assignment “to design remote handling equipment for France’s proposed underground uclearrepository” in 2014. This contract was estimated to be valued at €20 million and took approximately four years to complete.


Rest of Europe

Excluding France, the rest of Europe constituted 26% of annual sales in 2010, with countries closer to France yielding higher revenue. Operations in each nation vary from team to team, with countries like the
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
and the
Czech Republic The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. Th ...
having their websites in the local language and conducting business independently of the broader Cegelec brand name. List of countries in which Cegelec has been involved in Europe (excluding France) since 2010: *
Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
*
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to ...
*
Czech Republic The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. Th ...
*
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...
*
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
*
Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small land ...
*
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
*
Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, In recognized minority languages of Portugal: :* mwl, República Pertuesa is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Macaronesian ...
*
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is divided into Voivodeships of Poland, sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 mill ...
*
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
* Switzerland


Africa

Cegelec’s operations in Africa are focused on developing/managing electrical and transport infrastructure, with countries involved generally putting forth specific contracts in their individual requests. Some of such contracts include management of the electrification of the 18 km long tram line in Rabat, Morocco, in 2008, which officials commissioned to connect the inner and outer bounds of the capital city. In 2010,
Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west- central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; th ...
's Société Nationale de Raffinage contracted Cegelec to refit and redevelop Cameroon’s national
oil refinery An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial processes, industrial process Factory, plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refining, refined into useful products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt, asphalt ...
. With the refinery’s last upgrade in the late 1970s, Cegelec was offered €25 million to implement modern pneumatic technology and completely redesign the safety features and protocols of the refinery. This contract lasted 18 months and resulted in the refinery raising its efficiency and meeting modern safety standards. List of countries in which Cegelec has been involved in Africa: *
Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , religi ...
*
Angola , national_anthem = "Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...
*
Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west- central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; th ...
*
Democratic Republic of Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informally Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DRC, the DROC, or the Congo, and formerly and also colloquially Zaire, is a country in ...
*
Gabon Gabon (; ; snq, Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (french: République gabonaise), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, it is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north ...
*
Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria ...
*
Nigeria Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of G ...


Middle East

Beginning in the early 2000s, the Middle East’s oil and gas supply entered the world economy, increasing regional GDP by 32% for local involved countries, who then employed offshore companies to assist the management of the new supply. Cegelec became involved on account of their engineering and safety system services, with one such assignment from the Abu Dhabi Gas Industries Limited contracting them to “design, supply and install new integrated control systems (ICS) for the gas liquefaction plants of Bab and Adab”.Kim M. J. (2005, August). HP Construction: Middle East. ''Hydrocarbon Processing, 84 (8),'' 35 The contract was priced at $72 million USD for a time frame of 28 months, and was completed in mid-2007. List of countries in which Cegelec has been involved in the Middle East: *
Bahrain Bahrain ( ; ; ar, البحرين, al-Bahrayn, locally ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, ' is an island country in Western Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an ...
*
United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates (UAE; ar, اَلْإِمَارَات الْعَرَبِيَة الْمُتَحِدَة ), or simply the Emirates ( ar, الِْإمَارَات ), is a country in Western Asia ( The Middle East). It is located at ...
*
Oman Oman ( ; ar, عُمَان ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman ( ar, سلْطنةُ عُمان ), is an Arabian country located in southwestern Asia. It is situated on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and spans the mouth of ...
*
Qatar Qatar (, ; ar, قطر, Qaṭar ; local vernacular pronunciation: ), officially the State of Qatar,) is a country in Western Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it ...


Other Areas of Operation

List of countries in which Cegelec has been involved in the rest of the world: * China *
Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
*
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
*
Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...


Scientific Achievements

As an engineering company, Cegelec has contributed to the global community in the fields of nuclear engineering, electrification logistics, robotics, infrastructure, information systems and safety systems. Developments in which they have participated include a programmable safety protection system (SPS – AC 132-16), which was one of the centrepieces of nuclear reactor safety protocols and controllers in 1999. The code base and core components of this system have been integrated into modern nuclear plants, which Cegelec has been contracted to develop, maintain and innovate for clients. They own various
patent A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an sufficiency of disclosure, enabling disclo ...
s on energy technology (primarily
transistor upright=1.4, gate (G), body (B), source (S) and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (pink). A transistor is a semiconductor device used to Electronic amplifier, amplify or electronic switch, switch ...
and energy-loss prevention techniques) that have since been incorporated into current energy sources. Two such patents that pertain to renewable energy include design components for a wave energy converter and a variable speed converter for
wind turbine A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. Hundreds of thousands of large turbines, in installations known as wind farms, now generate over 650 gigawatts of power, with 60 GW added each year. W ...
s,Bleijs, J.A.M, Jones, R., Ruddell, A.J., & Schoennenbeck, G.S. (1998). Power Converters for Flywheel Energy Storage Systems. ''Joule Project JOR3-CT95-0070.'' Retrieved from The European Commission : https://cordis.europa.eu/docs/projects/files/JOR/JOR3950070/47698101-6_en.pdf put forth at the 1997 IEE Colloquium, and implemented in later projects. Cegelec designed and implemented a common DC bus fed inverter for the wave energy power generator known as the OSPREY (Ocean Swell Powered Renewable EnergY) project, a new generation of international, modular wave energy generators; Cegelec’s role in this project was regulating the electrical output of each generator and maximizing conversion efficiency.Thorpe, T.W. (1999, May). A Brief Review of Wave Energy, a report to the UK Department of Energy. Retrieved from http://www.homepages.ed.ac.uk/shs/Wave%20Energy/Tom%20Thorpe%20report.pdf For wind turbines, Cegelec developed a product called Alspa GD4000, a “bi-directional 45 kW power electronic variable speed driver and controller,” used for integrating generators and flywheel systems within wind turbines. Both patents and consequent projects center around electrical energy conversion and provided a foundation for future advances in both wave and wind energy technology, fields which are generally not as profitable for Cegelec as nuclear, coal, and electrical infrastructure work. International, large-scale scientific projects that Cegelec has been invited to work in include the two below: The first is their participation in the
ITER ITER (initially the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, ''iter'' meaning "the way" or "the path" in Latin) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject aimed at creating energy by replicating, on Ear ...
fusion program starting in 2016, known as
Fusion For Energy Fusion for Energy (F4E) is a joint undertaking of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) that is responsible for the EU's contribution to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the world's largest scientific partn ...
( F4E), in which they have been employed to design, produce, operate and maintain remote handling equipment to function within the fusion reactor. According to World Nuclear News,
Fusion For Energy Fusion for Energy (F4E) is a joint undertaking of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) that is responsible for the EU's contribution to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the world's largest scientific partn ...
is the “world's largest experimental
nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifest ...
facility,” and is at the forefront of the scientific community in the field of fusion energy; Cegelec’s involvement in the first Cask and Plus Remote Handling System (CPRHS) of this size is one of Cegelec’s most globally renowned nuclear projects. In 2017, they were contracted to by the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (
CNES The (CNES; French: ''Centre national d'études spatiales'') is the French government space agency (administratively, a "public administration with industrial and commercial purpose"). Its headquarters are located in central Paris and it is un ...
) to remodel and create
cryogenic In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures. The 13th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of “cryogenics” and “cr ...
interfaces operating between
Ariane 6 Ariane 6 is a European expendable launch system currently under development since the early 2010s by ArianeGroup on behalf of the European Space Agency (ESA). It is intended to replace the Ariane 5, as part of the Ariane launch vehicle famil ...
rocket launch systems and the ground systems in
French Guiana French Guiana ( or ; french: link=no, Guyane ; gcr, label=French Guianese Creole, Lagwiyann ) is an overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France on the northern Atlantic ...
. The
CNES The (CNES; French: ''Centre national d'études spatiales'') is the French government space agency (administratively, a "public administration with industrial and commercial purpose"). Its headquarters are located in central Paris and it is un ...
aimed to horizontally integrate the entire launcher system for the first time in the Ariane space programs history, tasking Latecoere Services (the lead contractor), Air Liquide and Cegelec to allow fuelling arms to operate efficiently within this system.


References


External links

* {{Authority control Electrical engineering companies of France Information technology companies of France Technology companies of France French brands Multinational companies headquartered in France Electronics companies established in 1989 Technology companies established in 1989 Telecommunications companies established in 1989 French companies established in 1989