Carbocatalysis is a form of
catalysis
Catalysis () is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed in the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycl ...
that uses heterogeneous
carbon
Carbon () is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes ...
materials for the transformation or synthesis of organic or inorganic substrates. The catalysts are characterized by their high surface areas, surface functionality, and large,
aromatic
In chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property of cyclic (ring-shaped), ''typically'' planar (flat) molecular structures with pi bonds in resonance (those containing delocalized electrons) that gives increased stability compared to sat ...
basal planes. Carbocatalysis can be distinguishable from supported catalysis (such as
palladium on carbon
Palladium on carbon, often referred to as Pd/C, is a form of palladium used as a catalyst. The metal is supported on activated carbon to maximize its surface area and activity.
Uses Hydrogenation
Palladium on carbon is used for catalytic hydrog ...
) in that no metal is present, or if metals are present they are not the active species.
As of 2010, the mechanisms of reactivity are not well understood.
One of the most common examples of carbocatalysis is the oxidative
dehydrogenation of
ethylbenzene to
styrene discovered in the 1970s.
Also in the industrial process of (non-oxidative) dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, the
potassium
Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K (from Neo-Latin '' kalium'') and atomic number19. Potassium is a silvery-white metal that is soft enough to be cut with a knife with little force. Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmosp ...
-promoted
iron oxide catalyst is coated with a carbon layer as the active phase. In another early example,
a variety of substituted
nitrobenzenes were reduced to the corresponding
aniline
Aniline is an organic compound with the formula C6 H5 NH2. Consisting of a phenyl group attached to an amino group, aniline is the simplest aromatic amine. It is an industrially significant commodity chemical, as well as a versatile start ...
using
hydrazine and graphite as the catalyst.
The discovery of nanostructured carbon
allotropes such as
carbon nanotubes
A scanning tunneling microscopy image of a single-walled carbon nanotube
Rotating single-walled zigzag carbon nanotube
A carbon nanotube (CNT) is a tube made of carbon with diameters typically measured in nanometers.
''Single-wall carbon nan ...
,
,
or
graphene
Graphene () is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a Single-layer materials, single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nanostructure. promoted further developments. Oxidized carbon nanotubes were used to dehydrogenate
n-butane to
1-butene,
and to selectively oxidize
acrolein to
acrylic acid.
Fullerenes were used in the catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline in the presence of
H2.
Graphene oxide
An oxide () is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. "Oxide" itself is the dianion of oxygen, an O2– (molecular) ion. with oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Most of ...
was used as a carbocatalyst to facilitate the
oxidation
Redox (reduction–oxidation, , ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of substrate change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a ...
of
alcohols to the corresponding
aldehydes
In organic chemistry, an aldehyde () is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure . The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain) can be referred to as an aldehyde but can also be classified as a formyl grou ...
/
ketones (shown in the picture), the
hydration of
alkynes, and the oxidation of
alkenes
In organic chemistry, an alkene is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond.
Alkene is often used as synonym of olefin, that is, any hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds.H. Stephen Stoker (2015): General, Organic, an ...
.
References
{{Reflist
External links
Carbon Materials for Catalysis
Catalysis