Carangiformes is a large, diverse

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of sk ...

es within the clade

Percomorpha Percomorpha () is an extremely large and diverse clade of ray-finned fish. With more than 17,000 known species (including Scombroidei, tuna, Syngnathiformes, seahorses, gobies, Cichlidae, cichlids, flatfish, Labridae, wrasse, Perciformes, perches ...

. It is part of a sister

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

to the

Ovalentaria Ovalentaria is a clade of ray-finned fishes within the Percomorpha, referred to as a subseries. It is made up of a group of fish families which are referred to in ''Fishes of the World's'' fifth edition as'' incertae sedis'', as well as the order ...

, alongside its sister group, the Anabantaria (including

Anabantiformes The Anabantiformes , is an Order (biology), order of bony fish (Teleostei) proposed in 2009. They are collectively known as labyrinth fish, are an Order (biology), order of air-breathing freshwater Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish with three sub ...

and

Synbranchiformes Synbranchiformes, often called swamp eels, though that name can also refer specifically to Synbranchidae, is an order of ray-finned fishes that are eel-like but have spiny rays, indicating that they belong to the superorder Acanthopterygii. ...

). The Carangiformes have been long regarded as a

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ...

order with only the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Carangidae The Carangidae are a family of ray-finned fish that includes the jacks, pompanos, jack mackerels, runners, trevallies, and scads. It is the largest of the six families included within the order Carangiformes. Some authorities classify it as the ...

within it by some authorities, and the other current families within the order have been previously classified as part of the wider order

Perciformes Perciformes (), also called the Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha. ''Perciformes'' means " perch-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters ( Percidae), and als ...

. The 5th edition of ''

Fishes of the World ''Fishes of the World'' is a standard reference for the systematics of fishes. It was first written in 1976 by the American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson (1937–2011). Now in its fifth edition (2016), the work is a comprehensive overview of t ...

'' classify six families within Carangiformes, with more recent authorities expanding the order to include up to 30 families, based on phylogenetic evidence. The earliest known carangiforms are two fossil species of ''

Mene The moonfish of the genus ''Mene'', the sole extant genus of the family Menidae, are disk-shaped fish which bear a vague resemblance to gourami, thanks to their thread-like pelvic fins. Today, the genus is represented only by ''Mene maculata'' ...

'', '' Mene purydi'' from

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

and '' Mene phosphatica'' from

Tunisia Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia also shares m ...

, both of which are known from the

Late Paleocene The Thanetian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS Geologic timescale, the latest age (geology), age or uppermost stage (stratigraphy), stratigraphic stage of the Paleocene epoch (geology), Epoch or series (stratigraphy), Serie ...

Taxonomy

This order has often been either subsumed within Perciformes or used exclusively to refer to families classified within the suborder Carangoidei. However, more recent studies using genetic data have found such a placement to be

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

, and have incorporated many more groups into it, including the highly unusual flatfishes. This classification is from Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification. *

Order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

Carangiformes **Suborder Centropomoidei ***

Family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Latidae ( giant perches) ***Family

Centropomidae ''Centropomus'' is a genus of predominantly marine fish comprising the family Centropomidae. The type species is '' Centropomus undecimalis'', the common snook. Commonly known as snooks or ''róbalos'', the ''Centropomus'' species are native to ...

( snooks) ***Family Lactariidae ( false trevallies) ***Family Sphyraenidae ( barracudas) **Suborder

Pleuronectoidei A flatfish is a member of the ray-finned demersal fish suborder Pleuronectoidei, also called the Heterosomata. In many species, both eyes lie on one side of the head, one or the other migrating through or around the head during development. S ...

***Family Polynemidae ( threadfins or tassel-fishes) ***Family Psettodidae ( spiny turbots) ***Family Citharidae ( largescale flounders) ***Family

Scophthalmidae The Scophthalmidae are a family (biology), family of flatfish found in the North Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Black Sea. Fish of this family are known commonly as turbots, though this name can refer specifically to ''Scophth ...

( turbots) ***Family Cyclopsettidae (sand whiffs or large-tooth flounders) ***Family

Bothidae Bothidae or lefteye flounders are a family of flounders. They are called "lefteye flounders" because most species lie on the sea bottom on their right sides, with both eyes on their left sides. The family is also distinguished by the presence of ...

( lefteye flounders) ***Family

Paralichthyidae Large-tooth flounders or sand flounders are a family, Paralichthyidae, of flounders. The family contains 14 genera with a total of about 110 species. They lie on the sea bed on their right side; both eyes are always on the left side of the head, ...

(sand flounders) ***Family

Pleuronectidae Pleuronectidae, also known as righteye flounders, are a family of flounders. They are called "righteye flounders" because most species lie on the sea bottom on their left sides, with both eyes on their right sides. The Paralichthyidae are the o ...

(righteye flounders) ****Subfamily Atheresthinae ****Subfamily Pleuronichthyinae ****Subfamily Microstominae (smallmouth flounders) ****Subfamily Hippoglossinae (halibuts) ****Subfamily

Pleuronectinae Pleuronectinae is a subfamily of fish in the family Pleuronectidae, comprising 14 genera and 33 species. Members of the subfamily are demersal carnivores that live in arctic and northern seas. Taxonomy The following genera are recognised in the ...

(true flounders) ***Family Paralichthodidae (peppered flounders) ***Family Oncopteridae (remo flounders) ***Family Rhombosoleidae (South Pacific flounders) ***Family Achiropsettidae (southern flounders or armless flounders) ***Family Achiridae (American soles) ***Family

Samaridae Samaridae (''crested flounders'') is a family of crested flounders, small flatfishes native to the Indo-Pacific. The family contains four genera with a total of 29 species. Taxonomy Samaridae is one of eight families a part of the SuperFamily ...

(crested flounders) ***Family Poecilopsettidae (bigeye flounders) ***Family Soleidae (soles) ***Family Cynoglossidae (tonguefishes) ****Subfamily Symphurinae (straightsnout tongue soles) ****Subfamily Cynoglossinae (hookedsnout tongue soles) **Suborder Toxotoidei ***Family

Leptobramidae ''Leptobrama'' is a genus of ray-finned fish in the order Carangiformes found in the Pacific Ocean. This genus is the only member of the family (biology), family Leptobramidae. Species There are currently 2 recognized species in this genus: * '' ...

(beachsalmons) ***Family Toxotidae (archerfishes) **Suborder Nematistioidei ***Family

Nematistiidae The roosterfish (''Nematistius pectoralis'') is a unique species of marine carangiform fish found in the warmer shallow waters of the southeastern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California south to Peru. Roosterfish are a popular sport fish for being ...

(roosterfishes) **Suborder

Menoidei Menoidei is a suborder of ray-finned fishes belonging to the class Actinopterygii, a diverse group of vertebrates characterized by their bony skeletons. The suborder Menoidei includes the family Menidae, family Xiphiidae and family Istiophorida ...

***Family Menidae (moonfishes) ***Family

Xiphiidae The swordfish (''Xiphias gladius''), also known as the broadbill in some countries, are large, highly migratory predatory fish characterized by a long, flat, pointed bill. They are the sole member of the Family (biology), family Xiphiidae. They ...

(swordfishes) ***Family

Istiophoridae Marlins are fish from the family Istiophoridae, which includes between 9 and 11 species, depending on the taxonomic authority. Name The family's common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular n ...

(billfishes and marlins) **Suborder Carangoidei ***Family

(jacks or jack mackerels) ****Subfamily Naucratinae (amberjacks) ****Subfamily Caranginae (trevallies and kingfishes) ****Subfamily Scomberoidinae ( leatherjackets and queenfishes) ****Subfamily Trachinotinae ( pompanos) ***Family Echeneidae (remoras and sharksuckers) ***Family Rachycentridae ( cobias) ***Family Coryphaenidae ( dolphinfishes) The Coryphaenidae, Rachycentridae, and Echeneidae have been suggested to comprise a monophyletic grouping, which has been recovered as a sister clade to the Carangidae. A basal member of this clade is thought to be Ductoridae from the early Eocene.

Traditional Classification

In past classifications such as Fishes of the World 5, Carangiformes were restricted to these families. This placement is now known to be

: *

Gill A gill () is a respiration organ, respiratory organ that many aquatic ecosystem, aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow r ...

( roosterfish) * Coryphaenidae

Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; 22 October 178318 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ult ...

, 1815 (

dolphinfish ''Coryphaena'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes known as the dolphinfishes, and is currently the only known genus in the family Coryphaenidae. The generic name is from Greek κορυφή (''koryphē'', "crown, top") and -αινα (-''aina ...

) * Rachycentridae Gill 1896 ( cobia) * Echeneidae Rafinesque, 1815 ( remoras) *

Rafinesque, 1815 ( jacks) * Menidae Fitzinger, 1873 ( moonfishes) Mene oblonga 23

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1399107 Ray-finned fish orders Taxa named by David Starr Jordan

Taxonomy

Traditional Classification

See also

References