CSL Limited is an Australian multinational specialty

biotechnology Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and Engineering Science, engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services. Specialists ...

company that researches, develops, manufactures, and markets products to treat and prevent serious human medical conditions. CSL's product areas include

blood plasma Blood plasma is a light Amber (color), amber-colored liquid component of blood in which blood cells are absent, but which contains Blood protein, proteins and other constituents of whole blood in Suspension (chemistry), suspension. It makes up ...

derivatives,

vaccines A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an ag ...

antivenom Antivenom, also known as antivenin, venom antiserum, and antivenom immunoglobulin, is a specific treatment for envenomation. It is composed of antibodies and used to treat certain venomous bites and stings. Antivenoms are recommended only if ...

, and cell culture reagents used in various medical and genetic research and manufacturing applications. The company was established in 1916 as Commonwealth Serum Laboratories and was wholly owned by the Australian federal government until its privatisation in 1994.

History

Origin and Penfold directorship

CSL was founded in 1916 as Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, an Australian government body focused on vaccine manufacture. Under the first director, William Penfold, CSL commenced operation in the vacant Walter and Eliza Hall Institute building at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1918 before moving to its purpose-built Parkville premises in the following year.

Morgan directorship

After ongoing disputes with the Department of Health and its director-general

John Cumpston John Howard Lidgett Cumpston (19 June 1880 – 9 October 1954) was a senior Australian public servant, and first Director-General of the Department of Health. Life and career John Cumpston was born in South Yarra, Melbourne on 19 June 1880, to ...

, Penfold resigned in 1927 and was replaced by Frederic Morgan. Soon after Morgan's appointment, CSL was drawn into a serious public health disaster when a batch of its

diphtheria Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacteria, bacterium ''Corynebacterium diphtheriae''. Most infections are asymptomatic or have a mild Course (medicine), clinical course, but in some outbreaks, the mortality rate approaches 10%. Signs a ...

toxin-antitoxin was implicated in the deaths of twelve children in what became known as the Bundaberg tragedy of 1928. Although CSL's manufacturing processes were absolved, its labelling procedures were seen to be in error, leading to an enduring focus on the highest standards across the facility's production.

Antivenene research and production

In 1928, CSL also became involved in antivenene (

) manufacture in conjunction with the snake venom research undertaken by

Charles Kellaway Charles Halliley Kellaway, (16 January 1889 – 13 December 1952) was an Australian medical researcher and science administrator. Biography Early years and education Charles Kellaway was born at the parsonage attached to St James's Old Cathe ...

at the Hall Institute. This led to the successful clinical testing of antivenene against tiger snake '' Notechis scutatus'' bite in 1930 and its commercial release in 1931. In 1934, the research on snake venoms was transferred from the Hall Institute to CSL under the direction of former snake showman and herpetologist Tom "Pambo" Eades. This represented the initiation of research at the laboratories – an outcome its directors had been seeking for over a decade. The relationship with the Hall Institute continued until World War II, particularly via joint projects on viral diseases including

polio Poliomyelitis ( ), commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Approximately 75% of cases are asymptomatic; mild symptoms which can occur include sore throat and fever; in a proportion of cases more severe ...

and

influenza Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These sympto ...

coordinated by

Frank Macfarlane Burnet Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (3 September 1899 – 31 August 1985), usually known as Macfarlane or Mac Burnet, was an Australian virology, virologist known for his contributions to immunology. He won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobe ...

and Esmond "Bill" Keogh. Keogh played an important role in the establishment of

penicillin Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of beta-lactam antibiotic, β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from ''Penicillium'' Mold (fungus), moulds, principally ''Penicillium chrysogenum, P. chrysogenum'' and ''Penicillium rubens, P. ru ...

production at CSL in 1944 – a critical wartime achievement.

Plasma fractionation and Wiener directorship

In 1952, operation commenced plasma fractionation. Thereafter the range of antivenoms increased, including those against other snake species such as death adder ('' Acanthophis antarcticus'') and the taipan ('' Oxyuranus scutellatus''), plus spiders including the redback ('' Latrodectus hasselti'') and – after much difficulty – the Sydney funnel-web ('' Atrax robustus''). Much of this work, including the introduction in 1962 of a polyvalent antivenom against all of the major terrestrial Australian snakes, occurred under the direction of Saul Wiener, while from 1966 until the mid-1990s, venom research was coordinated by the eccentric but dedicated Struan Sutherland, who in 1979 released new guidelines for snakebite first aid, and a new test for snakebites that would identify which snake had envenomated the victim. Other major achievements of CSL include: * early production of

insulin Insulin (, from Latin ''insula'', 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin (''INS)'' gene. It is the main Anabolism, anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabol ...

for treatment of Australian diabetics (1923) * development of a

tetanus Tetanus (), also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection caused by ''Clostridium tetani'' and characterized by muscle spasms. In the most common type, the spasms begin in the jaw and then progress to the rest of the body. Each spasm usually l ...

vaccine (1938) * development of a combined vaccine for

, tetanus and

whooping cough Whooping cough ( or ), also known as pertussis or the 100-day cough, is a highly contagious, Vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccine-preventable Pathogenic bacteria, bacterial disease. Initial symptoms are usually similar to those of the common c ...

(1953) * rapid adoption and production of a

polio vaccine Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used: an inactivated vaccine, inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a attenuated vaccine, weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Healt ...

(1956) * development of a multi-purpose animal vaccine covering pulpy kidney ( enterotoxemia), tetanus, black disease, malignant oedema and blackleg (1961) * production of Rhesus (D) immunoglobulin to prevent haemolytic disease in newborns due to Rh factor incompatibility (1966–67) * pioneering heat treatment to protect blood and plasma products from infection with HIV (1983) * collaboration on development of the world's first

human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the ''Papillomaviridae'' family. Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. In some cases, an HPV infection persists and r ...

vaccine, Gardasil, building on the pioneering work by Professor Ian Frazer (1994–2005).

Privatisation

In 1994, the Commonwealth facility was privatised by the Keating government as CSL Ltd. and was publicly listed and traded on the

Australian Securities Exchange Australian Securities Exchange Ltd (ASX) is an Australian public company that operates Australia's primary Exchange (organized market), securities exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange (sometimes referred to outside of Australia as, or c ...

. The company completed an

initial public offering An initial public offering (IPO) or stock launch is a public offering in which shares of a company are sold to institutional investors and usually also to retail (individual) investors. An IPO is typically underwritten by one or more investm ...

in June 1994 at A$2.30 per share (76.7c adjusted for split). CSL stock is part of the S&P/ASX 20 Index.

Acquisition of ZLB Bioplasma AG and Aventis Behring

In 2000, CSL doubled its size through the purchase of a Swiss plasma company, the Bern-based ZLB Bioplasma AG. In 2004, during a period of plasma oversupply, the company expanded again with the purchase of the German medical company Aventis Behring. The company was the second Australian public company to have reached a share price of over $100 per share.

Acquisition and merging of Novartis

In October 2014,

Novartis Novartis AG is a Swiss multinational corporation, multinational pharmaceutical company, pharmaceutical corporation based in Basel, Switzerland. Novartis is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world and was the eighth largest by re ...

announced its intention to sell its influenza vaccine business, including its development pipeline, to CSL for $275 million. CSL merged it into its BioCSL operation. In November 2015, BioCSL rebranded the combined business with Novartis Influenza Vaccines as ''Seqirus'' ek-eer-us creating the world's second-largest influenza vaccine company. In August 2017, the business announced it would acquire Calimmune and its stem cell therapy platform. Completed in 2018, Seqirus's Holly Spring, NC, the plant was funded with $59 million from the U.S. government. in June 2020, CSL announced it would exercise its right to acquire Vitaeris. In December 2021, the business announced it would acquire Swiss drugmaker, Vifor Pharma AG, for $11.7 billion. In August 2022, CSL rebranded all of its divisions to start with the CSL name. Therefore, the divisions became CSL Behring, CSL Plasma, CSL Seqirus, and CSL Vifor.

Acquisition history

*CSL Limited (Founded 1916 as Commonwealth Serum Laboratories) ** ZLB Behring ***ZLB Bioplasma AG (Acq 2000) ***Aventis Behring (Acq 2004) *** Vifor Pharma (Acq 2021) **Seqirus (Merged 2014) ***BioCSL ***Novartis Influenza Vaccines div. **Calimmune (Acq 2017) **Vitaeris (Acq 2020)

Locations

The company's headquarters remain in

Parkville, Victoria Parkville is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia, north of Melbourne's Melbourne City Centre, Central Business District, located within the Cities of City of Melbourne, Melbourne and City of Merri-bek, M ...

, an inner suburb of

Melbourne Melbourne ( , ; Boonwurrung language, Boonwurrung/ or ) is the List of Australian capital cities, capital and List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city of the States and territories of Australia, Australian state of Victori ...

, and has offices and laboratory space in

Sydney Sydney is the capital city of the States and territories of Australia, state of New South Wales and the List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city in Australia. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Syd ...

. CSL Behring is headquartered in King of Prussia, USA and it has manufacturing operations and R&D laboratories in

Broadmeadows, Victoria Broadmeadows is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia, north of Melbourne's Melbourne central business district, Central Business District and the council seat of the City of Hume Local government areas of Victoria ...

, the Swiss city of

Bern Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...

, in

Marburg Marburg (; ) is a college town, university town in the States of Germany, German federal state () of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf Districts of Germany, district (). The town area spreads along the valley of the river Lahn and has ...

in Germany, and Kankakee, USA. Seqirus has its headquarters in

Maidenhead Maidenhead is a market town in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in the county of Berkshire, England. It lies on the southwestern bank of the River Thames, which at this point forms the border with Buckinghamshire. In the 2021 Census, ...

and has production facilities in Holly Springs, US,

Liverpool Liverpool is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. It is situated on the eastern side of the River Mersey, Mersey Estuary, near the Irish Sea, north-west of London. With a population ...

, UK, and

Vaccines

A/H1N1 2009 pandemic

CSL's vaccine for swine flu, the world's first, was approved in September 2009 for use by people over age 10. The federal government ordered 21million doses of vaccine for Australians. CSL also provided vaccines for customers in Singapore and the US. On 28 September 2010, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) conducted an analysis of febrile convulsions following immunisation in children following monovalent pandemic

H1N1 Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of influenza A virus (IAV). Some human-adapted strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and are one cause of seasonal influenza (flu). Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs ( swine influen ...

vaccine (Panvax/Panvax Junior, CSL). A paper published in the Medical Journal of Australia provides a possible reason for CSL's 2010 flu vaccine causing febrile convulsions in children. The authors hypothesise that suboptimal use of the detergent called deoxycholate – used in the manufacturing process by CSL (one of the few vaccine manufacturers that use it) – to split the flu virus from its membrane may be at fault.

COVID-19 pandemic

On 7 September 2020, CSL signed agreements with the Australian government to supply the University of Queensland vaccine ( V451) and to manufacture (with

AstraZeneca AstraZeneca plc () (AZ) is a British-Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with its headquarters at the Cambridge Biomedical Campus in Cambridge, UK. It has a portfolio of products for major diseases in areas includi ...

) the

Oxford University The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second-oldest continuously operating u ...

vaccine ( AZD1222), which would yield nearly 85 million doses for Australians. The agreement was contingent on the future success of clinical trials of these vaccines. Most of the manufacture would occur in Melbourne, Australia. On 11 December 2020, after a high percentage of the University of Queensland vaccine trial participants returned "false positive" results for HIV, it was decided that vaccine development will not proceed to Phase 2/3 trials. On 23 March 2021, the Therapeutic Goods Administration provisionally approved the first batches, numbering 832,000 doses, of the

Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Covishield and Vaxzevria among others, is a viral vector vaccine COVID-19 vaccine, for the prevention of COVID-19. It was developed in the United Kingdom by University of ...

manufactured by CSL in its plant in

. The Australian Government has contracted CSL to produce 50 million doses of the vaccine.

Divisions

CSL Limited's products can be separated by company division. Some of the key products produced by each division, have included:

Seqirus (bioCSL)

Vaccines A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an ag ...

: * Afluria (

influenza vaccine Influenza vaccines, colloquially known as flu shots or the flu jab, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their ...

) -- Argentina, Peru, South Africa, Spain, US ** Enzira—in various different markets ** Fluvax—in various different markets ** Nilgrip—in various different markets * Afluria Quadrivalent (influenza vaccine) -- Australia, Canada, New Zealand, US ** Afluria Quad—in various different markets ** Afluria Tetra—in various different markets * Agrippal (influenza vaccine) -- Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Thailand ** Agriflu—in various different markets ** Begripal—in various different markets ** Chiroflu—in various different markets ** Fluazur—in various different markets ** Sandovac—in various different markets * Audenz ( influenza A (H5N1) vaccine) -- US * Fluad (influenza vaccine) -- Argentina, Austria, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, UK, US ** Chiromas—Spain * Fluad Pediatric (influenza vaccine) -- Canada * Flucelvax Quadrivalent (influenza vaccine) -- Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, US * Q-VAX (''

Coxiella burnetii ''Coxiella burnetii'' is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, and is the causative agent of Q fever. The genus ''Coxiella'' is morphologically similar to '' Rickettsia'', but with a variety of physiological differences genetically cla ...

'' vaccine) -- Australia * Rapivab ( peramivir) -- Australia, US

Antivenom Antivenom, also known as antivenin, venom antiserum, and antivenom immunoglobulin, is a specific treatment for envenomation. It is composed of antibodies and used to treat certain venomous bites and stings. Antivenoms are recommended only if ...

s: (Australia) * Black snake *

Box jellyfish Box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are cnidarian invertebrates distinguished by their box-like (i.e., cube-shaped) body. Some species of box jellyfish produce potent venom delivered by contact with their tentacles. Stings from some species, including ' ...

* Brown snake * Death adder * Funnel web spider * Polyvalent snake antivenom * Redback spider *

Sea snake Sea snakes, or coral reef snakes, are Elapidae, elapid snakes that inhabit Marine (ocean), marine environments for most or all of their lives. They belong to two subfamilies, Hydrophiinae and Sea krait, Laticaudinae. Hydrophiinae also includes ...

* Stonefish * Taipan *

Tiger snake The tiger snake (''Notechis scutatus'') is a large and highly venomous snake of southern Australia, including its coastal islands and Tasmania. These snakes are often observed and locally well known by their banding, black and yellow like a ti ...

* Snake Venom Detection Kit

CSL Behring (Australia)

* Albumex (

serum albumin Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood. Human serum albumin is encoded by the ''ALB'' gene. Other mammalian forms, such as bovine serum albumin, are chem ...

) * Biostate (

Factor VIII Coagulation factor VIII (Factor VIII, FVIII, also known as anti-hemophilic factor (AHF)) is an essential blood clotting protein. In humans, it is encoded by ''F8'' gene. Defects in this gene result in hemophilia A, an X-linked bleeding disorder ...

) * Carimune, which is

immunoglobulin An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y-shaped protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as pathogenic bacteria, bacteria and viruses, includin ...

for

intravenous Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutr ...

administration (IGIV) * CMV Immunoglobulin-VF (

cytomegalovirus ''Cytomegalovirus'' (CMV) (from ''cyto-'' 'cell' via Greek - 'container' + 'big, megalo-' + -''virus'' via Latin 'poison') is a genus of viruses in the order '' Herpesvirales'', in the family '' Herpesviridae'', in the subfamily '' Betaherp ...

) * Helixate, which is recombinant Antihemophilic Factor, a blood-clotting factor for the treatment of haemophilia * Hepatitis B immunoglobulin * human immunoglobulin – Intragam P, Normal, Rh(D) Immunoglobulin-VF, Sandoglobulin, * MonoFIX-VF (

Factor IX Factor IX (), also known as Christmas factor, is one of the serine proteases involved in coagulation; it belongs to peptidase family S1. Deficiency of this protein causes haemophilia B. It was discovered in 1952 after a young boy named Stephen ...

) * Prothrombinex-HT ( prothrombin complex) * Rhophylac ( Rh(D) immunoglobulin G) * Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF * Thrombotrol-VF ( antithrombin III) * Vivaglobin, sub-cutaneous human immune globulin indicated for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency. This product gained FDA approval in January 2006. * Von Willebrand factor * Zoster Immunoglobulin-VF ( varicella zoster immunoglobulin)

CSL Behring

Immunology Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of Immune system, immune systems in all Organism, organisms. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the Physiology, physiological functioning of the immune system in ...

: * Beriglobin P, human hepatitis A

, liquid 16% solution for intramuscular injection * Berirab P, human

rabies Rabies is a viral disease that causes encephalitis in humans and other mammals. It was historically referred to as hydrophobia ("fear of water") because its victims panic when offered liquids to drink. Early symptoms can include fever and abn ...

, liquid 16% solution for intramuscular injection * Carimune NF, Sandoglobulin, Sanglopor human normal

, freeze-dried formulations for

administration * Cytogam, human

. Liquid

containing a standardized amount of antibody to

. * Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin P Behring, human

hepatitis B Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the '' hepatitis B virus'' (HBV) that affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. It can cause both acute and chronic infection. Many people have no symptoms during an initial infection. ...

, liquid 16% solution for intramuscular injection * Hizentra, Human normal

. Liquid 20% immunoglobulin solution, ready-to-use for subcutaneous administration * Privigen, human polyvalent

, liquid 10% solution for

injection * Rhesogamma P, human anti-D

. Prefilled syringes of highly purified anti- Rhesus factor D IgG for

administration and intramuscular injection. * Rhophylac human anti-D

. Prefilled syringes of highly purified anti- Rhesus factor D IgG for

administration and intramuscular injection. * Sandoglobulin NF Liquid, Redimune, Redimune NF Liquid, human normal

, liquid 12% solution for

administration * Tetagam P, human

, liquid 16% solution for intramuscular injection * Varicellon P, human varicella

, liquid 16% solution for intramuscular injection *Vivaglobin, human normal

, liquid 16% solution for subcutaneous administration

Coagulation Coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a thrombus, blood clot. It results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The process of co ...

/Bleeding Disorders: * Beriate, freeze-dried human

coagulation Coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a thrombus, blood clot. It results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The process of co ...

factor VIII Coagulation factor VIII (Factor VIII, FVIII, also known as anti-hemophilic factor (AHF)) is an essential blood clotting protein. In humans, it is encoded by ''F8'' gene. Defects in this gene result in hemophilia A, an X-linked bleeding disorder ...

concentrate * Berinin P, freeze-dried human

factor IX Factor IX (), also known as Christmas factor, is one of the serine proteases involved in coagulation; it belongs to peptidase family S1. Deficiency of this protein causes haemophilia B. It was discovered in 1952 after a young boy named Stephen ...

concentrate * Factor X P Behring, a freeze-dried human

and

factor X Coagulation factor X (), or Stuart factor, is an enzyme of the coagulation cascade, encoded in humans by ''F10'' gene. It is a serine endopeptidase (protease group S1, PA clan). Factor X is synthesized in the liver and requires vitamin K for i ...

concentrate * Fibrogammin P, Cluvot and Corifact, freeze-dried human

factor XIII Factor XIII, or fibrin stabilizing factor, is a plasma protein and zymogen. It is activated by thrombin to factor XIIIa which crosslinks fibrin in coagulation. Deficiency of XIII worsens clot stability and increases bleeding tendency. Huma ...

concentrate * Helixate FS and Helixate NexGen, freeze-dried recombinant

* Humate-P and Haemate P, freeze-dried human

: C and von Willebrand factor concentrate * Monoclate P, a freeze-dried

monoclonal antibody A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodie ...

purified human

concentrate * Mononine, a freeze-dried human coagulation

that has been purified using monoclonal antibodies * Stimate, a synthetic

desmopressin Desmopressin, sold under the trade name DDAVP among others, is a medication used to treat diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, and high blood urea levels. In hemophilia A and von Willebrand disease, it should ...

acetate nasal spray * Octostim, a synthetic

acetate nasal spray Pulmonary: * Zemaira, Respreeza freeze-dried Human Alpha₁-proteinase inhibitor (A₁-PI) Critical Care: * AlbuRx, Alburex, Albumeon, Human Albumin Behring, Albuminar 25, human

albumin Albumin is a family of globular proteins, the most common of which are the serum albumins. All of the proteins of the albumin family are water- soluble, moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experience heat denaturation. Alb ...

solution (5%, 20% or 25% human albumin solutions) * Berinert P, freeze-dried human C₁-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) concentrate * Beriplex P/N, freeze-dried human prothrombin complex concentrate * Haemocomplettan P, RiaSTAP, freeze-dried human

fibrinogen Fibrinogen (coagulation factor I) is a glycoprotein protein complex, complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates. During tissue and vascular injury, it is converted Enzyme, enzymatically by thrombin to fibrin ...

(factor I) concentrate * Kybernin P, freeze-dried human antithrombin III concentrate * Streptase, freeze-dried

streptokinase Streptokinase is a thrombolysis, thrombolytic medication activating plasminogen by nonenzymatic mechanism. As a medication it is used to thrombolysis, break down clots in some cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, an ...

Wound Healing: * Beriplast P Combi-Set, fibrin sealant kit, freeze-dried fibrin sealant for topical application * Fibrogammin P, freeze-dried human

concentrate * TachoComb, fibrin sealant fleece-type, fleece-type collagen preparations coated with fibrin glue components Product availability varies from country to country, depending on registration status.

Honours

In 2011, the company received the Minister's Award for Outstanding Equal Employment Opportunities Initiative for their Thinking Kids Children's Centre.

References

Sources

*AH Brogan, ''Committed to Saving Lives: a History of the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories'' (Melbourne: Hyland House, 1990). *Dando McCredie, ''The Fight Against Disease and CSL's Seventy Year Contribution'' (Richmond: Dando McCredie, c.1986). *FG Morgan, 'The Commonwealth Serum Laboratories and their work', ''Collected Proceedings of the Society of Chemical Industry of Victoria'', XXXV (1935), 1015–31. *WJ Penfold, 'The Commonwealth Serum Laboratories', ''Medical Journal of Australia'', 1 (14 April 1923), 396–400. *Struan K Sutherland, ''A Venomous Life: the Autobiography of Professor Struan Sutherland'' (Melbourne: Hyland House, 1998). {{DEFAULTSORT:CSL Limited Australian companies established in 1916 Biotechnology companies established in 1916 Biotechnology companies of Australia Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange Companies in the S&P ASX 50 Manufacturing companies based in Melbourne Pharmaceutical companies established in 1916 Former Commonwealth Government-owned companies of Australia Companies based in Melbourne