HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

A Brodmann area is a region of the
cerebral cortex The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals. The cerebral cortex mostly consists of the six-layered neocortex, with just 10% consisting of ...
, in the
human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...
or other
primate Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians (monkeys and apes, the latter including huma ...
brain A brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. It is the most complex organ in a v ...
, defined by its
cytoarchitecture Cytoarchitecture ( Greek '' κύτος''= "cell" + '' ἀρχιτεκτονική''= "architecture"), also known as cytoarchitectonics, is the study of the cellular composition of the central nervous system's tissues under the microscope. Cytoarc ...
, or
histological Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vis ...
structure and organization of cells.


History

Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by the
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
anatomist Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its ...
Korbinian Brodmann Korbinian Brodmann (17 November 1868 – 22 August 1918) was a German neurologist who became famous for mapping the cerebral cortex and defining 52 distinct regions, known as Brodmann areas, based on their cytoarchitectonic (histological) char ...
based on the cytoarchitectural organization of
neuron A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses. The neuron is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoa. N ...
s he observed in the cerebral cortex using the Nissl method of cell staining. Brodmann published his maps of cortical areas in humans, monkeys, and other species in 1909, along with many other findings and observations regarding the general cell types and
laminar organization A laminar organization describes the way certain tissues, such as bone membrane, skin, or brain tissues, are arranged in layers. Types Embryo The earliest forms of laminar organization are shown in the diploblastic and triploblastic formation ...
of the mammalian
cortex Cortex or cortical may refer to: Biology * Cortex (anatomy), the outermost layer of an organ ** Cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the vertebrate cerebrum, part of which is the ''forebrain'' *** Motor cortex, the regions of the cerebral cortex i ...
. The same Brodmann area number in different species does not necessarily indicate homologous areas. A similar, but more detailed cortical map was published by
Constantin von Economo Constantin Freiherr von Economo ( gr, Κωνσταντίνος Οικονόμου; 21 August 1876 – 21 October 1931) was an Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist of Greek descent, born in modern-day Romania (then Ottoman Empire). He is mos ...
and Georg N. Koskinas in 1925.


Present importance

Brodmann areas have been discussed, debated, refined, and renamed exhaustively for nearly a century and remain the most widely known and frequently cited cytoarchitectural organization of the human cortex. Many of the areas Brodmann defined based solely on their neuronal organization have since been correlated closely to diverse cortical functions. For example, Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2 are the
primary somatosensory cortex In neuroanatomy, the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the Human brain, brain's parietal lobe, and is part of the somatosensory system. It was initially defined from surface stimulation studies of Wilder Penfield ...
; area 4 is the primary motor cortex; area 17 is the
primary visual cortex The visual cortex of the brain is the area of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe. Sensory input originating from the eyes travels through the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus and ...
; and areas 41 and 42 correspond closely to
primary auditory cortex The auditory cortex is the part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and many other vertebrates. It is a part of the auditory system, performing basic and higher functions in hearing, such as possible relations to ...
.
Higher order functions In mathematics and computer science, a higher-order function (HOF) is a function that does at least one of the following: * takes one or more functions as arguments (i.e. a procedural parameter, which is a parameter of a procedure that is itse ...
of the association cortical areas are also consistently localized to the same Brodmann areas by
neurophysiological Neurophysiology is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that studies nervous system function rather than nervous system architecture. This area aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases. Historically, it has been dominated b ...
,
functional imaging Functional imaging (or physiological imaging) is a medical imaging technique of detecting or measuring changes in metabolism, blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption. As opposed to structural imaging, functional imaging center ...
, and other methods (e.g., the consistent localization of Broca's speech and language area to the left
Brodmann areas 44 and 45 Broca's area, or the Broca area (, also , ), is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the brain with functions linked to speech production. Language processing has been linked to Broca's area since Pierre ...
). However, functional imaging can only identify the approximate localization of brain activations in terms of Brodmann areas since their actual boundaries in any individual brain requires its
histological Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vis ...
examination.


Overview

Different parts of the cerebral cortex are involved in different cognitive and behavioral functions. The differences show up in a number of ways: the effects of localized brain damage, regional activity patterns exposed when the brain is examined using functional imaging techniques, connectivity with subcortical areas, and regional differences in the cellular architecture of the cortex.
Neuroscientist A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in neuroscience, a branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, psychology, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons, Biological neural network, n ...
s describe most of the cortex—the part they call the
neocortex The neocortex, also called the neopallium, isocortex, or the six-layered cortex, is a set of layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, sp ...
—as having six layers, but not all layers are apparent in all areas, and even when a layer is present, its thickness and cellular organization may vary. Scientists have constructed maps of cortical areas on the basis of variations in the appearance of the layers as seen with a microscope. One of the most widely used schemes came from
Korbinian Brodmann Korbinian Brodmann (17 November 1868 – 22 August 1918) was a German neurologist who became famous for mapping the cerebral cortex and defining 52 distinct regions, known as Brodmann areas, based on their cytoarchitectonic (histological) char ...
, who split the cortex into 52 different areas and assigned each a number (many of these
Brodmann areas A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells. History Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by the ...
have since been subdivided). For example, Brodmann area 1 is the primary somatosensory cortex, Brodmann area 17 is the primary visual cortex, and Brodmann area 25 is the anterior cingulate cortex. Many of those brain areas defined by Brodmann have their own complex internal structures. In a number of cases, brain areas are organized into
topographic maps In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large- scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but histori ...
, where adjoining bits of the cortex correspond to adjoining parts of the body, or of some more abstract entity. A simple example of this type of correspondence is the primary motor cortex, a strip of tissue running along the anterior edge of the central sulcus. Motor areas innervating each part of the body arise from a distinct zone, with neighboring body parts represented by neighboring zones. Electrical stimulation of the cortex at any point causes a muscle-contraction in the represented body part. This "somatotopic" representation is not evenly distributed, however. The head, for example, is represented by a region about three times as large as the zone for the entire back and trunk. The size of any zone correlates to the precision of motor control and sensory discrimination possible. The areas for the lips, fingers, and tongue are particularly large, considering the proportional size of their represented body parts. In visual areas, the maps are retinotopic; this means they reflect the topography of the
retina The retina (from la, rete "net") is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which then ...
, the layer of light-activated neurons lining the back of the eye. In this case too, the representation is uneven: the
fovea Fovea () (Latin for "pit"; plural foveae ) is a term in anatomy. It refers to a pit or depression in a structure. Human anatomy *Fovea centralis of the retina * Fovea buccalis or Dimple * Fovea of the femoral head * Trochlear fovea of the fr ...
—the area at the center of the visual field—is greatly overrepresented compared to the periphery. The visual circuitry in the human cerebral cortex contains several dozen distinct retinotopic maps, each devoted to analyzing the visual input stream in a particular way. The primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17), which is the main recipient of direct input from the visual part of the thalamus, contains many neurons that are most easily activated by edges with a particular orientation moving across a particular point in the visual field. Visual areas farther downstream extract features such as color, motion, and shape. In auditory areas, the primary map is
tonotopic In physiology, tonotopy (from Greek tono = frequency and topos = place) is the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain. Tones close to each other in terms of frequency are represented in topologically ...
. Sounds are parsed according to frequency (i.e., high pitch vs. low pitch) by subcortical auditory areas, and this parsing is reflected by the primary auditory zone of the cortex. As with the visual system, there are a number of tonotopic cortical maps, each devoted to analyzing sound in a particular way. Within a topographic map there can sometimes be finer levels of spatial structure. In the primary visual cortex, for example, where the main organization is retinotopic and the main responses are to moving edges, cells that respond to different edge-orientations are spatially segregated from one another.


For humans and other primates

* Areas 3, 1 and 2
Primary somatosensory cortex In neuroanatomy, the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the Human brain, brain's parietal lobe, and is part of the somatosensory system. It was initially defined from surface stimulation studies of Wilder Penfield ...
in the
postcentral gyrus In neuroanatomy, the postcentral gyrus is a prominent gyrus in the lateral parietal lobe of the human brain. It is the location of the primary somatosensory cortex, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch. Like other sensory areas, ...
(frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention) * Area 4Primary motor cortex * Area 5
Superior parietal lobule The superior parietal lobule is bounded in front by the upper part of the postcentral sulcus, but is usually connected with the postcentral gyrus above the end of the sulcus. The superior parietal lobule contains Brodmann's areas 5 and 7. Beh ...
* Area 6
Premotor cortex The premotor cortex is an area of the motor cortex lying within the frontal lobe of the brain just anterior to the primary motor cortex. It occupies part of Brodmann's area 6. It has been studied mainly in primates, including monkeys and humans ...
and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex) (
Supplementary motor area The supplementary motor area (SMA) is a part of the motor cortex of primates that contributes to the control of movement. It is located on the midline surface of the hemisphere just in front of (anterior to) the primary motor cortex leg representa ...
) * Area 7 – Visuo-Motor Coordination * Area 8 – Includes
Frontal eye fields The frontal eye fields (FEF) are a region located in the frontal cortex, more specifically in Brodmann area 8 or BA8, of the primate brain. In humans, it can be more accurately said to lie in a region around the intersection of the middle fronta ...
* Area 9
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the primate brain. It is one of the most recently derived parts of the human brain. It undergoes a prolonged period of maturation which lasts until adultho ...
* Area 10Anterior prefrontal cortex (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri) * Area 11Orbitofrontal area (orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus) * Area 12Orbitofrontal area (used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus) * Area 13 and Area 14*
Insular cortex The insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes) within each hemisphere of the mammalian b ...
* Area 15* – Anterior
Temporal lobe The temporal lobe is one of the four Lobes of the brain, major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain. The temporal lobe ...
* Area 16
Insular cortex The insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes) within each hemisphere of the mammalian b ...
* Area 17Primary visual cortex (V1) * Area 18Secondary visual cortex (V2) * Area 19Associative visual cortex (V3, V4, V5) * Area 20
Inferior temporal gyrus The inferior temporal gyrus is one of three gyri of the temporal lobe and is located below the middle temporal gyrus, connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface ...
* Area 21
Middle temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus is a gyrus in the brain on the temporal lobe. It is located between the superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. It corresponds largely to Brodmann area 21. The middle temporal gyrus is bounded by: * the superi ...
* Area 22 – Part of the superior temporal gyrus, included in
Wernicke's area Wernicke's area (; ), also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech, the other being Broca's area. It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language, in contrast to B ...
* Area 23 – Ventral
posterior cingulate cortex The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is the caudal part of the cingulate cortex, located posterior to the anterior cingulate cortex. This is the upper part of the " limbic lobe". The cingulate cortex is made up of an area around the midline of th ...
* Area 24 – Ventral
anterior cingulate cortex In the human brain, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a "collar" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum. It consists of Brodmann areas 24, 32, and 33. It is involved ...
. * Area 25 – Subgenual area (part of the
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a part of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian brain. The ventral medial prefrontal is located in the frontal lobe at the bottom of the cerebral hemispheres and is implicated in the processing of r ...
) * Area 26Ectosplenial portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex * Area 27
Presubiculum Area 27 of Brodmann-1909 is a cytoarchitecturally defined cortical area that is a rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus. It is commonly regarded as a synonym of presubiculum. The dorsal part of the presubiculum is more commonly known as the ...
* Area 28 – Ventral
entorhinal cortex The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an area of the brain's allocortex, located in the medial temporal lobe, whose functions include being a widespread network hub for memory, navigation, and the perception of time.Integrating time from experience in the ...
* Area 29
Retrosplenial cortex The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a cortical area in the brain comprising Brodmann areas 29 and 30. It is secondary association cortex, making connections with numerous other brain regions. The region's name refers to its anatomical location imm ...
* Area 30 – Subdivision of retrosplenial cortex * Area 31 – Dorsal
Posterior cingulate cortex The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is the caudal part of the cingulate cortex, located posterior to the anterior cingulate cortex. This is the upper part of the " limbic lobe". The cingulate cortex is made up of an area around the midline of th ...
* Area 32 – Dorsal
anterior cingulate cortex In the human brain, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a "collar" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum. It consists of Brodmann areas 24, 32, and 33. It is involved ...
* Area 33 – Part of
anterior cingulate cortex In the human brain, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a "collar" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum. It consists of Brodmann areas 24, 32, and 33. It is involved ...
* Area 34 – Dorsal
entorhinal cortex The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an area of the brain's allocortex, located in the medial temporal lobe, whose functions include being a widespread network hub for memory, navigation, and the perception of time.Integrating time from experience in the ...
(on the
Parahippocampal gyrus The parahippocampal gyrus (or hippocampal gyrus') is a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus and is part of the limbic system. The region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval. It has been in ...
) * Area 35 – Part of the
perirhinal cortex The perirhinal cortex is a cortical region in the medial temporal lobe that is made up of Brodmann areas 35 and 36. It receives highly processed sensory information from all sensory regions, and is generally accepted to be an important region f ...
(in the rhinal sulcus) * Area 36 – Part of the
perirhinal cortex The perirhinal cortex is a cortical region in the medial temporal lobe that is made up of Brodmann areas 35 and 36. It receives highly processed sensory information from all sensory regions, and is generally accepted to be an important region f ...
(in the rhinal sulcus) * Area 37
Fusiform gyrus The fusiform gyrus, also known as the ''lateral occipitotemporal gyrus'','' ''is part of the temporal lobe and occipital lobe in Brodmann area 37. The fusiform gyrus is located between the lingual gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus above, and th ...
* Area 38Temporopolar area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri) * Area 39
Angular gyrus The angular gyrus is a region of the brain lying mainly in the posteroinferior region of the parietal lobe, occupying the posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule. It represents the Brodmann area 39. Its significance is in transferring vis ...
, considered by some to be part of
Wernicke's area Wernicke's area (; ), also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech, the other being Broca's area. It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language, in contrast to B ...
* Area 40
Supramarginal gyrus The supramarginal gyrus is a portion of the parietal lobe. This area of the brain is also known as Brodmann area 40 based on the brain map created by Korbinian Brodmann to define the structures in the cerebral cortex. It is probably involved wit ...
considered by some to be part of
Wernicke's area Wernicke's area (; ), also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech, the other being Broca's area. It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language, in contrast to B ...
* Areas 41 and 42
Auditory cortex The auditory cortex is the part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and many other vertebrates. It is a part of the auditory system, performing basic and higher functions in hearing, such as possible relations to ...
* Area 43 – Primary
gustatory cortex The primary gustatory cortex is a brain structure responsible for the perception of taste. It consists of two substructures: the anterior insula on the insular lobe and the frontal operculum on the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe. ...
* Areas 44 and 45
Broca's area Broca's area, or the Broca area (, also , ), is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant Cerebral hemisphere, hemisphere, usually the left, of the Human brain, brain with functions linked to speech production. Language processing in the brai ...
, includes the opercular part and triangular part of the
inferior frontal gyrus The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), (gyrus frontalis inferior), is the lowest positioned gyrus of the frontal gyri, of the frontal lobe, and is part of the prefrontal cortex. Its superior border is the inferior frontal sulcus (which divides it f ...
* Area 46
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the primate brain. It is one of the most recently derived parts of the human brain. It undergoes a prolonged period of maturation which lasts until adultho ...
* Area 47
Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus The orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus also known as the pars orbitalis is the orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus. In humans, this region is bordered by the triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis) and, surr ...
* Area 48Retrosubicular area (a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe) * Area 49Parasubicular area in a rodent * Area 52 – Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula) (*) Area only found in non-human
primate Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians (monkeys and apes, the latter including huma ...
s. Some of the original Brodmann areas have been subdivided further, e.g., "23a" and "23b".


Clickable map: lateral surface

:''Note: the lateral view, or side view, of the brain is denoted the 'lateral surface Image:Gray726-Brodman.png, Image mapped
Brodmann Areas A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells. History Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by the ...
. Clicking on an area in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article., 480px rect 509 186 596 236 Areas 3, 1 & 2 – Primary Somatosensory Cortex rect 474 122 524 172 Area 4 – Primary Motor Cortex rect 602 143 652 193 Area 5 – Somatosensory Association Cortex rect 378 162 428 212 Area 6 – Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)(Supplementary motor area rect 692 178 742 228 Area 7 – Somatosensory Association Cortex rect 259 107 309 157 Area 8 – Includes Frontal eye fields rect 137 162 188 212 Area 9 – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rect 31 330 81 380 Area 10 – Anterior prefrontal cortex rect 65 427 116 477 Area 11 – Orbitofrontal area rect 892 459 942 509 Area 17 – Primary visual cortex (V1) rect 834 427 885 477 Area 18 – Secondary visual cortex (V2) rect 770 385 821 435 Area 19 – Associative visual cortex (V3) rect 427 554 477 604 Area 20 – Inferior temporal gyrus rect 474 491 524 541 Area 21 – Middle temporal gyrus rect 635 417 686 467 Area 22 – Superior temporal gyrus rect 673 484 723 534 Area 37 – Fusiform gyrus rect 250 505 301 555 Area 38 – PULA rect 706 307 757 357 Area 39 – Angular gyrus rect 571 315 622 365 Area 40 – Supramarginal gyrus rect 536 394 587 444 Area 41 – Primary and Auditory Association Cortex rect 589 411 634 461 Area 42 – Primary and Auditory Association Cortex rect 416 368 467 418 Area 43 – Primary gustatory cortex rect 282 353 333 403 Area 44 – pars opercularis, part of Broca's area rect 219 378 270 428 Area 45 – pars triangularis, Broca's area rect 144 257 195 307 Area 46 – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rect 145 410 196 460 Area 47 – Inferior prefrontal gyrus rect 958 718 960 72
Image Map
desc bottom-left


Clickable map: medial surface

:''Note: the view of the section between the right and left hemispheres of the brain is denoted the 'medial surface Image:Gray727-Brodman.png, Image mapped
Brodmann Areas A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells. History Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by the ...
. Clicking on an area in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article., 480px rect 559 100 648 150 Areas 3, 1 & 2 – Primary Somatosensory Cortex rect 442 99 492 149 area 4 – primary motor cortex rect 538 162 588 212 Area 5 – Somatosensory Association Cortex rect 306 122 356 172 Area 6 – Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)(Supplementary motor area rect 714 155 764 205 Area 7 – Somatosensory Association Cortex rect 193 155 243 205 Area 8 – Includes Frontal eye fields rect 106 211 156 261 Area 9 – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rect 35 323 85 373 Area 10 – Anterior prefrontal cortex rect 74 441 124 491 Area 11 – Orbitofrontal area rect 162 404 212 454 Area 12 – Orbitofrontal area rect 819 378 869 428 Area 17 – Primary visual cortex (V1) rect 761 428 811 478 Area 18 – Secondary visual cortex (V2) rect 697 467 747 517 Area 19 – Associative visual cortex (V3) rect 810 233 860 283 Area 19 – Associative visual cortex (V3) rect 860 308 910 358 Area 18 – Secondary visual cortex (V2) rect 563 289 613 339 Area 23 – Ventral Posterior cingulate cortex rect 314 210 364 260 Area 24 – Ventral Anterior cingulate cortex rect 227 434 277 484 Area 25 – Subgenual cortex (part of the Ventromedial prefrontal cortex) rect 512 355 562 405 Area 26 – Ectosplenial portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex rect 377 448 427 498 Area 27 – Piriform cortex rect 314 489 364 539 Area 28 – Posterior Entorhinal Cortex rect 571 371 621 421 Area 29 – Retrosplenial cingulate cortex rect 532 419 582 469 Area 30 – Part of cingulate cortex rect 632 264 682 314 Area 31 – Dorsal Posterior cingulate cortex rect 138 330 188 380 Area 32 – Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex rect 234 290 284 340 Area 33 – Part of anterior cingulate cortex rect 305 435 355 485 Area 34 – Anterior Entorhinal Cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus) rect 448 450 498 500 Area 35 – Perirhinal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus) rect 448 507 498 557 Area 20 – Inferior temporal gyrus rect 585 482 635 532 Area 37 – Fusiform gyrus rect 265 532 318 582 Area 38 – Temporopolar area rect 958 718 960 72
Image Map
desc bottom-left


Criticism

When von Bonin and Bailey constructed a brain map for the macaque monkey they found the description of Brodmann inadequate and wrote: "Brodmann (1907), it is true, prepared a map of the human brain which has been widely reproduced, but, unfortunately, the data on which it was based was never published" They instead used the cytoarchitechtonic scheme of
Constantin von Economo Constantin Freiherr von Economo ( gr, Κωνσταντίνος Οικονόμου; 21 August 1876 – 21 October 1931) was an Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist of Greek descent, born in modern-day Romania (then Ottoman Empire). He is mos ...
and Georg N. Koskinas published in 1925 which had the "only acceptable detailed description of the human cortex".


See also

*
Brain A brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. It is the most complex organ in a v ...
*
Cortical area The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals. The cerebral cortex mostly consists of the six-layered neocortex, with just 10% consisting of ...
* List of regions in the human brain


References


External links



- Brodmann Areas, their functions, and the lateralization of functions across hemispheres
Brodmann
Mark Dubin pages on Brodmann areas.
Brodmann areas
Brodmann areas of cortex involved in language.
Brodmann Illustrations
BrainInfo Illustrations. {{DEFAULTSORT:Brodmann Area Brodmann areas, Cerebrum Anatomy named for one who described it