Bhojpuri language

Bhojpuri (IPA: ; Devanagari: , Kaithi: ) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Bhojpur- Purvanchal region of India and the Terai region of Nepal. Bhojpuri Ethnologue World Languages (2009) It is chiefly spoken in eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar, and northwestern Jharkhand in India, as well as western Madhesh, eastern Lumbini.

It is also a minority language in Fiji, Mauritius, Suriname and historically primarily in the Natal province of South Africa. Fiji Hindi, an official language of Fiji, is a dialect of Bhojpuri spoken by the Indo-Fijians. Caribbean Hindustani is spoken by the Indo-Caribbean people in Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. In Mauritius, it is a recognised by the government and taught in university as well.

Bhojpuri language is listed as potentially vulnerable in the UNESCO World Atlas of Languages.

Name

The oldest presence of the word "Bhojpuri" is found as ''Bodjpooria'' in 1789 in the translator's preface of a book titled ''A Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin'', which is a translation of a Persian book written in 1780 by Ghulam Hussain Khan. The paragraph in which reads:

The word ''Bhojpuri'' is derived from Bhojpur. After the conquest of Chero and Ujjainiya Rajputs in 12th century, who were the descendants of Raja Bhoj from Ujjain, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh captured Shahabad and named their capital Bhojpur (City of Raja Bhoj). The seat of their government was Bhojpur village which was near Dumraon in Buxar. Two villages named Chhotka Bhojpur and Barka Bhojpur still exist in Buxar, where the ruins of their Navratna Fortress can still be seen. Slowly the word ''Bhojpur'' became the synonyms of the Shahabad or Arrah region (Today's Bhojpur district, Buxar, Kaimur and Rohtas) and the adjective ''Bhojpuri'' or ''Bhojpuriya'' extended to mean the language or people of Bhojpur and even beyond it. Apart from ''Bhojpuri'' in the Eastern UP and Western Bihar, there were other names also for the language and people, at different places, the Bhojpuriya in Mughal armies were used to called ''Buxariya.'' In Bengal, they called ''Paschhimas'' (Westerners) and Bhojpuri people also called them ''Deshwali'' or ''Khoṭṭa,'' in upper provinces like Oudh they called ''Purabiya.'' Besides these, ''Banarasi'', ''Chhaprahiya'', and ''Bangarahi'' has also used for the language and People. Rahul Sankrityayan has suggested two names for it i.e. ''Mallika'' or ''Malli'' (due to ancient tribe of Malla) and ''Kashiki'' (due to ancient Kashi). The Girmityas who were taken to British colonies called it simply ''Hindustani'' or ''Hindi'' and it became ''Fiji Hindi'' in Fiji and ''Caribbean Hindustani'' in the Caribbean region. Similarly, in South Africa, while often locally referred to by speakers as 'Hindustani', the variety brought by indentured labourers who embarked at Calcutta was also known as 'Kalkatia'.

History

Bhojpuri is a descendant of Magadhi Prakrit which started taking shape during the reign of the Vardhana dynasty. Bāṇabhaṭṭa, in his Harshacharita has mentioned two poets named ''Isānchandra'' and ''Benibhārata'' who used to write in local language instead of Prakrit and Sanskrit.

Initial period (700–1100 A.D.)

The earliest form of Bhojpuri can be traced in the Siddha Sahitya and Charyapada as early as the 8th century A.D.''.'' This period is also called as Siddha period.

1100–1400 A.D.

Between the 11th and 14th centuries A.D., much Bhojpuri folklore such as Lorikayan, ''Sorathi Birjabh'', Vijaymal, Gopichand, Raja Bharthari''ar'' came into existence. Alongside these, the Nath Saint composed literature in Bhojpuri. In this period, the Bhojpuri language altered and its regional boundaries were established.

Period of saints (1400–1700 A.D.)

In this era, saints from different sects such as Kabir, Dharni Das, Kina Ram and Dariya Saheb used Bhojpuri as their language of discourse. In the same period Arabic and Persian words came into Bhojpuri. Folk songs are also said to have been composed in this era.

Early research period (1700–1900 A.D.)

In this period the British established themselves as the colonial power in India, and scholars from Britain conducted the first academic study of Bhojpuri. Bhojpuri folk literature was researched, and the Bhojpuri region was mapped for the first time. In this period Bhojpuri became an international language. Between 1838 and 1917 labourers from the Bhojpuri region were taken to British Colonies like Fiji, Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and South Africa, as well as the Dutch colony of Suriname as plantation workers. Linguistic analysis of the South African context indicates that while the majority of migrants arriving via Calcutta (1860-1911) originated from Bhojpuri-speaking areas of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, there was also a substantial presence of speakers from Awadhi-speaking regions. This resulted in a process of language coalescence and the formation of a distinct koiné variety of Bhojpuri in South Africa, influenced by contact between these related dialects. Music genres based on Bhojpuri folk music such as Chutney music, Baithak Gana, Geet Gawanai and Lok Geet arose in those countries. In the Caribbean, particularly Trinidad, the evolution from Bhojpuri folk traditions performed at weddings led to the development of Chutney music as a distinct genre, often incorporating English lyrics and Soca rhythms alongside Bhojpuri elements.

British scholars like Buchanan, Beames and George Abraham Grierson studied the language in details. Beames published the grammar of Bhojpuri for the first time in 1868. Grierson compiled and published the folksongs of Bhojpuri in 1884. He published the folklore of Bhojpuri and also made the dictionaries in Bhojpuri. He also conducted the Linguistic Survey of India.

Present period (1900–present)

In the 19th century, notable works like Devakshara Charita, Badmash Darpan were published. In the 20th century, Bhikhari Thakur contributed significantly to Bhojpuri literature and theatre with his notable plays like Bidesiya, Beti Bechwa, Gabarghichor and novels like ''Bindia'' and ''Phulsunghi'' were published. In 1962, the first Bhojpuri film, '' Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo'' was released and became the founding stone of the Bhojpuri film industry.

Bhojpuri is listed as a potentially vulnerable language in the UNESCO world atlas of languages due to the influence of Hindi. Words like ''Bujhã'' are being replaced by Hindi words like ''Samjhã''.

Geographic distribution

The Bhojpuri-speaking region covers the area of 73,000 square kilometres approximately in India and Nepal and borders the Awadhi-speaking region to the west, the Nepali-speaking region to the north, the Magahi and Bajjika-speaking regions to the east and the Chhattisgarhi and Bagheli-speaking regions to the south. In Nepal, Bhojpuri is a major language. There are a number of Bhojpuri-speaking Muslims that are part of the Muhajir community in Pakistan, as well as in Bangladesh, where they are referred to as Stranded Pakistanis due to them speaking Bhojpuri and Urdu as their native tongue and not Bengali as most Bangladeshis do. They migrated to Bangladesh there during the Partition of India when the area was part of East Pakistan, before gaining independence as Bangladesh.

Bhojpuri is spoken by descendants of indentured labourers brought in the 19th and early 20th centuries for work in plantations in British colonies. These Bhojpuri speakers live in Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, and other parts of the Caribbean. In South Africa, speakers were historically concentrated in the Natal province. However, the language experienced significant decline throughout the 20th century, undergoing language shift towards English, with intergenerational transmission largely ceasing by the late 1900s. This South African variety also experienced language contact effects from English, Zulu, and Fanagalo. In Mauritius, music is considered a primary vehicle for maintaining the language, with songs often reflecting adaptation to new environments and mixing Bhojpuri with Mauritian Creole. In Trinidad and Tobago, while Caribbean Hindustani remains, popular music forms like Chutney often feature significant English admixture, reflecting linguistic creolisation, as exemplified by artists like Sundar Popo.

Classification

Bhojpuri is an Indo-European language and belongs to the Eastern Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-Aryan languages. The Magahi and Maithili languages of Eastern Indo-Aryan group are closest living relatives of Bhojpuri. Odia, Bengali and Assamese are also closely related. Bhojpuri along with Magahi and Maithili, are grouped together as the Bihari languages. Together with the other branches of Eastern Indo-Aryan, the Bihari languages are considered to be direct descendants of the Magadhi Prakrit.

Bhojpuri is classified as an Eastern Indo-Aryan Language because it has similar inflexion system to the other languages of the same family such as Bengali, Maithili and Odia. For example, the pronunciation of the vowel ''a'' is broad in Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and sounds like ''o'' in Bengali, on moving westwards it becomes less broad but still can be differentiated from the sharp cut ''a'' in Middle Indo-Aryan. In Bhojpuri, the clear cut ''a'' and the drawled ''a,'' which sounds like ''aw'' in the word ''awl'' are present and the contrast between the two gives a different tone to the language. This drawled ''a'' is represented by Avagraha (ऽ), for instance, the word ''dekh'la'', you see, is written as देेखऽलऽ. Other property of Eastern Indo Aryan languages is that the adjectives does not change with the noun. For instance, ''moṭā'' is the feminine form of ''moṭī'' in Hindi. However, as with Bebgali, in Bhojpuri, only ''moṭ'' is used. The past and future tense in Bhojpuri is formed in same way as other Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages, by adding a suffix stating from -l''a'' and ''-ba'' respectively to the verb. Form example, ''I shall See'', in Bengali is ''dekh-bo'' and in Bhojpuri is ''dekh-ab''.

Some scholars has also divided the East Indo Aryan or ''Magadhan'' languages in to three sub-groups viz. Western, Central and Eastern. Bengali, Assamese, Odia belongs to Eastern Magadhan, Maithili and Magahi to Central and Bhojpuri to western. Bhojpuri is classified as Western Magadhan because it has some properties which are peculiar to itself and are not present in other Magadhan Languages. Some striking differences are:

*''raürā'' or ''raüwā'' as an honorfic pronoun for second person along with the ''apne'' form is used Bhojpuri. ''apne'' form is their in other Magadhan Languages but ''raüwā'' is totally absent.
* Verb substantive in other Magadhan language is of ''-acch'' for but Bhojpuri has ''-baṭe'' and ''hawe''.
* The simple present is made by Bhojpuri by adding a suffix starting from ''-la'' with the verb, but this is totally absent in the other languages of Magadhan group. Hence, ''he sees'', is ''dēkhe-lā'' in Bhojpuri but in but ''dekhait-chhi'' in Maithili and ''dekhechhi'' in Bengali.

Dialects

Bhojpuri has several dialects: Southern Standard Bhojpuri, Northern Standard Bhojpuri, Western Standard Bhojpuri,Parable of the prodigal son in Benares Bhojpuri
, A Recording in May 1920 by Rajaji Gupta, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USA and Nagpuria Bhojpuri.Parable of the prodigal son in Nagpuria Bhojpuri
, A Recording in 1920 by Shiva Sahay Lal, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USABhojpuri
Language Materials Project, University of California, Los Angeles, United States

Southern Standard Bhojpuri is prevalent in the Shahabad district (Buxar, Bhojpur, Rohtas, and Kaimur districts) and the Saran region ( Saran, Siwan and Gopalganj districts) in Bihar, the eastern Azamgarh ( Ballia and eastern Mau districts) and Varanasi (eastern part of Ghazipur district) regions in Uttar Pradesh, and in the Palamu division ( Palamu and Garhwa districts) in Jharkhand. The dialect is also known as ''Kharwari''.

Northern Bhojpuri is common in the western Tirhut division (east and west Champaran and in Muzaffarpur district) in Bihar, and Gorakhpur division ( Deoria, Kushinagar, Gorakhpur, and Maharajganj districts) and Basti division ( Sidharthanagar, and Sant Kabir Nagar districts) in Uttar Pradesh. It is also spoken in Nepal.Shaligram Shukla (1981), Bhojpuri Grammar, Georgetown University School of Language,

Western Bhojpuri is prevalent in the areas of Varanasi (Varanasi, Chandauli, eastern Jaunpur, and the western part of Ghazipur district), Azamgarh (Azamgarh district, western part of Mau district) and Mirzapur (eastern Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts) divisions in Uttar Pradesh. Banarasi is a local name for Bhojpuri, named after Banaras.

Nagpuria Bhojpuri is the southernmost popular dialect, found in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand, particularly parts of Palamu, South Chotanagpur and Kolhan divisions. It is sometimes referred to as ''Sadari''.

A more specific classification recognises the dialects of Bhojpuri as Bhojpuri Domra, Madhesi, Musahari, Northern Standard Bhojpuri (Basti, Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria), Southern Standard Bhojpuri (Kharwari), Western Standard Bhojpuri (Benarsi, Purbi) and Nagpuriya Bhojpuri.

Phonology

Among the seven languages which are sociolinguistically often counted as Hindi dialects (Haryanvi, Braj, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, and Kannauji),Diwakar Mishra and Kalika Bali
A COMPARATIVE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIALECTS OF HINDI
, ICPhS XVII, Hong Kong, 17–21 August 2011, pp 1390 Bhojpuri has the most allophonic variations in vowels.

Bhojpuri has 6 vowel phonemes and 10 vocoids. The higher vowels are relatively tense, and the lower vowels are relatively lax. The language has 31 consonant phonemes and 34 contoids (6 bilabial, 4 apico-dental, 5 apico-alveolar, 7 retroflex, 6 alveo-palatal, 5 dorso-velar, and 1 glottal).

Linguist Robert L. Trammell published the phonology of Northern Standard Bhojpuri in 1971.Verma, Manindra K. (2003), Bhojpuri, In Cardona et al. (Editors), The Indo-Aryan Languages, 515–537. London: Routledge According to him, the syllable system is peak type: every syllable has the vowel phoneme as the highest point of sonority. Codas may consist of one, two, or three consonants. Vowels occur as simple peaks or as peak nuclei in diphthongs. The intonation system involves 4 pitch levels and 3 terminal contours.

Grammar

According to George Abraham Grierson, the grammar of Bhojpuri is simpler than other languages of the same family. Nouns in Bhojpuri have three forms: short, long and redundant. The adjectives of nouns do not change with genders. Plurals are made by adding either the suffix ''-na'' or ''ni'' with the nouns or adding the multitudes such as ''sabh'' (all) or ''lōg'' (people).

Examples:

Except few instances the Verb forms of Bhojpuri depend only on the subject and the object has no effect on it. Unlike other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bhojpuri has a different verb form for the present tense, which corresponds to the Future forms of Nepali. It is formed by adding the suffix ''-lā'' to the present subjunctive. Therefore, for the verb ''to see'' the Bhojpuri verb is ''dekhe'' and the present form is ''dhekhelā'', which is peculiar to itself and is not found in other languages of the same family like Magahi (dekhaït haï), Maithili (dekhaït achi) and Bengali (dekhechī). The Verbs forms of second person singular (dekh'be; you will see) is considered vulgar in Bhojpuri, plural form () is used in general. When it is desired to show respect the first person singular form (; I will see) is used instead of second person plural (). To show plural number the suffix ''-sa''' or ''-ja'' is also used with the 2nd and third person forms, thus ''dekhe-la'-sa'' is ''they see''. The present perfect form is made by adding ''ha to the past form. Thus, ''ham dekh'li'' (I saw) is the past from and its present perfect form is '''' (I have seen). Past perfect in regular verbs are made by adding the suffix ''-al'' to the verb (dekh - dekhal), but in some cases it has irregular forms like ''kar (kail)'', ''mar'' ''(mual)'' etc.

Numerals of Bhojpuri take the classifier ''gō'' and ''ṭhō'', which emphasises the countability and totality both. To show inclusiveness and exclusiveness, Bhojpuri used the suffixes ''-o'' and ''-e'' as in ''ham āmo khāïb'' (I will eat mangoes too) verses ''ham āme khāïb'' (I will eat only mangoes). These suffixes can be added to any lexical category such as numerals, adjectives etc.

The auxiliaries in Bhojpuri are formed on five bases viz. ''ha'', ''ho'', ''hokh'', ''bāṭ'', ''rah''. These also act as the Copula. The ''bāṭ'' form provides for the tenses and the ''hokh'' or ''ho'' form provides for the modes, where as ''rah'' is the past of other three.

Writing system

Bhojpuri was historically written in Kaithi script, but since 1894 Devanagari has served as the primary script. Kaithi has variants as the locality changes, the three classified varianta are Tirhuti, Magahi and Bhojpuri variants. The Bhojpuri variant is used for writing Bhojpuri. Kaithi is now rarely used for Bhojpuri.

Kaithi script was used for administrative purposes in the Mughal era for writing Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, Magahi, and Hindustani from at least the 16th century up to the first decade of the 20th century. Government gazetteers report that Kaithi was used in a few districts of Bihar throughout the 1960s. Bhojpuri residents of India who moved to British colonies in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean in the 19th and early 20th centuries used both Kaithi and Devanagari scripts.Rajend Mesthrie, ''Language in indenture: a sociolinguistic history of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa'', Routledge, 1992, , pages 30–32

By 1894 both Kaithi and Devanagari became common scripts to write official texts in Bihar. At present almost all Bhojpuri texts are written in Devanagari, even in islands outside of India where Bhojpuri is spoken. In Mauritius, Kaithi script was historically considered informal, and Devanagari was sometimes spelled as ''Devanagri''. In modern Mauritius, the major script is Devanagari.

Politeness

Bhojpuri syntax and vocabulary reflects a three-tier system of politeness. Any verb can be conjugated through these tiers. The verb ''to come'' in Bhojpuri is ''aail'' and the verb ''to speak'' is ''bolal''. The imperatives ''come!'' and ''speak!'' can be conjugated in five ways, each marking subtle variation in politeness and propriety. These permutations exclude a host of auxiliary verbs and expressions, which can be added to verbs to add another degree of subtle variation. For extremely polite or formal situations, the pronoun is generally omitted.

Similarly, adjectives are marked for politeness and formality. The adjective ''your'' has several forms with different tones of politeness: ''tum'' (casual and intimate), "tōhār" (polite and intimate), "t'hār" (formal yet intimate), ''rā'ur'' (polite and formal) and ''āpke'' (extremely formal). Although there are many tiers of politeness, Bhojpuri speakers mainly use the form ''tu'' to address a younger individual and ''raua'' for an individual who is older, or holds a higher position in workplace situations.

Status

Greater official recognition of Bhojpuri, such as by inclusion in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India, has been demanded. In 2018, Bhojpuri was given second-language status in Jharkhand state of India.

Bhojpuri is taught in matriculation and at the higher secondary level in the Bihar School Education Board and the Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh. It is also taught in various universities in India, such as Veer Kunwar Singh University, Banaras Hindu University, Nalanda Open University, and Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University.

Literature

Lorikayan, the story of Veer Lorik contains Bhojpuri folklore from Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Bhikhari Thakur's Bidesiya is a play, written as a book. ''Phool Daliya'' is a well-known book by Prasiddha Narayan Singh. It comprises poems of ''veer ras'' (A style of writing) on the theme of ''azaadi'' (''Freedom'') about his experiences in the Quit India movement and India's struggle with poverty after the country gained independence.

Although Bhojpuri is not one of the established literary languages of India, it has a strong tradition of oral literature. This "persistent orality" continues in the diaspora, where the language often thrives more through performance, particularly song and music (like folk songs and Chutney), than through formal print literature, adapting across multiple media platforms like radio, recordings, and digital formats.

Media

The first journal to be published in Bhojpuri was Bagsar Samāchar which was published in 1915, but was closed in 1918. The first Bhojpuri weekly was published on 15 August 1947. Bhojpuri journalism rose massively in 1960s and 1970s, Bhojpuri Parivar (Patna), Bhojpuri Mandal (Motihari), Bhojpuri Samaj (Arrah) were some prominent journals of that time. Many Bhojpuri magazines and papers are published in Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh. Several Bhojpuri newspapers are available locally in northern India. ''Parichhan'' is a contemporary literary-cultural Maithili-Bhojpuri magazine, published by a Maithili-Bhojpuri academy and the government of Delhi, and edited by Parichay Das. ''The Sunday Indian, Bhojpuri'' is a regular national news magazine in Bhojpuri. ''Aakhar'' is a monthly online Bhojpuri literature magazine. Other media in Bhojpuri include ''Lok Lucknow'', and the channels Mahuaa TV and Hamar TV. Bhojpuri Wikipedia was launched in 2003. On 22 May 2022, Google Translate added Bhojpuri as one of their languages.

Vocabulary

Bhojpuri vocabularies have similarity with other Indo Aryan languages and also have loanwords from Persian. Tiwari has classified the words of Bhojpuri in to 6 parts:

* Words of Sanskrit origin
* Words with untraceable origin
* Words borrowed from other Indo-Aryan Languages
* Sanskrit words either in original or modified form
* Words of non-Aryan Indian origin
* Foreign origin (Arabic, British etc.)

Words of Persian origin are roughly classified under the following head:

* Words pertaining to kingly states: amīr, kābū, hajūr
* Words relating to Revenue, Administration and Law: darogā, hak, huliyā
* Words relating to Islam: Allāh, tobā, mahjid
* Words of intellectual culture, music, education: ilīm, ijjat, munsi
* Words of material culture: kāgaj, kismis, sāl

Since Bengal has been one of the greatest centre for Bhojpuri-speaking people, Bhojpuri has taken a number of words from Bengali. It is also probable that words of European origin came to Bhojpuri through Bengali. The specific vocabulary of South African Bhojpuri also reflects contact with other languages prevalent in the region, notably incorporating loanwords from Zulu and the pidgin Fanagalo, alongside English.

Weekdays

Common phrases

Words of English origin

* atharāiṭīs (𑂃𑂟𑂩𑂰𑂅𑂗𑂲𑂮/अथराइटीस): From Arthritis.
* afkaran (𑂃𑂤𑂺𑂍𑂩𑂢/अफ़करन): Used in ''South African Bhojpuri,'' Borrowed from English phrase "Half a Crown".
* askūṭara (𑂃𑂮𑂹𑂍𑂴𑂗𑂩/अस्कूटर): From Scooter.
* asaṭāṭ (𑂃𑂮𑂗𑂰𑂗/असटाट): From English verb ''Start''. ''sṭāṭ'' ''is'' used in South Aftican Bhojpuri. It was borrowed in sense of starting a Motor vehicle or any other mechanical device.
* aspatāla (𑂃𑂮𑂹𑂣𑂞𑂰𑂪/अस्पताल): From Hospital.
* injin (𑂅𑂢𑂹𑂔𑂱𑂢/इन्जिन): From Engine.
* eroplena (𑂉𑂩𑂷𑂣𑂪𑂵𑂢/एरोपलेन): From Aeroplane.
* kār (𑂍𑂰𑂩/कार): From English Car. ''khār'' is used in South African Bhojpuri.
* ṭībī (𑂗𑂲𑂥𑂲/टीबी): From T.B., the short form of Tuberculosis.
* ṭeksī (𑂗𑂵𑂍𑂹𑂮𑂲/टेक्सी): From Taxi.
* ṭesan (𑂗𑂵𑂮𑂢/टेसन): from English Station.
* ḍākṭar (𑂙𑂰𑂍𑂹𑂗𑂩/डाक्टर): From Doctor. In South African Bhojpuri ''ḍokṭar'' or ''ḍokṭe'' is used.
* nars (𑂢𑂩𑂹𑂮/नर्स): From Nurse. ''nes'' or ''staf-nes'' (Staff Nurse) in South African Bhojpuri.
* peṭarol (𑂣𑂵𑂗𑂩𑂷𑂪/पेटरोल): From Petrol.
* palaga (𑂣𑂪𑂏/पलग): From Plug.
* baeṭrī (𑂥𑂉𑂗𑂹𑂩𑂲/बएट्री): From Battery.
* ba's (𑂥𑂮/बस): From Bus. ''baz'' in South African Bhojpuri.
* bhaena (𑂦𑂉𑂢/भएन): From Van. ''ven'' is used in South African Bhojpuri.
* moṭar (𑂧𑂷𑂗𑂩/मोटर): From English word Motor, also used for Motor vehicle.
* rēl (𑂩𑂵𑂪/रेल): from English ''rail'', meaning Train.
* rēl-gār̤ī (𑂩𑂵𑂪𑂏𑂰𑂚𑂲/रेलगाड़ी): gār̤ī is a Bhojpuri word meaning Vehicle.
* laurī (𑂪𑂸𑂩𑂲/लौरी): From English word Lorry. ''Lori'' is used in South African Bhojpuri.
* sāikīl (𑂮𑂰𑂅𑂍𑂲𑂪/साइकील): From bicycle.
* sīka (𑂮𑂲𑂍/सीक): From sick. Used in South African Bhojpuri, with the verbal form ''sīkā gael'' (has become sick).
* sūgar (𑂮𑂴𑂏𑂩/सूगर): From sugar, meaning Diabetes.
* hāṭ (𑂯𑂰𑂗/हाट): From Heart, it used for any heart related disease.

Example text

The following is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in four languages:

* Bhojpuri (kaithi)
* Bhojpuri (Devanagari) अनुच्छेद १: सबहिं लोकनि स्वतंत्रे जन्मेलन अउर ओखिनियहूं के समान सम्मान अउरी अधिकार प्राप्त हवे। ओखिनियो के पास समझ-बूझ अ अंत:करण के स्वर होखता आओर हुनके हुं के दोसरा के साथ भ्रातृत्त्व के बेवहार करय के चाही।
* Sarnámi Hindustani (a dialect of Caribbean Hindustani) .

See also

* Culture of Bhojpuri Region
* Bhojpuri cinema

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

* Rajathi, J; Perumalsamy, P (2021).
Bhojpuri" in Linguistic Survey of India Bihar Volume
New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General. pp. 293–407.
*
*

Further reading

*
*
* Ghosh, Aditi (2012). "Bhojpuri as a non-dominant variety of Hindi". In: Muhr,. Rudolf et al (eds.). ''Non-Dominant Varieties of Pluricentric Languages. Getting the Picture. In Memory of Michael Clyne, hrsg. v. Rudolf Muhr'' (Österreichisches Deutsch - Sprache der Gegenwart 14). Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles: Peter Lang, 2012. pp. 435–452.
*

;On Diasporic Bhojpuri:
*
*
*
*

External links

* The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bhojpuri, United Nations Information Centre, India (1998)

Archived open-access recordings of Bhojpuri
from Kaipuleohone

English-Bhojpuri Machine Translation System

Bhojpuri
Linguistic Survey of India.

Bhojpuri Language Resource
collection of Bhojpuri language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhojpuri Language

Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Uttar Pradesh
Languages of Bihar
Languages of Nepal
Languages of Jharkhand
Languages of Mauritius
Languages of Madhesh Province
Languages of Lumbini Province
Languages written in Devanagari
Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census