Beylik of Hacıemir (also called ''Beylik of Bayram'') was a beylik (lordship) in the north
Anatolia
Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...
in a part of 14th and 15th centuries. The historical documents about the beylik are scarce. In some documents the beylik was named ''Bayramoğulları'' (Bayran's sons) and in others ''Hacıemiroğulları'' (Hacıemir's sons). Hacıemir was Bayram's son. In contemporary Greek documents, the name of the beylik was Chalybia (), after the ancient
Chalybes
The Chalybes (; ; ka, ხალიბები, Khalibebi) and Chaldoi (; ) were peoples mentioned by classical authors as living in Pontus and Cappadocia in northern Anatolia during Classical Antiquity. Their territory was known as Chaldia, e ...
people who lived in the area.
Origin
The beylik population was mostly
Chepni people
Chepni (; ; ) is one of the 24 Oghuz Turkic tribes.
History
In the legend of Oghuz Qaghan, the Chepni was stated as one of the clans of the tribe of ''Gök Han'' that consists of Pecheneg (''Beçenek''), Bayandur (''Bayındır''), Chowdur ( ...
, a branch of Turkomans.Faruk Sümer, ''Oğuzlar: Türkmenler, Tarihleri, Boy Teşkilâtı, Destanları'', Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, 1992, p. 172. /ref> In the 11th and 12th centuries, they were in
Danishmend
The Danishmendids or Danishmends () were a Turkish dynasty. These terms also refer to the Turkish state in Anatolia. It existed from 1071/1075 to 1178 and is also known as the Danishmendid Beylik (). The dynasty was centered originally around Siv ...
realm. After
Seljuks of Anatolia
The Sultanate of Rum was a culturally Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples (Rum) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. T ...
conquered Danishmends some of them were settled in other parts of Anatolia. But some stayed in their former land. After the collapse of the Seljuks and the end of
Mongol
Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of M ...
dominance, they founded a number of small beyliks. Beylik of Hacıemir was one of them. Their capital was present
Kale
Kale (), also called leaf cabbage, belongs to a group of cabbage (''Brassica oleracea'') cultivars primarily grown for their Leaf vegetable, edible leaves; it has also been used as an ornamental plant. Its multiple different cultivars vary quite ...
Ordu Province
Ordu Province () is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey, located on the Black Sea coast. Its area is 5,914 km2, and its population is 763,190 (2022). Its adjacent provinces are Samsun to the northwest, Tokat to the southwest, ...
.
Early history
In the early 14th century, the region was under Mongols and later the beylik of Eretna. The beylik declared independence during the civil war in Mongol lands (1335-1336). First bey was Bayram. Bayram fought against the
Empire of Trebizond
The Empire of Trebizond or the Trapezuntine Empire was one of the three successor rump states of the Byzantine Empire that existed during the 13th through to the 15th century. The empire consisted of the Pontus, or far northeastern corner of A ...
. In 1348 in alliance with several other beys he laid a siege to Trebizond (present
Trabzon
Trabzon, historically known as Trebizond, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. The city was founded in 756 BC as "Trapezous" by colonists from Miletus. It was added into the Achaemenid E ...
), but the coalition was defeated. Bayram's death date is not known. But according to the documents of the Trebizond Empire in 1357 it was Hacıemir, Bayram's son who campaigned to
Maçka
Maçka (, the "club"; Laz language, Laz: მაჩხა ''Maçxa'') is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its area is 925 km2, and its population is 24,709 (2022). The name derives from the medieval ...
. However, in 1358 by marrying Theodora, daughter of
Basil of Trebizond
Basil Megas Komnenos () (died 6 April 1340) was Emperor of Trebizond from August 1332 until his death in 1340. Although Basil's reign was a period of stability during the civil war that dominated the pocket empire during the second quarter of t ...
, he formed family relations with the Trebizond Empire. But in 1361 he organized a campaign to capture
Giresun
Giresun () is a city in the Black Sea Region of northeastern Turkey, about west of the city of Trabzon. It is the seat of Giresun Province and Giresun District. He formed alliance with the powerful warlord
Kadı Burhaneddin
Kadi Ahmad Burhan al-Din (8 January 1345, Kayseri – 1398, Sivas) poet, scholar, and statesman. He was vizier to the Eretnid rulers of Anatolia. In 1381, he took over Eretnid lands and claimed the title of sultan for himself. He is most often ...
. With this support, Hacıemir was able to capture
Ordu
Ordu () or Altınordu is a port city on the Black Sea coast of Turkey and the capital of Ordu Province. The city forms the urban part of the Altınordu, Ordu, Altınordu district, with a population of 235,096 in 2023.
Name
Kotyora, the origina ...
(ancient ''Cotyora'') on the
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...
coast in 1380. The new capital of the beylik was in the village of
Eskipazar
Eskipazar is a town in Karabük Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Eskipazar District.Süleyman. However, he recovered and tried to regain his possessions. This caused a civil war between the father and the son. Although Tacettin, the ruler of a neighboring beylik, attacked to take advantage of the civil war he was defeated and killed in battle. In 1397 Süleyman captured
Giresun
Giresun () is a city in the Black Sea Region of northeastern Turkey, about west of the city of Trabzon. It is the seat of Giresun Province and Giresun District.
End of the beylik
After the death of Kadı Burhanettin, Süleyman accepted the suzerainty of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
. Although the Ottomans were defeated in the
Battle of Ankara
The Battle of Ankara or Angora () was fought on 28 July 1402, at the Çubuk plain near Ankara, between the forces of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I and the emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to ...
and the beylik of Hacıemir experienced the second term of independence, it never gained its former glory. In 1427 Ottomans annexed the beylik.