Benjamin Hall, 1st Baron Llanover
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Benjamin Hall, Baron Llanover (8 November 1802 – 27 April 1867) was a Whig / Liberal politician and social, church, health and local government reformer who served in the
House of Commons The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the Bicameralism, bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the nominally upper house of ...
from 1831 until his elevation to the peerage in 1859. As President of the Board of Health from 1854-1855 he was a minister in the
Cabinet Cabinet or The Cabinet may refer to: Furniture * Cabinetry, a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and/or drawers * Display cabinet, a piece of furniture with one or more transparent glass sheets or transparent polycarbonate sheets * Filin ...
and thereafter occupied the non-Cabinet position of First Commissioner of Public Works until 1858. In 1859 he was made a Peer as Lord Llanover of Llanover and Abercarn and served in the
House of Lords The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the lower house, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. One of the oldest ext ...
until his death in 1867. He was a Minister under Lords
Aberdeen Aberdeen ( ; ; ) is a port city in North East Scotland, and is the List of towns and cities in Scotland by population, third most populous Cities of Scotland, Scottish city. Historically, Aberdeen was within the historic county of Aberdeensh ...
and Palmerston and was a member of the Privy Council. He was a prominent reformer whose primary focus in parliamentary debates was on church reform, local government and sanitation. He was the United Kingdom's first Minister of Health, playing an import role in the development of modern systems for the management of health and sanitation in
London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...
and later, as First Commissioner for Works, established the
Metropolitan Board of Works The Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) was the upper tier of local government for London between 1856 and 1889, primarily responsible for upgrading infrastructure. It also had a parks and open spaces committee which set aside and opened up severa ...
, the first metropolis-wide government for London. He also oversaw the completion of the new
Houses of Parliament The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is located in London, England. It is commonly called the Houses of Parliament after the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two legislative ch ...
and is today chiefly remembered as the person after whom
Big Ben Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the Great Clock of Westminster, and, by extension, for the clock tower itself, which stands at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, England. Originally named the Clock Tower, it ...
, the largest bell in its Elizabeth Tower, is named.


Early life

Lord Llanover was the eldest son of Benjamin Hall, a Welsh
ironmaster An ironmaster is the manager, and usually owner, of a forge or blast furnace for the processing of iron. It is a term mainly associated with the period of the Industrial Revolution, especially in Great Britain. The ironmaster was usually a larg ...
and Member of Parliament, and Charlotte, the daughter of
Richard Crawshay Richard Crawshay (1 October 1739 – 27 June 1810) was a London iron merchant and then South Wales ironmaster; he was one of ten known British millionaires in 1799. Early life and marriage Richard Crawshay was born in Normanton in the West ...
, a prominent ironmaster and pioneer of the
Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succee ...
in
Wales Wales ( ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by the Irish Sea to the north and west, England to the England–Wales border, east, the Bristol Channel to the south, and the Celtic ...
and, in his time, one of the wealthiest men in the United Kingdom. Educated at the
Westminster School Westminster School is a Public school (United Kingdom), public school in Westminster, London, England, in the precincts of Westminster Abbey. It descends from a charity school founded by Westminster Benedictines before the Norman Conquest, as do ...
in London, he matriculated from
Christ Church, Oxford Christ Church (, the temple or house, ''wikt:aedes, ædes'', of Christ, and thus sometimes known as "The House") is a Colleges of the University of Oxford, constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Founded in 1546 by Henry V ...
in 1820. Thereafter he travelled in the United Kingdom and Europe and in 1826, at the age of only 24, served a year in the ceremonial role of
Sheriff A sheriff is a government official, with varying duties, existing in some countries with historical ties to England where the office originated. There is an analogous, although independently developed, office in Iceland, the , which is common ...
of Monmouthshire. During his travels he visited
New Lanark New Lanark is a village on the River Clyde, approximately from Lanark, in Lanarkshire, and some southeast of Glasgow, Scotland. It was founded in 1785 and opened in 1786 by David Dale, who built cotton mills and housing for the mill workers. D ...
, the model settlement and social experiment managed by
Robert Owen Robert Owen (; 14 May 1771 – 17 November 1858) was a Welsh textile manufacturer, philanthropist, political philosopher and social reformer, and a founder of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement, co-operative movement. He strove to ...
a philanthropist and social reformer. The visit is said to have influenced Hall's management of his own estates in Wales and his general views on the direction of social reform. Upon his return he took up the oversight of his estates at Llanover and Abercarn and served as a Magistrate. From the time of his marriage to Augusta Waddington in 1823, and under her influence, he also became interested in the revival of the Welsh
language Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed language, signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing syste ...
and
culture Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...
, a cause the couple championed throughout their lives.


Member of Parliament for Monmouth Boroughs and Marylebone

In 1830 he entered politics, standing for election to the
Monmouth Boroughs Monmouth Boroughs (also known as the Monmouth District of Boroughs) was a parliamentary constituency consisting of several towns in Monmouthshire. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliaments of England, ...
seat in
Parliament In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...
. In so doing he took on the powerful and conservative Somerset family, headed by the
Duke of Beaufort Duke of Beaufort ( ) is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by Charles II in 1682 for Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester, a descendant of Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, legitimised son of Henry Beaufort, 3rd D ...
, which had since the time of Henry the VIII dominated Monmouthshire politics and controlled the seat in the House of Commons. At the time Monmouth Boroughs was held by the Marquis of Worcester, son and heir to the Duke. In the General Election of April–June 1831 Hall took the seat from Lord Worcester. His platform was pro-reform against a sitting MP who had publicly announced his opposition to the
Reform Bill The Reform Acts (or Reform Bills, before they were passed) are legislation enacted in the United Kingdom in the 19th and 20th century to enfranchise new groups of voters and to redistribute seats in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the U ...
which Hall, in his first actions in the House of Commons, supported during its first and second readings in June and July 1831. However, Lord Worcester disputed the loss of his seat on the grounds of wrongful appointment of new burgesses in Newport who had voted in the election and, following an investigation by a committee of the House, he was reinstated as MP for Monmouth in July 1831, with Hall losing his seat. In the election of December of 1832 he again contested the Borough of Monmouth against Lord Worcester whom he once more defeated. He was reelected in
January 1835 January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemispher ...
, this time surviving another petition contesting the validity of his support. For the election of 1837 he switched his seat to the Marylebone constituency in London which he continued to represent until his elevation to the peerage in 1857. As an MP Hall was a noted reformer focusing particularly on social issues and reform of the church and local government. He was also an early opponent of the
death penalty Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct. The sentence ordering that an offender be punished in s ...
and in his first years in Parliament supported the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833.


Religious tolerance and reform of the established church

Although an
Anglican Anglicanism, also known as Episcopalianism in some countries, is a Western Christianity, Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the ...
, he was known for his tolerance of other faiths and defence of the rights of
Catholics The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...
,
Jews Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
and
dissenter A dissenter (from the Latin , 'to disagree') is one who dissents (disagrees) in matters of opinion, belief, etc. Dissent may include political opposition to decrees, ideas or doctrines and it may include opposition to those things or the fiat of ...
s at a time when such views were not held by the majority. He had a reputation for taking up such causes in Parliament, criticising what he believed to be the failings of the leadership of the established church and was an outspoken proponent of church reform. His attitudes and the reasons for his reputation as a vehement critic of the Church are well reflected in a speech delivered during an 1850 debate on remuneration and housing of the Anglican clergy, also published as a pamphlet under the title "A letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury on the state of the Church". In his speech and pamphlet he emphasised the disparities in stipends, where some bishops received over £50 000 per year while the lower clergy were paid as little is £40 per annum, and a situation where nearly £144 000 had been spent on bishops palaces with only £5 295 allocated for housing of what he called the "working clergy". In this same debate, he dealt with what he regarded as the many other abuses of the considerable property holdings of the church and how they were used to enrich senior clergy rather than being applied to religious purposes. Other issues covered included nepotism in church appointments, non-residence of clergy in their parishes and
pluralism Pluralism in general denotes a diversity of views or stands, rather than a single approach or method. Pluralism or pluralist may refer more specifically to: Politics and law * Pluralism (political philosophy), the acknowledgement of a diversi ...
, a practice whereby a clergyman was appointed to more than one parish, receiving stipends from each and then employing
curate A curate () is a person who is invested with the ''care'' or ''cure'' () of souls of a parish. In this sense, ''curate'' means a parish priest; but in English-speaking countries the term ''curate'' is commonly used to describe clergy who are as ...
s to serve in the parishes in which he did not reside, pocketing the difference between income from the 'living' and the lower wages he paid to curates. As a promoter of Welsh culture and language, he also campaigned for the appointment of Welsh speaking Anglican clergy and bishops in Wales and for Welsh Bishops to be resident in their diocese. He also spoke out against the practice of barring Jewish MPs from taking their seats because they objected to taking the oath of allegiance due to its wording requiring them to acknowledge being Christian. As himself the grandson of a senior clergyman, Rev Dr Benjamin Hall (1742-1825), a
Canon Canon or Canons may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Canon (fiction), the material accepted as officially written by an author or an ascribed author * Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture ** Western canon, th ...
in and Chancellor of
Llandaff Cathedral Llandaff Cathedral () is a Church in Wales cathedral and parish church in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales. It is the seat of the Bishop of Llandaff, head of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul, and ...
, many of his views on the church would have been anathema to his grandfather who was a substantial pluralist who simultaneously held three livings and two
prebendaries A prebendary is a member of the Catholic or Anglican clergy, a form of canon with a role in the administration of a cathedral or collegiate church. When attending services, prebendaries sit in particular seats, usually at the back of the choir s ...
, earning a handsome income from distant parishes that he could rarely if ever have visited.


Chartism and Irish unrest

While a critic of the
Chartists Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom that erupted from 1838 to 1857 and was strongest in 1839, 1842 and 1848. It took its name from the People's Charter of ...
and their agenda, following the Chartist unrest of 1839, he showed understanding and sympathy for the underlying causes of the discontent, but no support for acts of violent rebellion. He was one of the few to speak in support of John Frost, the leader of the
Newport Rising The Newport Rising was the last large-scale armed rising in Wales, by Chartism, Chartists whose demands included democracy and the right to vote with a secret ballot. On Monday 4 November 1839, approximately 4,000 Chartist sympathisers, under ...
, during his 1840 trial for high treason. By the time of the European revolutions of 1848, which in the United Kingdom manifested themselves through further Chartist unrest and the
Young Ireland rebellion The Young Irelander Rebellion was a failed Irish nationalist uprising led by the Young Ireland movement, part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 that affected most of Europe. It took place on 29 July 1848 at Farranrory, a small settlement about 4 ...
, he remained firmly opposed to violence, condemning the leaders of the Irish unrest as maniacs and propagators of "falsehood and hypocrisy" and those of the Chartists as "contemptible and hateful".


The Corn Laws and famine in Ireland

From the 1830s up to the time of their repeal in 1846, and despite being a large landholder, he opposed the
Corn Laws The Corn Laws were tariffs and other trade restrictions on imported food and corn enforced in the United Kingdom between 1815 and 1846. The word ''corn'' in British English denotes all cereal grains, including wheat, oats and barley. The la ...
which protected agricultural interests, but led to higher food prices in urban areas. He was a member of the
Anti–Corn Law League The Anti–Corn Law League was a successful political movement in Great Britain aimed at the abolition of the unpopular Corn Laws, which protected landowners’ interests by levying taxes on imported wheat, thus raising the price of bread at a t ...
which campaigned for repeal of the laws. On the matter of relief for Ireland during the course of the
Irish Famine The Great Famine, also known as the Great Hunger ( ), the Famine and the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland lasting from 1845 to 1852 that constituted a historical social crisis and had a major impact ...
, which was exacerbated by the impact of the Corn Laws, he campaigned hard for Irish landlords to be taxed in the same way as their English counterparts and generally to equitably contribute to famine relief.


Local government and sanitary services

From the early 1850s, he started to raise matters concerning local government, in particular the need to improve sanitation and the efficiency of the governance of London. In 1850 he commenced his criticism of the
Corporation of London The City of London Corporation, officially and legally the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London, is the local authority of the City of London, the historic centre of London and the location of much of the United Kingdom's fi ...
which, unlike municipal authorities in other large cities, had been exempted from the provisions of the Municipla Corporation Act of 1835. Reform of the Corporation was his major focus over the following period. In March 1853 he gave notice in Parliament of his intention to introduce a bill to reform the London Corporation, something he eventually achieved during his tenure as First Commissioner for Public Works. This threat appears to have encouraged the government to set up a commission to investigate reform of London's system of government. During debate in the Commons on the Public Health Bill in 1854 he was a vocal critic of the management and operations of the Board of Health, the instrument set up by the Public Health Act of 1848, and in particular the conduct of the leading commissioner, fellow social reformer,
Edwin Chadwick Sir Edwin Chadwick Order of the Bath, KCB (24 January 18006 July 1890) was an English social reformer who is noted for his leadership in reforming the Poor Laws in England and instituting major reforms in urban sanitation and public health. A ...
. This criticism focused on the failure of the Public Health Act to provide a significant role for local government and the side-lining by Chadwick and the third Commissioner, Dr Thomas Southwood Smith, of the
First Commissioner of Works The First Commissioner of Works and Public Buildings was a position within the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and subsequent to 1922, within the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irel ...
, who represented the government on the Board. He was particularly concerned about the way in which Chadwick and Southwood Smith set a programme that frequently put the Board at odds with local government and how, in his opinion, this made it ineffective.


Baronet

Following publication of Queen Victoria's Coronation Honours List on 16 August 1838, he was made a Baronet in the style of "Sir Benjamin Hall of Llanover Court, Monmouth".


President of the Board of Health

Following the passing of the Public Health Bill into law in August 1854 he was appointed President of a reconstituted Board of Health. Previously it had nominally fallen under the First Commissioner for Public Works, but the changes of 1854 expanded the number of Commissioners and created the position of "President", giving the Board equal status to bodies such as the
Board of Trade The Board of Trade is a British government body concerned with commerce and industry, currently within the Department for Business and Trade. Its full title is The Lords of the Committee of the Privy Council appointed for the consideration of ...
which were also committees of the Privy Council and who's presidents were members of the Cabinet. The President of the Board of Health was therefore a
Cabinet Minister A minister is a politician who heads a ministry, making and implementing decisions on policies in conjunction with the other ministers. In some jurisdictions the head of government is also a minister and is designated the ' prime minister', ' p ...
, making Benjamin Hall the United Kingdom's first 'Minister of Health', a title by which he was also referred to. Very shortly after his appointment there was a new and serious outbreak of
cholera Cholera () is an infection of the small intestine by some Strain (biology), strains of the Bacteria, bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea last ...
in the Broad Street neighbourhood of
Soho SoHo, short for "South of Houston Street, Houston Street", is a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Since the 1970s, the neighborhood has been the location of many artists' lofts and art galleries, art installations such as The Wall ...
in London that spread to other parts of the city. Unusually for someone in his position, he made house to house inspections of affected areas in order to fully understand the situation and its causes. This led him to adopt new measures that, according to his biographer, Maxwell Fraser, meant that "... the loss of life was far less than in previous cholera epidemics". By carefully studying this cholera outbreak Dr John Snow conclusively proved his earlier theory that cholera was spread by the use of contaminated water, a position that was fully accepted by Sir Benjamin Hall at a time when others still disputed the veracity of Snow's research. During the 1854 cholera outbreak the Board of Health had been frustrated in its efforts to limit the spread of the disease by the intransigence of the many and fragmented authorities responsible for managing sanitation and implementing instructions of the Board. In a study after the epidemic the Board found that there had been more cases of the disease in parishes where its instructions had been ignored. On 29 January 1855, Sir Benjamin addressed a letter to the
Home Secretary The secretary of state for the Home Department, more commonly known as the home secretary, is a senior minister of the Crown in the Government of the United Kingdom and the head of the Home Office. The position is a Great Office of State, maki ...
and
Prime Minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...
explaining these problems and setting out his observations and those of medical experts. He made it clear that the spread of the disease was localised around areas where there were "Open ditches as sewers. Want of sewers. Badly constructed sewers... sub-soil saturated with filth. Want of house drainage. Absence of any organised daily system of cleaning ... Bad water ... Lastly ... multiplicity of local authorities ..." He went on to say that "The first and most obvious necessity in the metropolis is to sweep away the existing chaos of local jurisdiction." While it was to take him a few more years to bring legislation that would reform the government of London, following the 1855 epidemic Benjamin Hall introduced and succeeded in having passed into law further and comprehensive amendments to the Public Health Act. These allowed for decentralisation of responsibility for sanitary services and infrastructure through the establishment of local sanitary boards. The amendments also provided for the employment of officials to ensure the implementation of the measures set out in the Act and permitted the government to intervene in sanitary matters in situations where a local board did not exist or was ineffective. Notably it also introduced regulations governing the construction of houses in order to ensure that they were properly ventilated, insulated, drained and provided with appropriately located sanitary facilities. He also introduced a bill, which on 14 August 1855, a few weeks after his departure as Minister of Health, was signed into law as the new Nuisances Removal Act for England 1855 ( 18 & 19 Vict. c. 121). This legislation combined and improved two previous acts, the Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Act 1848 ( 11 & 12 Vict. c. 123) and the Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Amendment Act 1849 (12 & 13 Vict. c. 111), providing local authorities in England with powers to ensure the fitness for consumption of food produce through measures which required that premises used for processing, storage and sale were suitable and ensured that the produce remained hygienic. It also controlled the discharge of effluents from such premises and provided for the appointment of committees and inspectors to enforce its provisions.


Member of the Privy Council

On 14 November 1854 he was sworn in as a member of the Queens' Privy Council at
Windsor Castle Windsor Castle is a List of British royal residences, royal residence at Windsor, Berkshire, Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, about west of central London. It is strongly associated with the Kingdom of England, English and succee ...
. This was by virtue of his presidency of the Board of Health and he would have continued to serve in this capacity until he was appointed First Commissioner of Works.


First Commissioner of Works

On 21 July 1855 he was appointed
First Commissioner of Works The First Commissioner of Works and Public Buildings was a position within the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and subsequent to 1922, within the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irel ...
(Also referred to as "Chief Commissioner of Works" and "Minister of Public Works"). During his tenure this was a non-cabinet portfolio and he was responsible for the Board of Works and its associated Bureaucracy, the Office of Works and Public Buildings. During his two and a half year tenure in this position he did much to improve public parks and roads in London in particular and oversaw the final stages of completion of the new
Houses of Parliament The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is located in London, England. It is commonly called the Houses of Parliament after the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two legislative ch ...
. Evidence of his improvement of parks remains through the presence of St Govor's Well in
Kensington Gardens Kensington Gardens, once the private gardens of Kensington Palace, are among the Royal Parks of London. The gardens are shared by the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and sit immediately to the west of Hyde Pa ...
, a drinking fountain which he had erected and named after the patron saint of the church at Llanover. (This site is associated with the fictional character
Peter Pan Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A free-spirited and mischievous young boy who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood having adventures on the mythical ...
, being mentioned in James Barrie's children's novel
The Little White Bird ''The Little White Bird'' is a novel by the Scottish writer J. M. Barrie, ranging in tone from fantasy and whimsy to social comedy with dark, aggressive undertones. It was published in November 1902, by Hodder & Stoughton in the UK and Scribne ...
.) However, his singular and most noted achievement was the creation of the first unified system of government for the metropolis of London. Another notable achievement as First Commissioner of Works was a transformation and improvement of the efficiency of the bureaucracy that supported his area of responsibility. On his arrival at what was known as the "Office of Works and Public Buildings", in his own words, he found that despite the required 10am-4pm work hours and six day week, "The Secretary had not attended for two years ... the Surveyor was of doubtful sanity and also absent, but that the Deputy Surveyor attended 'sometimes on Friday' ... while the clerks of works attended on the second Tuesday of each month". The finances of the Board of Works were also subject to over 2000 audit queries.


Establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works

He had become convinced of the necessity of transformation of the system of government of London since he had begun to take up issues of local government from 1850 and his experience as Minister of Health had brought home to him the necessity of achieving this. In October 1854, shortly after taking up the health portfolio, he commenced work on a bill that would create the first city-wide form of government for London. The bill was informed by the report of a royal commission of the preceding year that had looked into governance and the state of the city, but ultimately differed quite substantially in many of its provisions. During his work on health and sanitation he had become familiar with the state of the city's facilities and realised that they could only be properly managed, and further epidemics avoided, if there was coordination of construction of infrastructure and its management throughout the metropolis. At the time the city was made up of a number of independent
borough A borough is an administrative division in various English language, English-speaking countries. In principle, the term ''borough'' designates a self-governing walled town, although in practice, official use of the term varies widely. History ...
s and
vestries A vestry was a committee for the local secular and ecclesiastical government of a parish in England, Wales and some English colonies. At their height, the vestries were the only form of local government in many places and spent nearly one-fi ...
that were unable to coordinate their efforts due to fierce protection of vested interests. These included the particularly powerful
City Corporation Municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to) cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. The term can also be used to describe municipally ow ...
which had successfully fended off previous attempts at reform. Recommendations of the royal commission included creation of seven new municipalities in the place of the multitude of existing authorities, but was considered too costly and likely to be firmly opposed by those who wished to retain the status quo. On 16 March 1855 he introduced his bill on local management in the metropolis with a speech in the House of Commons. In it he supported the royal commission's idea of establishing a Metropolitan Board of Works that would have oversight of major public works throughout the greater city and some oversight of district bodies within its areas of operation. In order to work around vested interests the board was to be made up of members appointed by the 39 existing vestries and boroughs, rather than directly elected by voters, thus ensuring that members of existing bodies who were opposed to reform could have fewer objections. The new Board was funded by transfer of receipt of coal duties previously received by the London Corporation. The metropolitan area included parts of the counties of
Middlesex Middlesex (; abbreviation: Middx) is a Historic counties of England, former county in South East England, now mainly within Greater London. Its boundaries largely followed three rivers: the River Thames, Thames in the south, the River Lea, Le ...
,
Kent Kent is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in South East England. It is bordered by Essex across the Thames Estuary to the north, the Strait of Dover to the south-east, East Sussex to the south-west, Surrey to the west, and Gr ...
and
Surrey Surrey () is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in South East England. It is bordered by Greater London to the northeast, Kent to the east, East Sussex, East and West Sussex to the south, and Hampshire and Berkshire to the wes ...
. On 16 August 1855 the bill was signed into law as the
Metropolis Management Act 1855 The Metropolis Management Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. 120), also known as the Metropolis (Management) Act 1855 or the Metropolis Local Management Act 1855, is an Act of Parliament (United Kingdom), act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom tha ...
. Over the following three decades the Metropolitan Board of Works markedly improved the general state of the greater London area, including sanitary services, roads, paving and lighting and their state of maintenance. When introducing his bill for establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works, Sir Benjamin Hall had promised the introduction of further reforms of municipal government that would go beyond matters of public works. Over the following decades several attempts were made to expand the powers of the board into other areas and reduce the number of authorities responsible for local government in London, but until the establishment of the
London County Council The London County Council (LCC) was the principal local government body for the County of London throughout its existence from 1889 to 1965, and the first London-wide general municipal authority to be directly elected. It covered the area today ...
in 1889 all failed. Concerning his achievement of a unified system of metropolitan government for London, Sir Gwilym Gibbon and Reginald Bell, in their 'History of the London County Council', state that "For his work in this alone, ir Benjamin Hallwill always stand high in the history of London".


Big Ben

At over 6’4” (1.93m) tall, Sir Benjamin was known as ‘Big Ben’. At the time of the installation of the first casting of the famous and largest bell in the Elizabeth Tower of the Houses of Parliament in 1856, he was in his capacity as First Commissioner of Works responsible for the works and the bell came to be called "Big Ben" in his honour. The following year the bell cracked and had to be recast, but retained its name despite the fact that he was no longer Commissioner of Works.


Baron Llanover of Llanover and Abercarn

After the election of 1854 Benjamin Hall sat on the opposition benches, but following the election of May 1859 and the victory of a coalition of Whigs,
Radicals Radical (from Latin: ', root) may refer to: Politics and ideology Politics *Classical radicalism, the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and Latin America in the 19th century *Radical politics ...
,
Peelite The Peelites were a breakaway political faction of the British Conservative Party from 1846 to 1859. Initially led by Robert Peel, the former Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader in 1846, the Peelites supported free trade whilst the bulk ...
s and a grouping of Irish MPs that formed the first
Liberal Party The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. For example, while the political systems ...
government, he had hopes of returning to office and it was for a time rumoured that he would be offered the position of
Home Secretary The secretary of state for the Home Department, more commonly known as the home secretary, is a senior minister of the Crown in the Government of the United Kingdom and the head of the Home Office. The position is a Great Office of State, maki ...
. On 16 June he was summoned by the Prime Minister and instead of a ministery was offered a barony with elevation to the
House of Lords The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the lower house, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. One of the oldest ext ...
. He took the title 'Lord Llanover of Llanover and Abercarn', the names of his estates in Monmouthshire. This effectively marked the end of his career in politics as in the House of Lords he was never as active as he had been in the Commons and seldom contributed to debate.


Ideology

The ‘Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography’ says that “His political liberalism was of a very advanced kind” and in a profile in the Monmouthshire Merlin in 1854 he is characterised as “one of the most independent members of the House of Commons – the most liberal and most consistent ... an upright honourable honest man … regardless of the transient glare of popularity….” who's speeches were delivered with an “exceedingly good humor”. A lifelong proponent of Welsh culture and language, he clearly regarded himself as Welshman and, despite spending a large part of his life in London and expending much effort on improving the quality of life of residents of that city, in his writings he always referred to "the English" in a way that defined him differently. This appears to have been an issue of identity rather than a political expression of
Welsh nationalism Welsh nationalism () emphasises and celebrates the distinctiveness of Welsh culture and Wales as a nation or country. Welsh nationalism may also include calls for further autonomy or self-determination, which includes Welsh devolution, meaning ...
.


Personal life

On 4 November 1823, he married Augusta Waddington the daughter and heiress of Benjamin Waddington. She was a promoter of Welsh culture and language and the home they built on the Llanover Estate in
Monmouthshire Monmouthshire ( ; ) is a Principal areas of Wales, county in the South East Wales, south east of Wales. It borders Powys to the north; the English counties of Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the north and east; the Severn Estuary to the s ...
was a centre for associated activities. They had two sons, neither of whom survived into adulthood, and a daughter, Augusta Charlotte Elizabeth, who married the wealthy Catholic John Herbert (12 Nov 1846) and was the mother of
Ivor Herbert, 1st Baron Treowen Major-General Ivor John Caradoc Herbert, 1st Baron Treowen, CB, CMG, KStJ (15 July 1851 – 18 October 1933), known as Sir Ivor Herbert, Bt, between 1907 and 1917, was a British Liberal politician and British Army officer in the Grenadier Gua ...
. Although tolerant of other beliefs, Augusta Herbert's parents were concerned regarding the attitudes of their more conservative tenants towards a future Catholic landlord. The Herbert's were not agreeable to the suggestion that one of their sons be raised as an Anglican heir and the Llanover's turned to Benjamin Hall's sister, Charlotte Berrington's family, agreeing that her son, Arthur, would inherit their estates. He began to take on some of the responsibilities for their management, but after a time he and Lord Llanover disagreed on a suitable marriage partner for Arthur and Arthur declined to follow his uncle into politics. As a result, the relationship between the Llanovers and Berringtons broke down and the Llanover and Abercarn estates were ultimately left to the Herberts. On 27 April 1867 Lord Llanover died at his home in Mayfair, London aged 64, whereupon the baronetcy and barony became extinct. A keen hunter throughout his life, he lost an eye in a hunting accident in 1848. His death was the result of a facial tumour caused by another shooting accident in November 1866.Dictionary of Welsh Biography: HALL, BENJAMIN Lord Llanover (1802-1867), politician and reformer https://biography.wales/article/s11-HALL-BEN-1802#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F4670254%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=399%2C415%2C652%2C526 (Consulted on 10 Jan 2025)


References


External links


Profile
OxfordDNB.com

ukonline.co.uk *

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Llanover, 1st Baron Hall, Benjamin 1802 births 1867 deaths People educated at Westminster School, London Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
201 Year 201 ( CCI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Fabianus and Arrius (or, less frequently, year 954 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 201 for this yea ...
Lord-lieutenants of Monmouthshire Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom High sheriffs of Monmouthshire Whig (British political party) MPs for Welsh constituencies Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1831–1832 UK MPs 1832–1835 UK MPs 1835–1837 UK MPs 1837–1841 UK MPs 1841–1847 UK MPs 1847–1852 UK MPs 1852–1857 UK MPs 1857–1859 UK MPs who were granted peerages Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria