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Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais (BOPE) (; literally "Battalion of Special Police Operations") is the tactical police unit and gendarmerie of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State (''PMERJ'') in Brazil.


Duties

The BOPE currently perform a number of roles, including: * Providing additional security at special events; * Break barricades constructed by drug traffickers; * Shoot to kill at any criminal threatening either civilian or member life; * Exterminate drug trafficking criminal factions and all of its members; * Extract police officers or civilians injured in confrontations and combat; * Rescuing officers and citizens captured by criminals or endangered by gunfire; * Serve high-risk
arrest warrant An arrest warrant is a warrant issued by a judge or magistrate on behalf of the state which authorizes the arrest and detention of an individual or the search and seizure of an individual's property. Canada Arrest warrants are issued by a jud ...
s; * Hostage rescue; * Stabilising situations involving high-risk suicidal subjects; * Suppress prison riots; * Support civil police in combat of any kind; * Providing superior assault firepower in certain situations; * Armed patrols around the favelas; * Special missions in swamps or mountainous terrains such as reconnaissance, planning and infiltration; * Engage in combat-serving state
sovereignty Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within a state as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the person, body or institution that has the ultimate au ...
; * Crime suppression; * Resolving high-risk situations with minimal loss of life, injury, or property damage; * Engage strongly armed criminal factions.


Equipment

Due to the nature of crime in favelas, BOPE units utilise equipment deemed more powerful than traditional civilian
law enforcement Law enforcement is the activity of some members of the government or other social institutions who act in an organized manner to enforce the law by investigating, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people who violate the rules and norms gove ...
, and have extensive experience in
urban warfare Urban warfare is warfare in urban areas such as towns and cities. Urban combat differs from combat in the open at both Military operation, operational and the Military tactics, tactical levels. Complicating factors in urban warfare include the p ...
as well as progression in confined and restricted environments.


Small arms

BOPE soldiers are equipped with heavy armaments:


Vehicles

The force has a fleet of
armoured fighting vehicle An armoured fighting vehicle (British English) or armored fighting vehicle (American English) (AFV) is an armed combat vehicle protected by vehicle armour, armour, generally combining operational mobility with Offensive (military), offensive a ...
s, which are known as "Pacificador" ("Peacemaker"), or "Caveirão" ("Big Skull") and one UH-1 Huey. These vehicles are used in operations in the slums ( favelas) where BOPE face intense conflicts with heavily armed drug dealers.


Miscellaneous

BOPE also operates a wheel loader in order to remove obstacles,
barricade Barricade (from the French ''barrique'' - 'barrel') is any object or structure that creates a barrier or obstacle to control, block passage or force the flow of traffic in the desired direction. Adopted as a military term, a barricade denotes ...
s and street blockades.


Controversy

BOPE has generated notoriety due to their role in the violent drug war in the favelas of
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
and they have been referred to as a "Death Squad" by multiple newspapers. One aspect that has been pointed out specifically is their logo, which bears a knife in a skull over crossed pistols (popularly known in Brazil as "faca na caveira", Portuguese for "knife in the skull"). According to the official BOPE website, the knife in the skull symbolizes "victory over death" and the crossed pistols are the symbol of the military police. A 2005 report on extra judicial executions by the New York University School of Law indicated that BOPE was involved in the deaths of 4 teenagers under the pretext that they were drug traffickers who were resisting arrest: "BOPE officers falsified the crime scene in order to incriminate the victims. Hoping this way to make them appear to be gang members. No weapon was found on any of the victims. None of them had any previous history of criminal activity."
Amnesty International Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says that it has more than ten million members a ...
declared that "the police forces in Brazil adopt violent and repressive methods. These cause violations of fundamental rights of large parts of the population on a regular basis", and attributes a certain number of killed civilians to BOPE in particular. In March 2006, Amnesty International specifically condemned the use of vans with armoured plating, known as a Caveirão. It stated that deploying the vehicle aggressively, indiscriminately targeting whole communities, highlighted the ineffectiveness of excessive use of force.


Similar named police units

BOPE of PMERJ is one of the best known units of its kind among Brazil's military police organizations. Military Police of
Alagoas Alagoas () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast Region. It borders: Pernambuco (N and NW); Sergipe (S); Bahia (SW); and the Atlantic Ocean (E). Its capital is ...
,
Pernambuco Pernambuco ( , , ) is a States of Brazil, state of Brazil located in the Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast region of the country. With an estimated population of 9.5 million people as of 2024, it is the List of Brazilian states by population, ...
,
Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul (, ; ; "Great River of the South") is a Federative units of Brazil, state in the South Region, Brazil, southern region of Brazil. It is the Federative units of Brazil#List, fifth-most populous state and the List of Brazilian s ...
and Santa Catarina states also call their tactical units ''BOPE'', while the military police of the Federal District and Piauí states call their forces "Special Operations Battalion(s)" (''"Batalhão de Operações Especiais"'' or ''"BOE"''). BOpE or BOPE are acronyms that can refer to the following specialized military police units:


BOpE (''Batalhão de Operações Especiais'') units

* Special Operations Battalion (PMAC) – in
Acre The acre ( ) is a Unit of measurement, unit of land area used in the Imperial units, British imperial and the United States customary units#Area, United States customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one Chain (unit), ch ...
* Special Operations Battalion (PMDF) – in the Federal District * Specials Battalion Operations (PMMT) – in the state of
Mato Grosso Mato Grosso ( – ) is one of the states of Brazil, the List of Brazilian states by area, third largest by area, located in the Central-West Region, Brazil, Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible ...
* Special Operations Battalion (PMPR) – the state of Paraná * Special Operations Battalion (PMPI) – the state of Piauí


BOPE (''Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais'') units

* Special Police Operations Battalion (PMBA) – the state of
Bahia Bahia () is one of the 26 Federative units of Brazil, states of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast Region of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population (after São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Mina ...
* Special Police Operations Battalion (PMAL) – the state of
Alagoas Alagoas () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast Region. It borders: Pernambuco (N and NW); Sergipe (S); Bahia (SW); and the Atlantic Ocean (E). Its capital is ...
* Special Police Operations Battalion (PMRR) – in the state of
Roraima Roraima ( ) is one of the 26 states of Brazil. Located in the country's North Region, it is the northernmost and most geographically and logistically isolated state in Brazil. It is bordered by the state of Pará to the southeast, Amazonas t ...
* Special Police Operations Battalion (PMSC) – the state of Santa Catarina *Special Police Operations Battalion (PMERJ) – in the state of
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
* Special Police Operations Battalion (PMRN) – in Rio Grande do Norte state


In popular culture

In 2006, the book '' Elite da Tropa'' was published. Written by sociologist Luiz Eduardo Soares and two BOPE officers, Major André Batista and Captain Rodrigo Pimentel, it provides a semi-fictional account of the daily routine of BOPE as well as some historical events, based on the experiences of the latter two. It describes BOPE as a "killing machine" and details an alleged aborted assassination attempt by some police officers on then-governor Leonel Brizola. The book was controversial at the time of release, and reportedly resulted in Batista being reprimanded and censored by the Military Police. The book has been made into a movie, '' Tropa de Elite'' (''Elite Squad''), directed by José Padilha (the director of Bus 174), with a screenplay by
Academy Award The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in film. They are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) in the United States in recognition of excellence ...
-nominated screenwriter Bráulio Mantovani. In 2010 the movie gained a sequel, '' Elite Squad: The Enemy Within''. Two BOPE operators make an appearance in " Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege" as playable operators. These operators are Capitão (Captain), Caveira (Skull) and Brava (possibly meaning Bravo). OPES is a Brazilian special police unit in the online first-person shooter Crossfire. The OPES logo features a skull and a knife similar to that of the BOPE. The OPES were introduced with the release of the 2011 Brazilian release of the game. BOPE is featured on Season 1, Episode 2 of Elite World Cops, a television show hosted by former SAS soldier and author Chris Ryan. The UFE, one of the main antagonist factions that the protagonist Max goes up against in Max Payne 3, are based on the BOPE with many of them violating fundamental rights of civilians and using violent and lethal actions against denizens of favelas.


See also

* Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State * Pacifying Police Unit *
GATE A gate or gateway is a point of entry to or from a space enclosed by walls. The word is derived from Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Germanic ''*gatan'', meaning an opening or passageway. Synonyms include yett (which comes from the same root w ...
and COE (São Paulo Military Police) * ROTA (São Paulo Military Police) * National Force of Public Safety (Brazilian federal special response unit) * COT (Brazilian Federal Police) * List of police tactical units * Eastern Military Command, also known as Duque de Caxias Palace


References


External links


BOPE Rio de Janeiro, official website, in Portuguese

BOPE Federal District of Brasilia official website, in Portuguese

BOPE-POI informativo sobre Unidades Operacionais Especiais das Policias Internacionais.*POLICE – POLIZIA – POLITIE -ПОЛИЦИИ – POLIZEI*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Batalhao de Operacoes Policiais Especiais Military counterterrorist organizations
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
Police tactical units Specialist police agencies of Brazil Government of Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...