Balšić noble family

The House of Balšić ( sr-Cyrl, Балшићи; ), or Balsha, were a noble family that ruled " Zeta and the coastlands" (current-day southern Montenegro and northern Albania), from 1362 to 1421, during and after the fall of the Serbian Empire. Balša, the founder, was a petty nobleman who held only one village during the rule of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331–1355), and only after the death of the emperor, his three sons gained power in Lower Zeta after acquiring the lands of ''gospodin'' Žarko (fl. 1336–1360) under unclear circumstances, and they then expanded into Upper Zeta by murdering ''voivode'' and ''čelnik'' Đuraš Ilijić (r. 1326–1362†). Nevertheless, they were acknowledged as ''oblastni gospodari'' of Zeta in edicts of Emperor Uroš the Weak (r. 1355–1371). After the death of Uroš (1371), the family feuded with the Mrnjavčevići, who controlled Macedonia.

When the last lord of the main branch of the family, Balša III died in 1421 without an heir, his possessions were passed on to his uncle, Despot Stefan the Tall. Later that year, the Republic of Venice took advantage of Balša's death and seized the towns of Bar and Ulcinj, and some of his other territories were seized by the Ottomans and Bosnians.

Origin

The origin of the eponymous founder of the Balšić family – Balša I – is obscure and several hypotheses about it have been put forward by modern scholars.Rudić 2006, p. 99: "О њиховом пореклу не знамо ништа" ,, "Према Чедомиљу Мијатовићу Балшићи су пореклом били француска, односно провансалска породица. Од њих су настали италијански Балшићи, од којих потичу српски Балшићи, а од њих румунски. Ч. Мијатовић, Балшићи, генеалошка студија, 150" The region the family ruled over was defined by highly porous borders and experienced high rates of intermarriage among the local peoples' aristocracies.

Contemporary medieval sources provide evidence for the Albanian ethnic belonging of the Balšić family members and the description of the noble family as Albanian lords is present in current scholarship, A number of scholars consider them of Serbian or of otherwise Slavic origin. Both Serbian and Albanian authors claim them.

Contemporary sources

In medieval Serbian documents the Balšas are referred to as "'' Arbanas'' lords". The well-known Bulgarian biographer of the 15th century, Constantine the Philosopher, who lived in the court of the Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević, refers to Đurađ II Balšić and Balša III as Albanian lords. Historical sources from Ragusa document the Albanian ethnic affiliation of the Balša family, mentioning "the Albanian customs of the Balša". In the funds of the Ragusan archives the Balšićs are one of the extremely present Arbanon families. Furthermore, the Ottomans referred to Đurađ II Balšić as "ruler of Albanian Shkodra". Also the Hungarian king Sigismund, when he met him personally in 1396, called him "ruler of Albania". One contemporary archival source in Vienna Archives mentions Balša II as "ruler of Albanians" during the Battle of Kosovo 1389.

The fragmental assertions that their progenitor descended from " Emperor Nemanja", and that he held the area of Bojana river in the neighborhood of Shkodër are very uncertain.Fajfric, 44. Oblasni gospodari: "O njihovom poreklu se zna veoma malo, tako da osim navoda koje je ostavio Mavro Orbin drugih podataka skoro i da nema. Postoje neki fragmentarni navodi koji ukazuju da je rodonačelnik ove porodice, Balša, zapravo rod od "cara Nemanje" te da je držao oblast Bojane (u susedstvu Skadra), no to je sve veoma nesigurno." In a 14th-century letter, Balša II claimed descent from the Nemanjić family.

Modern historiography

In current scholarship many historians consider the Balša as being part of the local Albanian nobility. According to Malcolm, the Balšići were probably of Albanian stock who had been but culturally Serbianized to a large degree. Ćirković concluded that they are of non-Slavic origin, being referred to in medieval Serbian documents as "Albanian (arbanas) lords". Murzaku says that the family had an Albanian origin. Madgearu mentions the Balšić as a noble Albanian family, however he states that their Albanian origin is unclear, due to the debate over the family's origin. Bartl mentions the Balšić as a noble family of probably Serbian origin. Elsie mentions them as of "probably Slavic origin". Gelichi considers them Serbian-Montenegrin. Winnifrith states that they were Slavs who fought other Albanians. Brendan Osswald has described them as Serbian, as does Iordachi. Bojka Djukanovic describes them as a "Montenegrin family" about whose origin there are no reliable sources. Other Montenegrin authors consider them to be a Montenegrin dynasty as well. According to Elizabeth Roberts, whether their origins were Serbian, Albanian, or both, has never been conclusively established, but they were "culturally Serbianized". According to Svetlana Tomin the Balšići probably originated from Slavicized Vlachs. Montenegrin historian Dragoje Živković believes that the Balšićs came from the Slavicized Vlachs and that they rose to the noble class through military merits.

In older scholarship, Karl Hopf (1832–1873) considered "unquestionably part of the Serb tribe".Slijepčević 1974, p. 43: "Према Карлу Хопфу и Балшићи и Црнојевићи »припадају без спора српскоме племену».34) Милан Шуфлај вели: »Балшићи су румунскога и влашкога подријетла;" Ivan Stepanovich Yastrebov (1839–1894), Russian Consul in Shkodër and Prizren, when speaking of the Balšići, connected their name to the Roman town of Balletium ( Balec) located near modern Shkodër which delivers from Illyrian, related to the Albanian term ballë. According to Serbian historian Ilarion Ruvarac, "The Balšić were in no way Serbs but Albanians, regardless of whether they were Albanians or Vlachs in their distant origins". Serbian historian Vladimir Ćorović (1885–1941) concluded, based on their name, that they had Roman ( Vlach) origin. Croatian ethnologist Milan Šufflay (1879–1931) mentioned them as of "Romanian and Vlach origin". Croatian linguist Petar Skok considered them to have been of Vlach origin, and Serbian historian Milena Gecić supported his theory. Giuseppe Gelcich theorized on the origin in his ''La Zedda e la dinastia dei Balšidi: studi storici documentati'' (1899). The theory, which was later adopted by Čedomilj Mijatović, argued that they were descendants of the Frankish nobleman Bertrand III of Baux, a companion of Charles d'Anjou. It is regarded as highly improbable. German linguist Gustav Weigand (1860–1930) supported a mixed Albanian– Aromanian origin after he noted that the family name was included in a list of early Albanian surnames in Romania.

History

The oldest mention of any member of the family can be traced to a 1304 letter which Helen of Anjou sent to Ragusa through her trustee Matija Balšić. The earliest mention of the family itself can be traced to a charter of Serbian emperor Stefan Uroš V dated 29 September 1360, which is also the earliest known mention of its founder Balša. According to scholar Thomas Fleming, Balša was a "fairly obscure" magnate from the area surrounding Bar and Budva. Writing in 1601, Mavro Orbini describes him as a petty nobleman that held only one village in the area of Lake Skadar during the rule of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331-1355). Only after the death of the emperor, Balša and his three sons gained power in Lower Zeta after acquiring the lands of ''gospodin'' Žarko (fl. 1336-1360) and by murdering ''voivode'' and ''čelnik'' Đuraš Ilijić (r. 1326-1362†), the holders of Lower and Upper Zeta, respectively. Balša dies the same year, and his sons, the ''Balšić brothers'', continue in ruling the province spanning Podgorica, Budva, Bar and Shkodër.Fajfrić, ch. 44, Oblasni gospodari: ''"Balša o kojem ćemo sada govoriti beše veoma siromašan zetski vlastelin i za života cara Stefana držao je samo jedno selo. Ali kad je umro car, a kako njegov sin Uroš nije bio valjan vladar, počeo je s nekoliko svojih prijatelja i sa svojim sinovima Stracimirom, Đurđem i Balšom da zauzima Donju Zetu." "Posle toga krenuo je sa svojim ljudima na osvajanje Gornje Zete, koju je držao Đuraš Ilijić i njegovi rođaci. Đuraša ubiše Balšini sinovi, neke njegove rođake zarobiše, a ostali napustiše zemlju. I tako su Balšini sinovi zagospodarili i Gornjom Zetom" "Isto tako pali su u njihove ruke Dukađini koji su imali mnogo poseda u Zeti. Neke su poubijali, a druge bacili u tamnicu. Pri osvajanju ovih i drugih pokrajina više su se služili lukavstvom i prevarama nego silom oružja"''

The Balšići managed to elevate themselves from petty nobility to provincial lords. They created their own state or state-like entity, comprising Zeta, and the cities of Shkodër, Drisht, Tivar, Ulqin, and Budva. Subsequently they managed to expand their rule over a large portion of Albanian territory, from Tivari to Prizren, and from Vlorë to Berat. Hence they became the chiefs of the largest feudal polity in northern Albania during the 14th century to the 15th century. The administrative and political center of Balša's feudal entity between 1355 and 1396 was the city of Shkodër, which also became the main center of a wide interregional economic network.

Balšić family members founded and renovated several Eastern Orthodox monasteries and churches. Between 1368 and 1389 the Balšićs owned their own ships and operated as Albanian pirates. Because of their anti-Ottoman attitude, the pirate activity of these Albanian lords was tolerated by the Republic of Venice. However, they limited Venice's operations.

In the Prince-Bishopric and Principality of Montenegro, supporters of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty claimed them to be descended from the Balšići, as well as the Nemanjić and Crnojević dynasties. Before World War II, the family was the namesake of the association football club GSK Balšić Podgorica.

Heads

* Balša I ( 1360–62)
* Đurađ I (1362–1378), ord ofShkodër
* Balša II (1378–1385), ord ofShkodër and Durrës
* Đurađ II (1385–1403), ord ofShkodër, Budva, Podgorica, Durrës,
Drisht and Lezhë, ''Autokrat of Zeta and the coastlands''
* Balša III (1403–1421), ord of Bar

Family tree

Simplified family tree:

*Balša I ( 1360–62)
** Stracimir
*** Đurađ II Balšić
**** Balša III, married Mara Thopia (1st) and Boglia Zaharia (2nd)
***** Jelena Balšić, married Stjepan Vukčić Kosača
*****Unknown Son, died in infancy
***** Teodora Balšić, married Petar Vojsalić
** Đurađ I, married Olivera Mrnjavčević (1st) and Teodora Dejanović (2nd)
***Jelisaveta or Jelisanta (d. 1443), Olivera's daughter
***Gojslava or Goisava (d. 1398), married Radič Sanković, lord of Nevesinje, Popovo Polje and Konavli
*** Jevdokija, married Esau de' Buondelmonti, the ruler of Epirus (1385–1411)
**** Giorgio de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Epirus 1411
***Konstantin, married Helena Thopia
**** Stefan Balšić "Maramonte" (fl. 1419–40), pretender to Zeta
***Jelena or Elena
*** Đurađ or Gjergj (illegitimate)
**** George
**** Ivan
**** Gojko
***** Maria, Countess of Muro
** Balša II, married Comita Muzaka
*** Ruđina Balšić, married Mrkša Žarković
** Voisava Balšić, married Karl Thopia, Prince of Albania
*** Gjergj Thopia, Prince of Albania, married Teodora Branković
*** Helena Thopia, Lady of Krujë, married Marco Barbarigo (1st) and Konstantin Balšić (2nd)
**** Stefan Maramonte
*** Voisava Thopia, Lady of Lezhë, married Lord Isaac Cursachio (1st) and Progon Dukagjini (2nd)

Notes

References

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External links

Rodoslovlje, ''Balšić''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balsic Noble Family
Balšić noble family,
People from the Serbian Empire
Medieval history of Serbia
Medieval history of Albania
Medieval history of Montenegro
League of Lezhë
Principality of Zeta