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André Antoine (; 31 January 185823 October 1943) was a French actor, theatre manager,
film director A film director or filmmaker is a person who controls a film's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay (or script) while guiding the film crew and actors in the fulfillment of that Goal, vision. The director has a key role ...
, author, and critic who is considered the father of modern
mise en scène Mise or Miše may refer to: * Mise (mythology), a deity addressed in the ''Orphic Hymns'' * Ante Miše (born 1967), Croatian footballer * Jerolim Miše (1890–1970), Croatian painter, teacher, and art critic * MISE, an abbreviation for Mean integ ...
in France.


Biography

André Antoine was a clerk at the Paris Gas Utility and worked in the Archer Theatre when he asked to produce a dramatization of a novel by
Émile Zola Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (, ; ; 2 April 184029 September 1902) was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of Naturalism (literature), naturalism, and an important contributor to ...
. The amateur group refused it, so he decided to create his own theatre to realize his vision of the proper development of dramatic art. Antoine founded the
Théâtre Libre The Théâtre Libre (; "Free Theatre") was a theatre company that operated from 1887 to 1896 in Paris, France. Origins and History Théâtre Libre was founded on 30 March 1887 by André Antoine (actor), André Antoine. The primary goal of the ...
in
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
in 1887. This was a ''théâtre d'essai'', a workshop theatre, where plays were produced whether they would perform at the box office or not. It was also a stage for new writing whose subject matter or form had been rejected in other theatres. Over a seven-year period, until 1894, the Théâtre Libre staged some 111 plays. His work had enormous influence on the French stage, as well as on similar companies elsewhere in Europe, such as the Independent Theatre Society in
London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...
and the Freie Bühne in Germany. Antoine opposed the traditional teachings of the
Paris Conservatory The Conservatoire de Paris (), or the Paris Conservatory, is a college of music and dance founded in 1795. Officially known as the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris (; CNSMDP), it is situated in the avenue Jean Ja ...
, and focused on a more naturalistic style of acting and staging. In particular, Théâtre Libre productions were inspired by the Meiningen Ensemble of Germany. They performed works by Zola, Becque, Brieux, and plays by contemporary German, Scandinavian, and Russian naturalists. In 1894, Antoine was forced to relinquish the theater due to financial failure, but he went on to form Théâtre Antoine, which followed the traditions established by Théâtre Libre until its demise 10 years later. The work of the Theatre Libre was said to embrace both Realism and Naturalism. In theatre, Realism is generally thought to be a 19th-century movement which uses dramatic and stylistic conventions to bring authenticity and 'real life' to performances and drama texts while Naturalism is commonly seen as an extension to this where an attempt is made to create a perfect illusion of reality. Naturalism is often said to be driven by Darwinism and its view of humans as behavioral creatures shaped by heredity and environment. Antoine believed that our environment determines our character and he would often start rehearsals by creating the set, settings or environment which would then allow his actors to explore their characters and their behaviors with greater authenticity. Often he would only hire untrained actors (a practice still common with young film makers) since he believed that the professional actors of his time could not realistically portray real people. Antoine's Theatre Libre dedicated itself more specifically to the Quart d'heure or short, simple, free, episodic, one act play performances. he concentrated on script development but advocated naturalistic, behavioral acting dependent on the interaction of actors and helping actors to find their psychological motivations. Discussions on matters of interpretation and setting were a normal part of rehearsals with actors.Eckersley (1995, 8) Antoine believed each play had its unique mood or atmosphere and he hardly ever reused sets and settings. He also literally believed in the notion of removing the fourth wall. With some plays he would rehearse in the space with four walls around the action, natural set and actors and then decide which fourth wall to remove and thus deciding which side or perspective to place the audience on. Plays performed at the Théâtre Libre were often "thin on plot, dense in social and psychological implication" (Chothia, Andre Antoine). Productions rejected formal acting styles that were prevalent at the time and they built the "
fourth wall The fourth wall is a performance dramatic convention, convention in which an invisible, imaginary wall separates actors from the audience. While the audience can see through this "wall", the convention assumes the actors act as if they cannot. ...
". Despite being proponents of naturalism, they still adhered to some ideas of "playing for the audience" – there is no evidence that Antoine ever set any chairs facing away from the audience, and the actors still had to make sure that their voices could be heard to the back of the house—so, in a way, their "naturalism" was really just a higher level of illusion than theatre had been up to that point. In 1894, Antoine gave up the direction of his own theatre, and became connected with the Gymnase, and two years later, with the Odéon theatres. Heavily indebted, he left the Odéon in 1914 and turned to the cinema. Meanwhile, he stayed a short period in Istanbul in order to found The Istanbul City Theater. Once World War I started he returned to Paris. Between 1915 and 1922, he directed several films under auspices of the ''Société cinématographique des auteurs et gens de lettres'' ("Film Society of Authors and Men of Letters") of Pierre Decourcelle, adapting literary or dramatic works, such as ''La Terre'' ("Earth"), ''Les Frères corses'' ("The Corsican Brothers") and ''Quatre-vingt-treize'' ("Ninety-three"). He applied the principles of naturalism to film, giving importance to the scenery, natural elements that actually determine the behavior of the protagonists, and by using non-professional actors who were not tied up in the old forms of theater. For Jean Tulard, his literary reputation and is involved in "giving the film its sense of nobility". Influencing film makers like Mercanton, Capellans Hervil and he is "the true father of neorealism". Antoine concluded his career as a theatre and
film critic Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films and the film medium. In general, film criticism can be divided into two categories: Academic criticism by film scholars, who study the composition of film theory and publish their findin ...
beginning in 1919. For twenty years, his commentary was published by ''L'Information'', and more sporadically in ''Le Journal, Comœdia'', and ''Le Monde illustré''. Two volumes of memoirs were published in 1928, and appeared in the journal ''Théâtre'' from 1932 to 1933.


Work


Writings

* ''Mes souvenirs sur le Théâtre-Libre'', 1921 * ''Mes souvenirs sur le Théâtre Antoine'', 1928


Theatrical productions


Films

''(Works as film director)'' * '' Les Frères corses'' (''The Corsican Brothers'') (1917) * ''Le Coupable'' (1917) * ''Les Travailleurs de la mer'' (1917) * ''Quatre-vingt-treize'' (1920) * ''Mademoiselle de la Seiglière'' (1920) * '' L'Hirondelle et la Mésange'' (1920) (forgotten for 60 years, première in 1982) * ''La Terre'' (1921) * ''L'Arlésienne'' (1922)


References


Sources

* "André Antoine." International Dictionary of Theatre. Vol. 3. Gale, 1996. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 24 Sep. 2011.
''André Antoine''
at Cinéclub de Caen. Web. * André-Paul Antoine, ''Antoine, père et fils.'' Paris: Julliard, 1962. Print. * ''Antoine, André'', Microsoft Encarta 2000, Microsoft Corporation, 1999. Web. * Bourbonnaud, David "André Antoine, diffuseur et traducteur?" ''Revue Protée: Les formes culturelles de la communication'', volume 30, number 1, Spring 2002. Web. * Dort, Bernard. "Antoine, le patron", ''Théâtre Public''. Paris: Seuil, 1967. Web. * Eckersley, M. "It's All a Matter of Style - Naturalistic Theatre Forms." ''Mask.'' Drama Victoria: Melbourne, 8. Web. * Mitter, Shomit and Maria Shevtsova. ''Fifty Key Theatre Directors.'' New York: Routledge, 2005. Print. * Sarrazac, Jean-Pierre and Philippe Marcerou, ''Antoine, l'invention de la mise en scène'', Actes Sud-Papiers (coll. Parcours de théâtre), 1999. Web. () * Waxman, Samuel Montefiore. "Antoine and the Théâtre Libre," Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1926. Republished in paperback under various imprints.
''Théatre Antoine''
at Theatreonline.com. Web.


External links


Official site of the Théâtre Antoine
(French) * {{DEFAULTSORT:Antoine, Andre French theatre managers and producers Theatre directors from Paris French male stage actors French film directors French silent film directors 19th-century French male actors 19th-century theatre managers Actor-managers People from Limoges Male actors from Nouvelle-Aquitaine Lycée Condorcet alumni 1858 births 1943 deaths