ammonium ion

Ammonium is a modified form of ammonia that has an extra hydrogen atom. It is a positively charged (cationic) molecular ion with the chemical formula or . It is formed by the addition of a proton (a hydrogen nucleus) to ammonia (). Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged (protonated) substituted amines and quaternary ammonium cations (), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic or other groups (indicated by R). Not only is ammonium a source of nitrogen and a key metabolite for many living organisms, but it is an integral part of the global nitrogen cycle. As such, human impact in recent years could have an effect on the biological communities that depend on it.

Acid–base properties

The ammonium ion is generated when ammonia, a weak base, reacts with Brønsted acids (proton donors):
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The ammonium ion is mildly acidic, reacting with Brønsted bases to return to the uncharged ammonia molecule:
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Thus, the treatment of concentrated solutions of ammonium salts with a strong base gives ammonia. When ammonia is dissolved in water, a tiny amount of it converts to ammonium ions:
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The degree to which ammonia forms the ammonium ion depends on the pH of the solution. If the pH is low, the equilibrium shifts to the right: more ammonia molecules are converted into ammonium ions. If the pH is high (the concentration of hydrogen ions is low and hydroxide ions is high), the equilibrium shifts to the left: the hydroxide ion abstracts a proton from the ammonium ion, generating ammonia.

Formation of ammonium compounds can also occur in the vapor phase; for example, when ammonia vapor comes in contact with hydrogen chloride vapor, a white cloud of ammonium chloride forms, which eventually settles out as a solid in a thin white layer on surfaces.

Salts and characteristic reactions

Ammonium cation is found in a variety of salts such as ammonium carbonate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium nitrate. Most simple ammonium salts are very soluble in water. An exception is ammonium hexachloroplatinate, the formation of which was once used as a test for ammonium. The ammonium salts of nitrate and especially perchlorate are highly explosive, in these cases, ammonium is the reducing agent.

In an unusual process, ammonium ions form an amalgam. Such species are prepared by the addition of sodium amalgam to a solution of ammonium chloride. This amalgam eventually decomposes to release ammonia and hydrogen.

To find whether the ammonium ion is present in the salt, first, the salt is heated in presence of alkali hydroxide releasing a gas with a characteristic smell, which is ammonia.
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To further confirm ammonia, it is passed through a glass rod dipped in an solution ( hydrochloric acid), creating white dense fumes of ammonium chloride.
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Ammonia, when passed through ( copper(II) sulfate) solution, changes its color from blue to deep blue, forming Schweizer's reagent.
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Ammonia or ammonium ion when added to Nessler's reagent gives a brown color precipitate known as the iodide of Million's base in basic medium.

Ammonium ion when added to chloroplatinic acid gives a yellow precipitate of ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV).
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Ammonium ion when added to sodium cobaltinitrite gives a yellow precipitate of ammonium cobaltinitrite.
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Ammonium ion gives a white precipitate of ammonium bitartrate when added to potassium bitartrate.
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Structure and bonding

The lone electron pair on the nitrogen atom (N) in ammonia, represented as a line above the N, forms a coordinate bond with a proton (). After that, all four bonds are equivalent, being polar covalent bonds. The ion has a tetrahedral structure and is isoelectronic with methane and the borohydride anion. In terms of size, the ammonium cation (''r''_ionic = 175 pm) resembles the caesium cation (''r''_ionic = 183 pm).

Organic ions

The hydrogen atoms in the ammonium ion can be substituted with an alkyl group or some other organic group to form a substituted ammonium ion (IUPAC nomenclature: aminium ion). Depending on the number of organic groups, the ammonium cation is called a primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary. Except the quaternary ammonium cations, the organic ammonium cations are weak acids.

An example of a reaction forming an ammonium ion is that between dimethylamine, , and an acid to give the dimethylammonium cation, :
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Quaternary ammonium cations have four organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom, they lack a hydrogen atom bonded to the nitrogen atom. These cations, such as the tetra-''n''-butylammonium cation, are sometimes used to replace sodium or potassium ions to increase the solubility of the associated anion in organic solvents. Primary, secondary, and tertiary ammonium salts serve the same function but are less lipophilic. They are also used as phase-transfer catalysts and surfactants.

An unusual class of organic ammonium salts is derivatives of amine radical cations, such as tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate.

Biology

Because nitrogen often limits net primary production due to its use in enzymes that mediate the biochemical reactions that are necessary for life, ammonium is utilized by some microbes and plants. For example, energy is released by the oxidation of ammonium in a process known as nitrification, which produces nitrate and nitrite. This process is a form of autotrophy that is common amongst '' Nitrosomonas'', '' Nitrobacter'', '' Nitrosolobus'', and '' Nitrosospira'', amongst others.

The amount of ammonium in soil that is available for nitrification by microbes varies depending on environmental conditions. For example, ammonium is deposited as a waste product from some animals, although it is converted into urea in mammals, sharks, and amphibians, and into uric acid in birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails. Its availability in soils is also influenced by mineralization, which makes more ammonium available from organic nitrogen sources, and immobilization, which sequesters ammonium into organic nitrogen sources, both of which are mitigated by biological factors.

Conversely, nitrate and nitrite can be reduced to ammonium as a way for living organisms to access nitrogen for growth in a process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Once assimilated, it can be incorporated into proteins and DNA.

Ammonium can accumulate in soils where nitrification is slow or inhibited, which is common in hypoxic soils. For example, ammonium mobilization is one of the key factors for the symbiotic association between plants and fungi, called mycorrhizae. However, plants that consistently utilize ammonium as a nitrogen source often must invest into more extensive root systems due to ammonium's limited mobility in soils compared to other nitrogen sources.

Human impact

Ammonium deposition from the atmosphere has increased in recent years due to volatilization from livestock waste and increased fertilizer use. Because net primary production is often limited by nitrogen, increased ammonium levels could impact the biological communities that rely on it. For example, increasing nitrogen content has been shown to increase plant growth, but aggravate soil phosphorus levels, which can impact microbial communities.

Metal

The ammonium cation has very similar properties to the heavier alkali metal cations and is often considered a close equivalent. Ammonium is expected to behave as a metal ( ions in a sea of electrons) at very high pressures, such as inside giant planets such as Uranus and Neptune.

Under normal conditions, ammonium does not exist as a pure metal but does as an amalgam (alloy with mercury).

See also

* Onium compounds
* Fluoronium, ( and substituted derivatives)
* Oxonium (, where R is typically hydrogen or organyl)
* Hydronium (, the simplest oxonium ion)
* Quaternary ammonium cation (, where R is organyl)
* Tetrafluoroammonium ()
* Hydrazinium ( and substituted derivatives)
* Hydrazinediium ( and substituted derivatives)
* Iminium ( and substituted derivatives)
* Diazonium ( and substituted derivatives)
* Diazynediium ( and substituted derivatives)
* Aminodiazonium ( and substituted derivatives)
* Hydroxylammonium ( and substituted derivatives)
* Ammonium transporter
* f-ratio
* Nitrification
* The Magnificent Possession (Isaac Asimov short story)
* Ammonium hydroxide

References

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