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Giovanni Battista Agostino Codazzi (; 12 July 1793 – 7 February 1859), alternatively known in Latin America as Juan Bautista Agustín Codazzi (), was an Italo-Venezuelan soldier, scientist, geographer, cartographer, and governor of Barinas (1846–1847). He made his main investigations and cartographic work in Venezuela and Colombia, thereby creating for both countries a complete set of maps and statistics after the tumultuous years following independence from the
Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy (political entity), Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976. In conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, it ushered ...
(see
Venezuelan War of Independence The Venezuelan War of Independence (, 1810–1823) was one of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early nineteenth century, when independence movements in South America fought a civil war for secession and against unity of the S ...
and
Colombian War of Independence The Colombian War of Independence began on July 20, 1810 when the Junta (Spanish American Independence), Junta de Santa Fe was formed in Bogotá, Santa Fe de Bogota, the capital of the Spanish Empire, Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granad ...
).


Biography

Codazzi was born in the Italian city of
Lugo Lugo (, ) is a city in northwestern Spain in the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Galicia (Spain), Galicia. It is the capital of the Lugo (province), province of Lugo. The municipality had a population of 100,060 in 2024, ...
, then in the
Papal States The Papal States ( ; ; ), officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th c ...
and a few years later part of the
Cisalpine Republic The Cisalpine Republic (; ) was a sister republic or a client state of France in Northern Italy that existed from 1797 to 1799, with a second version until 1802. Creation After the Battle of Lodi in May 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte organized two ...
. From a young age, he appreciated the ideals of the French Revolution and, after his studies at the military academy ''Scuola di Artiglieria'' (Artillery School) of
Pavia Pavia ( , ; ; ; ; ) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, in Northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino (river), Ticino near its confluence with the Po (river), Po. It has a population of c. 73,086. The city was a major polit ...
, actively served in the Napoleonic Army. With the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Codazzi moved away from Italy and after some travels went to Venezuela, where he offered his military knowledge to
Simón Bolívar Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (24July 178317December 1830) was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bol ...
and his army.Biography (in Italian)
/ref> Successively he received the task of mapping the area of the
Maracaibo Lake Lake Maracaibo () is located in northwestern Venezuela, between the states of Zulia, Trujillo (state), Trujillo, and Mérida (state), Mérida. While Maracaibo is commonly referred to as a lake, its current hydrological characteristics may better ...
and the borders between Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. The Venezuelan government named him Colonel and ordered the creation of an Atlas of Venezuela, a task that gave him international fame – in Paris, Codazzi was awarded in 1842 the
Legion of Honor The National Order of the Legion of Honour ( ), formerly the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour (), is the highest and most prestigious French national order of merit, both military and civil. Currently consisting of five classes, it was ...
by the King of France
Louis Philippe I Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, the penultimate monarch of France, and the last French monarch to bear the title "King". He abdicated from his throne ...
, on behalf of the
French Academy of Sciences The French Academy of Sciences (, ) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French Scientific method, scientific research. It was at the forefron ...
. Agustin Codazzi meanwhile took the Venezuelan citizenship from president
José Antonio Páez José Antonio Páez Herrera (; 13 June 1790 – 6 May 1873) was a Venezuelan politician and military officer who served as the president of Venezuela three times. The first as the 5th president from 1830 to 1835, the second as the 8th president ...
and became Governor of Barinas, a region of southwestern Venezuela. In those years his academic activity of geographer was continuously interrupted by his duties as a military commander, suffocating many revolts. Codazzi even promoted the creation in the 1840s of the Colonia Tovar, a small German settlement in the Venezuelan central mountains that still exists today and has become one of the main tourist attractions near
Maracay Maracay () is a city in north-central Venezuela, near the Caribbean coast, and is the capital and most important city of the state of Aragua. Most of it falls under the jurisdiction of Girardot Municipality. The population of Maracay and its ...
. With the fall of Páez, after a military insurrection, Codazzi was forced to escape to Cúcuta (Colombia), where he continued his geographic and mapping activity with military duties for the Colombian government. In 1852 Codazzi did a scientific and cartographic inspection of Panama for the British government: in 1854, even if with no official mention of Codazzi's work, the
Panama Canal The Panama Canal () is an artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean. It cuts across the narrowest point of the Isthmus of Panama, and is a Channel (geography), conduit for maritime trade between th ...
project was done following exactly his indications and route. Codazzi died of
malaria Malaria is a Mosquito-borne disease, mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates and ''Anopheles'' mosquitoes. Human malaria causes Signs and symptoms, symptoms that typically include fever, Fatigue (medical), fatigue, vomitin ...
in February 1859 at the small town of Espíritu Santo in the Colombian mountains, in the arms of his friend Manuel María Paz, while he was mapping the area for the Comisión Corográfica. The town where he died has been renamed ''Aldea Codazzi'', and now is a city with a population of nearly 70,000 inhabitants. Venezuela honored the memory of Codazzi placing his remains inside the National Pantheon of Venezuela in 1942, where he is considered one the Heroes of Venezuela. Instituto Geográfico Agustin Codazzi, Colombia's national geographical and cartographical institute, is named after him.


Works

This is a list of main works of Agostino Codazzi: * ''Carta al padre'' (1817). * ''Lettera, Imola'' (1823). * ''Memorie inedite di Agostino Codazzi sui suoi viaggi per l'Europa e nelle Americhe'' (1830). * ''Las Memorias'', traducción, presentación y notas de Marisa Vannini de Gerulewicz, Caracas, 1970. * ''Memorias'', traducido al español por Andrés Soriano Lleras y Alberto Lee Lopez, Bogotá, 1973. * ''Geografia de Venezuela, informes provinciales'' (1837). * ''Notas sobre la Colonia Tovar''. * ''El arte de la guerra''. * ''Lecciones de Artilleria''. * ''Informes sobre demarcaciones que mas naturai y permanente puedan dividir las Provincias del Estado'' (1838). * ''Informe sobre conducta de algunos curas''. * ''Instrucciones y Proclama al pueblo de Barinas con motivo de las elecciones''. * ''Decretos, ordenanzas, etc, de Agustin Codazzi en su calidad de Gobernador de Barinas'' (1846–1847). * ''Cartas a Alexander Benitz'' (1841–1844). * ''Cartas e informes sobre los trabajos de la Comisión Corográfica'' (1850–1859). * ''Defensa de la Plaza de San Fernando en la segunda infidencia del Coronel Farfán'' (1837). * ''República de Venezuela. Comisión Corográfica'' (1839). * ''Prospecto de un plano general de Venezuela, y dos mapas, uno histórico y otro geográfico de su territorio'' (1839). * ''Atlas Físico y Político de la República de Venezuela, dedicado por su autor, el Coronel de Ingenieros Agustín Codazzi al Congreso constituyente de 1830'' (1841). * ''Catecismo de la Geografía de Venezuela precedido de unas breves nociones de Geografia General y de Cosmografía'' (1841). * ''Informe del Coronel A.C. al Secretano de Estado etc.; Prospecto de la empresa de la Colonia Tovar'' (1842). * ''Proyecto de poblar con las razas teutónicas los terrenos altos y hasta hoy incultos de Venezuela'' (1842). * ''Exposición que presenta el Gobernador de la Provincia de Barinas a la H. Diputación Provincial en su reunión ordinaria de 1846'' (1846). * ''Notas del Gobernador al Juez de Primera Instancia; Orden inconstitucional'' (1846). * ''Exposición que presenta el Gobernador de la Provincia de Barinas a la H. Diputación Provincial en su reunión ordinaria de 1847'' (1847). * ''Apuntaciones sobre inmigración y colonización'' (1850). * ''Geografía fisica y politica de la Provincia de Ocaña'' (1850). * ''Informe sobre la provincia de Antioquia'' (1852). * ''Informe sobre la Provincia del Chocó'' (1853). * ''Informe sobre la Provincia de Barbacoas'' (1853). * ''Apuntes de viaje'' (1853). * ''Restimeli del diario histórico del Ejército del Atlàntico, Istmo y Mompós llamado después Ejército del Norte, levantado i mandado por el ciudadano Jeneral en Jefe Tomàs Cipriano de Mosquera'' (1854). * ''Informe sobre la Provincia de Buenaventura'' (1855). * ''Informe sobre la Provincia de Casanare'' (1856). * ''Geografía física y política de las Provincias de la Nueva Granada. Provincias del Socorro y Vélez'' (1856). * ''Geografía física y política de las Provincias de la Nueva Granada. Provincias de Tunja y Tundama'' (1857). * ''Informe sobre los trabajos botánicos'' (1856). * ''Informe sobre los trabajos geográficos de Cundinamarca'' (1857). * ''Informe sobre límites entre Antioquia y Cauca'' (1857). * ''Sobre las vías de comunicación del Estado de Cundinamarca'' (1858). * ''Exposición del plan de la obra de la Geografia generai de la república'' (1857). * ''Descripción del territorio del Caquetá: aspecto del país'' (1857). * ''Antigüedades indígenas. Ruinas de San Agustín'' (1858). * ''Carta geográfica de los Estados Unidos de Colombia, antigua Nueva Granada'' (1864). * ''Atlas Geográfico e Histórico de la República de Colombia (antigua Nueva Granada)'' (1889).


Maps in his ''Memorias''

* ''Carta dell'América Meridionale''. * ''Carta del Golfo del México, delle isole e paesi adiacenti''. * ''Isola della Vecchia Providenza''. * ''Carta della baia di Honduras''. * ''Carta delle Provincie di Panama, Cioccò, Cartagena, etc''. * ''Carta dei due camini che da S.Fe di Bogotá portano alla provincia del Cioccò estratta dalle carte del fuggitivo Viceré Samano regnante in S.Fe''. * ''Carta del fiume Atrato fin alla capitale del Cioccò estratta da una carta del fuggitivo Viceré Samano regnante in Santa Fé di Bogotá''.


Maps while in Venezuela

* ''Esbozo de un plano de la región de Maracaibo'' (1828–1829). * ''Plano topográfico del terreno por donde puede atacar el enemigo a Maracaibo'' (1828–1829). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Barquisimeto'' (1832). * ''Mapa de un sector de la provincia de la Guayana con indicación de los asentamientos indígenas'' (1838). * ''Mapa Físico y Político de la República de Venezuela'' (1840). * ''Plano militar de las islas de San Carlos y Bajo Seco'' (1848).


Maps while in Nueva Granada (actual Colombia)

* ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Tundama'' (1850). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Tunja'' (1850). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Vélez'' (1850). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Socorro'' (1850). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Soto'' (1851). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Córdoba'' (1852). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Medellín'' (1852). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Barbacoas'' (1853). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Túquerres'' (1853). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia del Chocó'' (1853–1855). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Buenaventura'' (1855). * ''Mapa Corográfico de la Provincia de Casanare'' (1856). * ''Mapa Corográfico del Estado de Panamá'' (1856). * ''Mapa Corográfico del Estado de Cundinamarca'' (1858). * ''Croquis varios de la Comisión Corográfica''. * ''Carta Geográfica de los Estados Unidos de Colombia'' (1865).


See also

* Italo-venezuelans * Italian language in Venezuela * Colonia Tovar


Notes


External links


Biography of Codazzi: ''Agustin Codazzi, Vida y Empresas'', by Giorgio Antei (in Italian & Spanish)

Photo of Agostino Codazzi
{{DEFAULTSORT:Codazzi, Agostino 1793 births 1859 deaths People from Lugo, Emilia-Romagna Italian emigrants to Venezuela Italian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars Deaths from malaria Burials at the National Pantheon of Venezuela