The Achaemenid royal inscriptions are the surviving

inscription Epigraphy () is the study of inscriptions, or epigraphs, as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the wr ...

s in

cuneiform Cuneiform is a Logogram, logo-Syllabary, syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. Cuneiform script ...

script from the

Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (; , , ), was an Iranian peoples, Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. Based in modern-day Iran, i ...

, dating from the 6th to 4th century BCE (reigns of

Cyrus II Cyrus II of Persia ( ; 530 BC), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty) Hailing from Persis, he brought the Achaemenid dynasty to power by defeating the Media ...

Artaxerxes III Ochus ( ), known by his dynastic name Artaxerxes III ( ; ), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 359/58 to 338 BC. He was the son and successor of Artaxerxes II and his mother was Stateira. Before ascending the throne Artaxerxes was ...

). These inscriptions are

primary source In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an Artifact (archaeology), artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was cre ...

s for the history of the empire, along with archaeological evidence and the administrative archives of

Persepolis Persepolis (; ; ) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (). It is situated in the plains of Marvdasht, encircled by the southern Zagros mountains, Fars province of Iran. It is one of the key Iranian cultural heritage sites and ...

. However, scholars are reliant on Greek sources (such as

Herodotus Herodotus (; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum, Turkey), under Persian control in the 5th century BC, and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. He wrote the '' Histori ...

) to reconstruct much of Achaemenid history. The Achaemenid royal inscriptions differ from earlier Assyrian and Babylonian inscriptions in their

multilingualism Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. When the languages are just two, it is usually called bilingualism. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolin ...

rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. It is one of the three ancient arts of discourse ( trivium) along with grammar and logic/ dialectic. As an academic discipline within the humanities, rhetoric aims to study the techniques that speakers or w ...

al style and their structure. Matthew W. Stolper: ''Achämenid Languages and Inscriptions.'' In: John E. Curtis, Nigel Tallis (Hrsg.): ''Forgotten Empire. The World of Ancient Persia.'' University of California Press, Berkeley/ Los Angeles 2005, S. 18–24. The inscriptions are mostly trilingual – in

Old Persian Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native speakers as (I ...

Elamite Elamite, also known as Hatamtite and formerly as Scythic, Median, Amardian, Anshanian and Susian, is an extinct language that was spoken by the ancient Elamites. It was recorded in what is now southwestern Iran from 2600 BC to 330 BC. Elamite i ...

and Babylonian, which use two separate scripts (Babylonian and Elamite use variants of the same cuneiform). When they appear together, the privileged position is usually occupied by the Old Persian inscription: at the top when arranged vertically, and in the middle when arranged horizontally. The initial

decipherment of cuneiform The decipherment of cuneiform began with the decipherment of Old Persian cuneiform between 1802 and 1836. The first cuneiform inscriptions published in modern times were copied from the Achaemenid royal inscriptions in the ruins of Persepolis, wi ...

was based on the Achaemenid royal inscriptions from

, later supplemented with the

Behistun Inscription The Behistun Inscription (also Bisotun, Bisitun or Bisutun; , Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the place of god") is a multilingual Achaemenid royal inscriptions, Achaemenid royal inscription and large rock relief on a cliff at Mount Behistun i ...

. Scholars deciphered the

Old Persian cuneiform Old Persian cuneiform is a semi-alphabetic cuneiform, cuneiform script that was the primary script for Old Persian. Texts written in this cuneiform have been found in Iran (Persepolis, Susa, Hamadan, Kharg Island), Armenia, Romania (Gherla), Turk ...

script first, followed by the Babylonian and Elamite language versions using the trilingual inscriptions.

Overview

The trilingual inscriptions illustrate the

multi-ethnic The term multiracial people refers to people who are mixed with two or more races and the term multi-ethnic people refers to people who are of more than one ethnicities. A variety of terms have been used both historically and presently for mult ...

complexity of the Achaemenid Empire: Old Persian is an

Indo-European language The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the northern Indian subcontinent, most of Europe, and the Iranian plateau with additional native branches found in regions such as Sri Lanka, the Maldives, parts of Central Asia ( ...

, Babylonian is a

Semitic language The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They include Arabic, Amharic, Tigrinya, Aramaic, Hebrew, Maltese, Modern South Arabian languages and numerous other ancient and modern languages. They are spoken by mo ...

, and Elamite is a

language isolate A language isolate is a language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with any other languages. Basque in Europe, Ainu and Burushaski in Asia, Sandawe in Africa, Haida and Zuni in North America, Kanoê in South America, and Tiwi ...

. The three versions of the trilingual inscriptions are not exact

translation Translation is the communication of the semantics, meaning of a #Source and target languages, source-language text by means of an Dynamic and formal equivalence, equivalent #Source and target languages, target-language text. The English la ...

s of each other. Sometimes passages are added in one language version that do not appear in the other two. There are also differences in details when the text refers to specific people: the Old Persian version often emphasizes the rulers, the Elamite version the locations, and the Babylonian version the subject peoples, reflecting the different

social class A social class or social stratum is a grouping of people into a set of Dominance hierarchy, hierarchical social categories, the most common being the working class and the Bourgeoisie, capitalist class. Membership of a social class can for exam ...

es that spoke each language. A few Achaemenid inscriptions are instead written in

Egyptian hieroglyphs Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs ( ) were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined Ideogram, ideographic, logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with more than 1,000 distinct char ...

, for example in

stelae A stele ( ) or stela ( )The plural in English is sometimes stelai ( ) based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes stelae or stelæ ( ) based on the inflection of Greek nouns in Latin, and sometimes anglicized to steles ( ) or stela ...

found near the

Suez Canal The Suez Canal (; , ') is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, Indo-Mediterranean, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia (and by extension, the Sinai Peninsula from the rest ...

. Other hieroglyphic text has been found on crockery and pottery vessels that were made in Egypt but excavated at Persepolis, Susa, and possibly Babylonia. A statue of Darius I was also made in Egypt but brought to

Susa Susa ( ) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh River, Karkheh and Dez River, Dez Rivers in Iran. One of the most important cities of the Ancient Near East, Susa served as the capital o ...

Imperial Aramaic Imperial Aramaic is a linguistic term, coined by modern Aramaic studies, scholars in order to designate a specific historical Variety (linguistics), variety of Aramaic language. The term is polysemic, with two distinctive meanings, wider (socioli ...

is conspicuous by its absence from the inscriptions, despite it being the

official language An official language is defined by the Cambridge English Dictionary as, "the language or one of the languages that is accepted by a country's government, is taught in schools, used in the courts of law, etc." Depending on the decree, establishmen ...

of the empire in later periods. There are a few isolated Aramaic characters on Achaemenid objects such as seals, weights and coins. The only royal inscription in Aramaic was found at

Elephantine Elephantine ( ; ; ; ''Elephantíne''; , ) is an island on the Nile, forming part of the city of Aswan in Upper Egypt. The archaeological site, archaeological digs on the island became a World Heritage Site in 1979, along with other examples of ...

in Upper Egypt and is a copy of the

Behistun inscription The Behistun Inscription (also Bisotun, Bisitun or Bisutun; , Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the place of god") is a multilingual Achaemenid royal inscriptions, Achaemenid royal inscription and large rock relief on a cliff at Mount Behistun i ...

. In 1958

Richard Hallock Richard Treadwell Hallock (5 April 1906 in Passaic, New Jersey – 20 November 1980 in Chicago) was an American Assyriologist and Elamitologist. He reached his Ph.D. degree in Assyriology at the University of Chicago in 1935, and was editorial ...

compiled statistics on the length and numbers of the Elamite language versions of the royal inscriptions. The

is the longest inscription, whilst the other inscriptions are shorter and more repetitive. 44 Elamite texts are from the reign of

Darius I Darius I ( ; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. He ruled the empire at its territorial peak, when it included much of West A ...

, followed by 13 from that of

Xerxes I Xerxes I ( – August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was a List of monarchs of Persia, Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC. He was ...

, while the reigns of

Artaxerxes I Artaxerxes I (, ; ) was the fifth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, from 465 to December 424 BC. He was the third son of Xerxes I. In Greek sources he is also surnamed "Long-handed" ( ''Makrókheir''; ), allegedly because his ri ...

and

Artaxerxes II Arses (; 445 – 359/8 BC), known by his regnal name Artaxerxes II ( ; ), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 405/4 BC to 358 BC. He was the son and successor of Darius II () and his mother was Parysatis. Soon after his accession, Ar ...

have 7 texts each. Only two Elamite texts are from the reign of

: the inscriptions CMa and CMc. Most of the inscriptions have been found in the Achaemenid heartlands (in

Pasargadae Pasargadae (; ) was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC), located just north of the town of Madar-e-Soleyman and about to the northeast of the city of Shiraz. It is one of Iran's UNESCO World Heritage Site ...

Naqsh-e Rostam Naqsh-e Rostam (; , ) is an ancient archeological site and necropolis located about 13 km northwest of Persepolis, in Fars province, Iran. A collection of ancient Iranian rock reliefs are cut into the face of the mountain and the mount ...

) with smaller numbers in the wider empire (at

Bisutun Bisutun () (died 977) was the ruler of the Ziyarids (967–977). He was the eldest son of Vushmgir. During his father's lifetime, Bisutun was the governor of Tabaristan Amol. Upon Vushmgir's death in 967 during a hunting expedition, he went to Gurg ...

, Ganjnameh,

Babylon Babylon ( ) was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about south of modern-day Baghdad. Babylon functioned as the main cultural and political centre of the Akkadian-s ...

). The only inscriptions outside of Iran are the

Xerxes I inscription at Van The Xerxes I inscription at Van, also known as the XV Achaemenid royal inscription, is a trilingual cuneiform inscription of the Achaemenid King Xerxes I (486–465 BC). It is located on the southern slope of a mountain adjacent to the Van Fo ...

, in eastern Anatolia, and some from the period of

. The majority of the texts are found on royal monuments and statues, and many motifs are repeated. The inscriptions of Darius I were replicated by his successors, often with only small differences. Scholars have suggested that this was intended to emphasize the empire's continuity.

Decipherment

The decipherment of the Old Persian cuneiform script of the Achaemenids played a crucial role in the decipherment of the Babylonian and Elamite language versions and other cuneiform scripts in the Near East. This decipherment was initially via names, or royal names, and the

Avesta The Avesta (, Book Pahlavi: (), Persian language, Persian: ()) is the text corpus of Zoroastrian literature, religious literature of Zoroastrianism. All its texts are composed in the Avestan language and written in the Avestan alphabet. Mod ...

, which contains the Old Persian language in a developed form. The decipherment of the Achaemenid inscriptions can be divided into three phases. In a first step, the writing direction was found out and that the Achaemenid inscriptions are three different scripts with a common text. In 1620, García de Silva Figueroa dated the inscriptions of Persepolis to the Achaemenid period, identified them as Old Persian, and concluded that the ruins were the ancient residence of Persepolis. In 1621, Pietro della Valle specified the direction of writing from left to right. In 1762,

Jean-Jacques Barthélemy Jean-Jacques Barthélemy (20 January 1716 – 30 April 1795) was a French Catholic clergyman, archaeologist, numismatologist and scholar who became the first person to decipher an extinct language. He deciphered the Palmyrene alphabet in 1754 ...

found that an inscription in Persepolis resembled that found on a brick in Babylon.

Carsten Niebuhr Carsten Niebuhr, or Karsten Niebuhr (17 March 1733 Cuxhaven, Lüdingworth – 26 April 1815 Meldorf, Dithmarschen), was a German mathematician, Cartography, cartographer, and Geographical exploration, explorer in the service of Denmark-Norway. He ...

made the first copies of the inscriptions of Persepolis in 1778 and settled on three different types of writing, which subsequently became known as Niebuhr I, II and III. He was the first to discover the sign for a word division in one of the scriptures.

Oluf Gerhard Tychsen Oluf (Olaus) Gerhard Tychsen (14 December 1734, Tønder, then Schleswig, now Denmark – 30 December 1815, Rostock, then Mecklenburg-Schwerin, now Germany) was a German Orientalist and Hebrew scholar. He is known today as one of the founding fath ...

was the first to list 24 phonetic or alphabetic values for the characters in 1798. The second phase, in which a first decipherment took place and correct values for a significant number of characters could be found, was initiated by

Georg Friedrich Grotefend Georg Friedrich Grotefend (9 June 1775 – 15 December 1853) was a German epigraphist and philologist. He is known mostly for his contributions toward the decipherment of cuneiform. Georg Friedrich Grotefend had a son, named Carl Ludwig Gr ...

. He was the initial decipherer of Old Persian cuneiform. He was followed by

Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin (; 17 January 1791 – 17 July 1832) was a French academic, orientalist, and pioneer in the field of what would be known as Armenian Studies. Biography Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin was born in Paris on 17 January 1791, t ...

in 1822 and

Rasmus Christian Rask Rasmus Kristian Rask (; born Rasmus Christian Nielsen Rasch; 22 November 1787 – 14 November 1832) was a Danish linguist and philologist. He wrote several grammars and worked on comparative phonology and morphology. Rask traveled extensively to ...

in 1823, who was the first to decipher the name Achaemenides and the consonants m and n.

Eugène Burnouf Eugène Burnouf (; April 8, 1801May 28, 1852) was a French scholar, an Indologist and orientalist. His notable works include a study of Sanskrit literature, translation of the Hindu text '' Bhagavata Purana'' and Buddhist text '' Lotus Sutra''. ...

identified the names of various satrapies and the consonants k and z in 1833–1835.

Christian Lassen Christian Lassen (22 October 1800 – 8 May 1876) was a Norwegian-born, German orientalist and Indologist. He was a professor of Old Indian language and literature at the University of Bonn. Biography He was born at Bergen, Norway where he a ...

contributed significantly to the grammatical understanding of the Old Persian language and the use of vowels. The decipherers used the short trilingual inscriptions from Persepolis and the inscriptions from Ganjnāme for their work. In a final step, the decipherment of the

was completed by Henry Rawlinson and

Edward Hincks Edward Hincks (19 August 1792 – 3 December 1866) was an Irish clergyman, best remembered as an Assyriologist and one of the decipherers of Mesopotamian cuneiform. He was one of the three men known as the "holy trinity of cuneiform", with S ...

. Edward Hincks discovered that Old Persian is partly a syllabary.

List of inscriptions

Designations

The designations or abbreviations of the Achaemenid royal inscriptions are based on the system introduced by Roland Grubb Kent in 1953.Roland Grubb Kent: ''Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon.'' 2. revidierte Auflage (=''American Oriental Series''. Band 33). New Haven 1953
babel.hathitrust.org
Digitalisat) Manfred Mayrhofer (1978), Alireza Shapour Shahbazi (1985) and Rüdiger Schmitt (2000) have expanded and modified it. Rüdiger Schmitt's 2009 ''Die altpersischen Inschriften der Achaimeniden'' is considered the modern reference work. The first letter of an inscription's designation does not designate the ruler or author, but the king whom the text expressly names, often right at the beginning in the

nominative In grammar, the nominative case ( abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of E ...

. The second capital letter designates the place of discovery and the third letter is an index used by scholars to distinguish multiple inscriptions from the same place.

Summary

The ''Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions online (ARIo) Project'', part of the

Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, or Oracc, is an ongoing project designed to make the corpus of cuneiform compositions from the ancient Near East available online and accessible to users. The project, created by Steve Tinney of the Univ ...

, currently contains 175 composite texts with 11,712 words. A 2021 list of the Achaemenid royal inscriptions counted 179 texts, from Darius I to Artaxerxes III. This categorization places the "non-authentic" inscriptions (i.e. inscriptions are "genuine" and date from the Achaemenid period, but do not come from the king who is listed at the beginning of the inscriptions) under the king during whose reign they were produced. The best-known "non-authentic" inscriptions are AmHa and AsHa from Hamadan.

List

Forgeries

Forgeries from the Near East have been known since the 19th century. But it is only since the 1930s that products from Iran have flooded the art market, after illegal excavations in western Iran increased enormously. The actual "counterfeiting boom" took place after World War II until the Islamic Revolution. Fake art items were inscribed to increase the value of the item cause or to convey a supposed authenticity. The inscriptions were often copied from books in order to use them in abridged or modified form. They can be found on metal tablets, clay and stone tablets, figurative and similar objects, weapons, gems and seals. In total, Rüdiger Schmitt recorded 27 forged inscriptions. In 1953, Roland Grubb Kent listed the known forged inscriptions ("spurious inscriptions"), gave them the name Spurium (abbreviation Spur.) and provided them with an index (spur. a–h). Manfred Mayrhofer added to the list in 1978 (i-k). Rüdiger Schmitt gave them new names in 2007: F for forged and N for replica.

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

* Chul-Hyun Bae: ''Comparative Studies of King Darius's Bisitun Inscription''. Dissertation Harvard University. Cambridge Massachusetts 2001. *

Émile Benveniste Émile Benveniste (; 27 May 1902 – 3 October 1976) was a French Structuralism, structural linguistics, linguist and semiotics, semiotician. He is best known for his work on Indo-European languages and his critical reformulation of the linguist ...

: ''Une inscription perse achéménide du Cabinet des Médailles.'' In: ''

Journal asiatique The ''Journal asiatique'' (; full earlier title ''Journal Asiatique ou Recueil de Mémoires, d'Extraits et de Notices relatifs à l'Histoire, à la Philosophie, aux Langues et à la Littérature des Peuples Orientaux'') is a biannual peer-reviewed ...

'' Band 239, 1951, S. 261–273. *

Carl Bezold Carl Bezold (18 May 1859 – 21 November 1922) was a German orientalist. Known primarily for his research in Akkadian (Babylonian-Assyrian), he also researched other Semitic languages: Syriac, Ge'ez (Ethiopic) and Arabic.

: ''Die Achämenideninschriften. Transscription des babylonischen Textes nebst Übersetzung, textkritischen Anmerkungen und einem Wörter- und Eigennamenverzeichnisse von Carl Bezold. Mit dem Keilschrifttexte der kleineren Achämenideninschriften autographirt von Paul Haupt. J. C. Hinrichs.'' Leipzig 1882.
archive.org
*

Robert Bleichsteiner Robert Bleichsteiner (6 January 1891 – 10 April 1954) was an Austrian ethnologist. Life Bleichsteiner was born in Mariahilf and attended the local grammar school from 1901 to 1909. He went on to study history, geography, ethnography and Orienta ...

: ''Altpersische Edelsteinnamen'' (= ''Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.'' Band 37). Wien 1930, S. 93–104
jstor.org
. *

Rykle Borger Riekele or Rykle Borger (born 24 May 1929, Wiuwert, the Netherlands; died 27 December 2010, Göttingen, Germany) was a notable Dutch Assyriologist educated in the German tradition. He was the protégé of Wolfram von Soden, and taught as professor ...

: ''Die Waffenträger des Königs Darius – Ein Beitrag zur alttestamentlichen Exegese und zur semitischen Lexikographie'' (=''

Vetus Testamentum ''Vetus Testamentum'' is a quarterly academic journal covering various aspects of the Old Testament. It is published by Brill Publishers Brill Academic Publishers () is a Dutch international academic publisher of books, academic journals, and ...

''. Band 22). Leiden 1972, S. 385–398 * Rykle Borger: ''Der Bogenköcher im Alten Orient, in der Antike und im Alten Testament.'' Göttingen 2000, S. 6. * Rykle Borger, Walther Hinz: ''Eine Dareios-Inschrift aus Pasargadae.'' In: ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.'' Band 109, 1959, S. 117–125
menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de
. * Rykle Borger, Walther Hinz: ''Die Behistun-Inschrift Darius' des Großen.'' In: Otto Kaiser (Hrsg.): ''Rechts- und Wirtschaftsurkunden. Historisch-chronologische Texte'' (= ''Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments.'' Band I, Lieferung 4). Gütersloh 1984, S. 419–450 (Akkadisch in neubabylonischem Dialekt). * Wilhelm Brandenstein: ''Die neuen Achämenideninschriften.'' In: ''Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.'' Band 39, 1932, S. 7–97
JSTOR
. *

Heinrich Brugsch Heinrich Karl Brugsch (also ''Brugsch-Pasha'') (18 February 18279 September 1894) was a German Egyptologist. He was associated with Auguste Mariette in his excavations at Memphis. He became director of the School of Egyptology at Cairo, producin ...

: ''Reise der K. preussischen Gesandtschaft nach Persien 1860 und 1861.'' 2 Bände. Leipzig 1862/1863.
digitale.sammlungen.de
*

: ''Mémoire sur deux inscriptions cuneiformes trouvées près d'Hemadan et qui font maintenant partie des papiers du Dr. Schulz''. Paris 1836. * Peter Calmeyer,

Rüdiger Schmitt Rüdiger Schmitt (born 1 July 1939) is a German linguist, Iranologist, and educator. He was a professor of Comparative Indo-European Philology and Indo-Iranian Studies at Saarland University in Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany, from 1979 until 2004 ...

, Barbara Grunewald: ''Die Reliefs der Gräber V und VI in Persepolis.'' (= ''Archäologie in Iran und Turan''. Band 8). Zabern, Mainz 2009, ISBN 978-3-8053-3928-5. * George G. Cameron: ''The Old Persian Text of the Bisitun Inscription.'' In: ''Journal of Cuneiform Studies.'' Band 5, Nr. 2, 1951, S. 47–54. * George G. Cameron: ''The Elamite Version of the Bisitun Inscriptions.'' In: ''

Journal of Cuneiform Studies The ''Journal of Cuneiform Studies'' was founded in 1947 by the Baghdad School of the American Schools of Oriental Research. The journal presents articles about ancient Mesopotamian language and history in English language, English, French langua ...

.'' Band 14, 1960, S. 59–68. * George G. Cameron: ''An Inscription of Darius from Pasargadae.'' In: ''Iran.'' Band 5, 1967, S. 7–10. * Annie Caubet (Hrsg.): ''La cité royale de Suse: trésors du Proche-Orient ancien au Louvre.'' Paris 1994, ISBN 978-2-7118-2770-1, S. 271–272. *

Jean Chardin Jean Chardin (16 November 1643 – 5 January 1713), born Jean-Baptiste Chardin, and also known as Sir John Chardin, was a French jeweller and traveller whose ten-volume book ''The Travels of Sir John Chardin'' is regarded as one of the finest ...

: ''Voyages de Monsieur le chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l'Orient (...)''. Band 3. Amsterdam 1740.
gallica.bnf.fr
* Margaret Cool Root: ''The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art. Essays on the Creation of an Iconography of Empire'' (= ''Acta Iranica''. Band 19). Leiden 1979
academia.edu
Digitalisat) * A. W. Davis: ''An Achaemenian Tomb-Inscription at Persepolis.'' In: ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.'' Nr. 2, 1932, S. 373–377. *

Cornelis de Bruyn Cornelis de Bruijn or Cornelius de Bruyn (; 16521726/7), also formerly known in English by his French name Corneille Le Brun, was a Dutch artist and traveler. He made two large tours and published illustrated books with his observations of peop ...

: ''Reizen over Moskovie, door Persie en Indie verrijkt met 300 kunstplaaten door den auteur zelf na 't leven afgeteekend.'' Amsterdam 1711, Tafel 131.
digitalcollections.nypl.org
* Cornelis de Bruyn: ''Travels into Muscovy, Persia, and part of the East-Indies''. 2 Bände. London 1737. (Band 1:

archive.org The Internet Archive is an American non-profit organization founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle that runs a digital library website, archive.org. It provides free access to collections of digitized media including websites, software applic ...

) und (Band 2:

) *

Arthur de Gobineau Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (; 14 July 1816 – 13 October 1882) was a French writer and diplomat who is best known for helping introduce scientific race theory and "racial demography", and for developing the theory of the Aryan master race and N ...

: ''Traité des écritures cunéiformes''. Band 1, Paris 1864
(books.google.ch)
* Soheil Delshad, Mojtaba Doroodi: ''DNf: A New Inscription Emerges from the Shadow'' (=''Achaemenid Research on Texts and Archaeology''. Band 2019.001).
Arta
*

Jacques de Morgan Jean-Jacques de Morgan (3 June 1857 – 14 June 1924) was a French mining engineer, geologist, and archaeologist. He was the director of antiquities in Egypt during the 19th century, and excavated in Memphis and Dahshur, providing many dra ...

: ''Mission scientifique en Perse''. 5 Bände. Paris 1894–1905. * Marcel Dieulafoy: ''Note relative à la découverte sur le tombeau de Darius de sept inscriptions nouvelles'' (=''

Revue archéologique ''La Revue Archéologique'', published in Paris, is one of the oldest, longest-running scientific journals. First appearing in 1844, it is neither the organ of an institution nor of any school, but has complete independence, under the guidance of ...

''. 3e Série, Band 6). Paris 1885, S. 224–227, hier S. 227.
gallica.bnf.fr
* Marcel Dieulafoy: ''L'Acropole de Suse: d'après les fouilles exécutées en 1884, 1885, 1886, sous les auspices du Musée du Louvre.'' Band 1, Paris 1890. (

, Digitalisat) * Marcel Dieulafoy: ''L'Acropole de Suse d'apres les fouilles executees en 1884, 1885, 1886 sous les auspices du Musee du Louvre.'' Paris 1893, S. 389 ( hdl.handle.net). *

Irving Finkel Irving Leonard Finkel (born 1951) is an English philologist and Assyriologist. He is the Assistant Keeper of Ancient Mesopotamian script, languages and cultures in the Department of the Middle East in the British Museum, where he specialises in ...

(Hrsg.): ''The Cyrus Cylinder: The King of Persia's Proclamation from Ancient Babylon.'' London 2013, ISBN 978-1-78076-063-6. *

Eugène Flandin Jean-Baptiste Eugène Napoléon Flandin (15 August 1809 in Naples – 29 September 1889 in Tours), French orientalist, painter, archaeologist, and politician. Flandin's archeological drawings and some of his military paintings are valued mor ...

Pascal Coste Xavier Pascal Coste (26 November 1787 – 8 February 1879) was a French architect. He was at one time a personal architect for Muhammad Ali Pasha. As a seasoned traveller, his travels to Qajar Iran, aroused the interest of King Louis Philippe I ...

: ''Voyage en Perse''. Band 2 und 3, Paris 1851–1854.
bibliotheque-numerique.inha.fr
. * Willy Foy: ''Zur Xerxes-Inschrift von Van'' (=''

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft The ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft'' () is a peer-reviewed academic journal An academic journal (or scholarly journal or scientific journal) is a periodical publication in which Scholarly method, scholarship relatin ...

''. Band 54, No. 3.). Wiesbaden 1900, S. 406–407.
menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de
* Johannes Friedrich: ''Metrische Form der altpersischen Keilschrifttexte'' (=''Orientalistische Literaturzeitung''. Band 31, Heft 4). Bad Feilnbach 1928. ( degruyter.com) *

Richard Nelson Frye Richard Nelson Frye (January 10, 1920 – March 27, 2014) was an American scholar of Iranian studies, Iranian and Central Asian studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University. His professional areas of inte ...

: ''The Heritage of Persia.'' Cleveland/New York 1963, Tafel 38. * C. J. Gadd, Léon Legrain: ''Ur Excavation Texts I. Royal Inscriptions. Plates.'' 1928. Plate XLVIII, Nr. 194. (

, Digitalisat) * Jonas C. Greenfield, Bezalel Porten: ''The Bisitun Inscription of Darius the Great: Aramaic Version'' (= ''Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum''. Band 5). London 1982, ISBN 0-85331-458-6. * Françoise Grillot-Susini: ''Elements de grammaire elamite.'' Paris 1987. * Françoise Grillot-Susini: ''Les textes de fondation du Palais de Suse.'' In: ''

.'' Band 278, 1990, S. 213–222. * Françoise Grillot-Susini, Clarisse Herrenschmidt, Florence Malbran-Labat: ''La version élamite de la trilingue de Behistun: une nouvelle lecture.'' In: ''

.'' Band 281, 1993, S. 19–59 (

, Digitalisat) *

: ''Notes on Achaemenid Elamite.'' In: ''

Journal of Near Eastern Studies The ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'' is an academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press, covering research on the ancient and medieval civilizations of the Near East, including their archaeology, art, history, literature, ling ...

''. Band 17, 1958, S. 256–262.
JSTOR
. * Wouter Henkelman: ''An Elamite Memorial: The sumar of Cambyses and Hystaspes.'' In: ''A Persian Perspective. Essays in Memory of

Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg Heleen W.A.M. Sancisi-Weerdenburg (23 May 1944, in Haarlem – 28 May 2000, in Utrecht), was a Dutch ancient historian, specializing in classical Greek and Achaemenid history. Sancisi-Weerdenburg began her studies in ancient history at the Univer ...

'' (=''Achaemenid History'' XIII). Leiden 2003, S. 101–172. * Clarisse Herrenschmidt: ''Note sur deux textes accadiens de Xerxes à Persepolis'' (=''Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale.'' Band 77, Nr. 2) Paris 1983, S. 180.
jstor.org
*

Ernst Herzfeld Ernst Emil Herzfeld (23 July 1879 – 20 January 1948) was a German archaeologist and Iranologist. Life Herzfeld was born in Celle, Province of Hanover. He studied architecture in Munich and Berlin, while also taking classes in Assyriology, a ...

: ''Eine neue Darius-Inschrift aus Hamadan''. In: ''Deutsche Literaturzeitung''. Band 47, 1926, S. 2105–2108. * Ernst Herzfeld: ''Drei Inschriften aus persischem Gebiet.'' In: ''Mitteilungen der Altorientalische Gesellschaft.'' Band 4, 1928–1929, S. 81–86. * Ernst Herzfeld: ''Bericht über die Ausgrabungen von Pasargadae.'' (= ''Archaeologische Mitteilunge aus Iran''. Band 1). Berlin 1929. * Ernst Herzfeld: In: ''Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran.'' Band 2, 1930, S. 117–127. (

) * Ernst Herzfeld: ''Die Magna Charta von Susa.'' In: ''Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran.'' Band 3, 1931, S. 29–124 ( Digitalisat). * Ernst Herzfeld: ''Die Goldtafel des Āryāramna.'' In: ''Berliner Museen. Berichte aus den preussischen Kunstsammlungen.'' Jahrgang 52, H. 3, 1931, S. 52–55
JSTOR
. * Ernst Herzfeld: In: ''Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran.'' Band 4, 1932, S. 132–139 (

, Digitalisat) * Ernst Herzfeld: In: ''Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran.'' Band 8, 1937, S. 17–35 (

, Digitalisat) * Ernst Herzfeld: ''Altpersische Inschriften''. Erster Ergänzungsband zu den Archaeologischen Mitteilungen aus Iran. Berlin 1938. (

, Digitalisat) * Walther Hinz: ''Zu den altpersischen Inschriften von Susa.'' In: ''

'' Band 95, 1941, S. 222–257
menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de
Digitalisat) * Walther Hinz: ''The Elamite Version of the Record of Darius's Palace at Susa.'' In: ''

.'' Band 9, Nr. 1, 1950, S. 1–7. * Walther Hinz: ''Die dreisprachige untere Grabinschrift des Darius.'' In: ''Altpersische Funde und Forschungen.'' Berlin 1969, S. 53–62. (

degruyter Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter (), is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature. History The roots of the company go back to 1749 when Frederick the Great granted the Königliche Realschule in Ber ...

) * Walther Hinz: ''Zu den elamischen Burgbau-Inschriften Darius I. aus Susa.'' In: ''Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.'' Band 19, 1971, S. 17–24. * Walther Hinz: ''Darius und die Perser''. II, Baden-Baden 1979. * Ferdinand Hitzig: ''Die Grabschrift des Darius zu Nakschi Rustam.'' Zürich 1847. (

) * Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson: ''The Great Behistun Rock and Some Results of a Reexamination of the Old Persian Inscriptions on It.'' In: ''Journal of the American Oriental Society.'' Band 24, 1903, S. 77–95 (

, Digitalisat) * Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson: ''Persia, Past and Present''. Macmillan, London 1906.
archive.org
Digitalisat) * Engelbert Kämpfer: ''Amoenitatum exoticarum politico-physico-medicarum Fasciculi V (...)''. Typis & impensis H. W. Meyeri, Lemgo 1712, S. 347
biodiversitylibrary.org
Digitalisat) * Roland Grubb Kent: ''Dar. Sus. 1: The Record of the Building of the Palace at Susa'' (= ''Journal of the American Oriental Society.'' Band 51, Nr. 3). New Haven 1931, S. 193–212 und 218–220.
jstor.org
. * Roland Grubb Kent: ''The Recently Published Old Persian Inscriptions.'' In: ''Journal of the American Oriental Society.'' Band 51, 1931.
JSTOR
* Roland Grubb Kent: ''The Record of Darius's Palace at Susa'' (= ''Journal of the American Oriental Society.'' Band 53, Nr. 1). New Haven 1933, S. 1–23.
jstor.org
* Roland Grubb Kent: ''The Nakš-I Rustam Inscriptions of Darius'' (=''Language''. Band 15, Nr. 3). Linguistic Society of America 1939.
jstor.org
* Roland Grubb Kent: ''The Oldest Old Persian Inscriptions.'' In: ''Journal of the American Oriental Society.'' Band 66, 1946, S. 206–212
JSTOR
. * Roland Grubb Kent: ''Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon.'' 2. revidierte Auflage (=''American Oriental Series''. Band 33). New Haven 1953
babel.hathitrust.org
Digitalisat) *

Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern (6 April 1833 – 4 July 1917) was a Dutch linguist and orientalist. In the literature, he is usually referred to as H. Kern or Hendrik Kern; a few other scholars bear the same surname. Life Hendrik Kern was born ...

: ''Zur Erklärung der persischen Keilinschriften'' (=''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft''. Band 23, No. 1/2). Leipzig 1869.
jstor.org
* Leonard William King,

Reginald Campbell Thompson Reginald Campbell Thompson (21 August 1876 – 23 May 1941) was a British archaeologist, Assyriologist and cuneiformist. He excavated at Nineveh, Ur, Nebo, Carchemish and other sites. Biography Thompson was born at Cranley Place, South Kensin ...

: ''The sculptures and inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistun in Persia 1907''. British Museum, London 1907. (

, Digitalisat) * Peter Knapton, M. R. Sarraf,

John Curtis John Ream Curtis (born May 10, 1960) is an American politician serving since 2025 as the junior United States senator from Utah. A member of the Republican Party, Curtis served from 2017 to 2025 as the U.S. representative for Utah's 3rd congre ...

: ''Inscribed Column Bases from Hamadan.'' In: ''Iran.'' Band 39, 2001, S. 99–117
academia.edu
Digitalisat) * Friedrich Wilhelm König: ''Der Burgbau zu Susa nach dem Bauberichte des Könige Dareios I.'' (= ''Mitteilungen der vorderasiatisch-aegyptischen Gesellschaft.'' Band 35, Heft 1). J. C. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1930, S. 1–76 mit 16 Tafeln. * Michael Kozuh: ''Context and Content of the Persepolis Inscriptions: The Interchange of XPb and XPd.'' In: Naomi F. Miller, Abdi Kamyar (Hrsg.): ''Yeki bud, yeki nabud. Essays on the Archaeology in Iran in Honor of William M. Sumner.'' Los Angeles 2003, S. 266–270. ISBN 978-1-931745-05-5.
escholarship.org
* Friedrich Krefter: ''Persepolis-Rekonstruktionen: der Wiederaufbau des Frauenpalastes; Rekonstruktionen der Paläste; Modell von Persepolis'' (=''Teheraner Forschungen.'' Band 3). Berlin 1971, ISBN 3-7861-2189-3. *

Amélie Kuhrt Amélie Kuhrt (23 September 1944 – 2 January 2023) was a British historian and specialist in the history of the ancient Near East. Kuhrt was educated at King's College London, University College London and SOAS. Professor Emerita at Univer ...

: ''The Persian Empire. A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Empire.'' London/ New York 2007. ISBN 978-0-415-43628-1. *

: ''Die Altpersischen Inschriften nach Hrn. N. L. Westergaard's Mittheilungen.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.'' Band 6, 1845.
digitale-sammlungen.de
Digitalisat) * Pierre Lecoq: ''Le problème de l'écriture cunéiforme vieux-perse.'' In: ''Acta Iranica.'' Band 3, 1974, S. 25–107. * Pierre Lecoq: ''Les inscriptions de la Perse achéménide traduit du vieux-perse, de l'élamite, du babylonien et de l'araméen''. Paris 1997.
elamit.net
*

Carl Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt Carl may refer to: *Carl, Georgia, city in USA *Carl, West Virginia, an unincorporated community *Carl (name), includes info about the name, variations of the name, and a list of people with the name *Carl², a TV series * "Carl", an episode of tel ...

: ''Bericht über die Ereignisse der von Dr. W. Belck und Dr. C. F. Lehmann 1898/1899 ausgeführten Forschungsreise in Armenien'' (=''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.''). Berlin 1900, S. 619–633 und Tafel 2. * A. B. Lloyd: ''Darius I in Egypt: Suez and Hibis.'' In: Christopher Tuplin (Hrsg.): ''Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire''. Classical Press of Wales, Swansea 2007, ISBN 978-1-905125-18-0, S. 99–107. * William Kennet Loftus: ''Travels and Researches in Chaidaea and Susiana in 1849–52''. New York 1857, S. 371–373 (

, Digitalisat) * Florence Malbran-Labat: ''La version akkadienne de l'inscription trilingue de Darius à Behistun''. Rom 1994. *

Gaston Maspero Sir Gaston Camille Charles Maspero (23 June 1846 – 30 June 1916) was a French Egyptologist and director general of excavations and antiquities for the Egyptian government. Widely regarded as the foremost Egyptologist of his generation, he be ...

: ''Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient Classique.'' Band 3. Paris 1899, S. 458. (

) *

Manfred Mayrhofer Manfred Mayrhofer (26 September 1926 – 31 October 2011) was an Austrian Indo-Europeanist who specialized in Indo-Iranian languages. Mayrhofer served as professor emeritus at the University of Vienna. He is noted for his etymological dictionary ...

: ''Supplement zur Sammlung der altpersischen Inschriften'' (= ''Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse'' 338). Wien 1978. * Manfred Mayrhofer: ''Zu übergangenen Inschriftenfragmenten aus Susa'' (= ''Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.'' Band 118). Wien 1981, S. 128–132. * Terence Mitchell: ''The Persepolis Sculptures in the British Museum.'' In: ''Iran.'' Band 38, 2000, S. 49–56.
jstor.org
Digitalisat) *

James Justinian Morier James Justinian Morier (15 August 1782 – 19 March 1849) was a British diplomat and author noted for his novels about the Qajar dynasty in Iran, most famously for the ''Hajji Baba'' series. Early life Morier was born in Ottoman Smyrna, the ...

: ''A Journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809; in which is Included, Some Account of the Proceedings of his Majesty's Mission, under Sir Harford Jones, Bart. K.C. to the Court of the King of Persia''. London 1812, S. 144 Taf. xxix
Biodiversity Heritage Library
=

). * Ali Mousavi: ''Persepolis: Discovery and Afterlife of a World Wonder''. Berlin/ New York 2012. *

: ''Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern''. 2 Bände, Kopenhagen 1774–1778. 3. Band: ''Reisen durch Syrien und Palästina''. Hamburg 1837. Band 2.
dibiki.ub.uni-kiel.de
Digitalisat) * Edwin Norris: ''Memoir on the Scythic

oday called Elamite Uday or Odai is a masculine name in Arabic as well as several Indian languages. In numerous Indian languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Tamil and others, it means 'dawn' or 'rise'. The Arabic name () means 'runner' or 'rising'. List of ...

Version of the Behistun Inscription'' (=''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''. Band 15). London 1855.
JSTOR
. * Carl Nylander: ''Who Wrote the Inscriptions at Pasargadae?'' In: ''Orientalia Suecana.'' Band 16, 1967, S. 135–180.
uu.diva-portal.org
. *

Jules Oppert Julius (Jules) Oppert (9 July 1825 – 21 August 1905) was a French-German Assyriologist, born in Hamburg of Jewish parents.Isidore Singer & Louis GrayJules."''Jewish Encyclopedia'', 1906. Career After studying at Heidelberg, Bonn and Berlin, h ...

: ''Mémoires sur les inscriptions des Achémenides, conçues dans l'idiome des anciens Perses (Suite en fin).'' In: ''

.'' 4. Serie Band 19, 1852, S. 140–215. Übersetzung S. 203–204.
gallica.bnf.fr
. * Jules Oppert: ''Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie''. 2 Bände, Paris 1859, Band 2, S. 192.
digitale-sammlungen.de
* Jules Oppert: ''Mélanges perses. Inscription funéraire de Darius I, à Naksh-i-Roustam'' (=''Revue de linguistique et de philologie comparée.'' Band 4). 1870.
books.google.ch
* William Ouseley: ''Travels in various countries of the East; more particularly Persia.'' Band 2. London 1821.
babel.hathitrust.org
. * Jean Perrot: ''Recherches archéologiques a Suse et en Susiane en 1969 et en 1970'' (=''Syria''. Band 48). Damaskus 1971, S. 21–51.
jstor.org
*

Georges Perrot Georges Perrot (12 November 1832 – 30 June 1914) was a French archaeologist. He taught at the Sorbonne from 1875 and was director of the École Normale Supérieure from 1888 to 1902. In 1874 he was elected to the Academie des Inscriptions ...

Charles Chipiez Charles Chipiez (; 1835–1901) was an influential French architect, Egyptologist, Iranologist, and an avid historian of the ancient world's architecture. He was a teacher at École Spéciale d'Architecture in Paris, France, and helped build the ...

: ''Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité''. Band 5. Paris 1890, S. 823.
gallica.bnf.fr
* Bezalel Porten (Hrsg.): ''Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt''. Band 3. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 1993. *

Henry Creswicke Rawlinson Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet, KLS (5 April 1810 – 5 March 1895) was a British East India Company army officer, politician, and Orientalist, sometimes described as the Father of Assyriology. His son, also Henry, was to become ...

: ''The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun, decyphered and translated; with a memoir on Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions in general and on that of Behistun in particular''. Royal Asiatic Society, London 1846.
echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de
* Henry Creswicke Rawlinson: ''The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun.'' (= ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''. Band 10). Cambridge 1847, S. 270.
babel.hathitrust.org
* Henry Creswicke Rawlinson: ''The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun, Decyphered and Translated; With a Memoir (Continued).'' (= ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''. Band 11). London 1849.
digitale-sammlungen.de
* Henry Creswicke Rawlinson: ''On the Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia'' (= ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''. Band 12). Cambridge 1850, S. XIX–XX.
jstor.org
* Henry Creswicke Rawlinson: ''Memoir on the Babylonian and Assyrian Inscriptions.'' (= ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''. Band 14, 1). London 1851
JSTOR
. * Henry Creswicke Rawlinson (Hrsg.): ''The cuneiform inscriptions of Western Asia.'' Band 5: H. C. Rawlinson, T. G. Pinches: ''A selection from the miscellaneous inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia.'' London 1880, S. 35.
etana.org
Digitalisat) *

Claudius James Rich Claudius James Rich (28 March 1787 – 5 October 1821) was a British Assyriology, Assyriologist, business agent, traveller and antiquarian scholar. Biography Rich was born near Dijon "of a good family", but passed his childhood at Bristol. Earl ...

: ''Narrative of a Journey to the Site of Babylon in 1811: And Other Memoirs.'' (Cambridge Library Collection - Archaeology). 1839, Tafel 24–26. (

Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessme ...

) * Adriano Y. Rossi: ''Archeologia, storia e filologia a Susa.'' In: ''Studi in onore di Umberto Scerrato.'' Neapel 2003, S. 681–700. * Ali Sami: ''Pasargadae. The Oldest Imperial Capital of Iran.'' Shiraz 1956. *

Hans Heinrich Schaeder Heinz Heinrich Schaeder (31 January 1896 – 13 March 1957) was a German Orientalist and Iranologist. Life Heinz Heinrich Schaeder was born in Göttingen, Germany on 31 January 1896. He was the son of theologist Erich Schaeder, brother of hi ...

: ''Iranische Beiträge I''. Halle (Saale) 1930. * Hans Heinrich Schaeder: ''Über die Inschrift des Ariaramnes'' (= ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Klasse''). Berlin 1931. * Hans Heinrich Schaeder: In: ''Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.'' 1935, S. 494–496. * Hanspeter Schaudig: ''Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros' des Großen samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften. Textausgabe und Grammatik.'' (= ''Alter Orient und Altes Testament.'' Band 256). Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2001, ISBN 3-927120-75-8, S. 548
academia.edu
Digitalisat) * Hanspeter Schaudig: ''The Text of the Cyrus Cylinder.'' In:

M. Rahim Shayegan M. Rahim Shayegan (, ; born 1966) is an Iranian-American historian of the ancient world. He is Professor of Iranian and the Ancient Near East and the Eleanor and Jahangir Amuzegar Chair in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures a ...

(Hrsg.): '' Cyrus the Great. Life and Lore.'' Cambridge Massachusetts, London 2018, S. 16–25.
academia.edu
Digitalisat) *

Jean-Vincent Scheil Father Jean-Vincent Scheil (born 10 June 1858, Kœnigsmacker – died 21 September 1940, Paris) was a French Dominican scholar and Assyriologist. He is credited as the discoverer of the Code of Hammurabi in Persia. In 1911 he came into possessio ...

: ''Textes de rois achéménides.'' In. ''Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse.'' Band 2, 1900. (

). * Jean-Vincent Scheil: ''Fragment d'inscription historique.'' In: ''Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse.'' Band 11, 1910, S. 87 (

). * Jean-Vincent Scheil: ''Inscriptions des Achéménides à Suse.'' (= ''Memoires de la Mission Archeologique de Perse''. Band 21). Paris 1929. * Jean-Vincent Scheil: ''Actes juridiques susiens (Suite: n° 328 à n° 395). Inscriptions des Achéménides (Supplément et suite).'' (= ''Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse''. Band 24). Paris 1933. * Jean-Vincent Scheil: ''Mission en Susiane. Mélanges épigraphiques'' (= ''Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse.'' Band 28). Paris 1939. * Erich Friedrich Schmidt: ''Persepolis. I: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions.'' (= ''Oriental Institute Publications''. Band 68). University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1953.
oi.uchicago.edu
Digitalisat) * Erich Friedrich Schmidt: ''Persepolis III: The Royal Tombs and other Monuments'' (=''Oriental Institute Publications.'' Band 70). University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1970, Tafeln 22B und 33.
oi.chigaco.edu
*

: ''Beiträge zu altpersischen Inschriften''. Reichert, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-89500-114-7. * Rüdiger Schmitt: ''Frustula Susiana.'' In: ''Studia Iranica.'' Band 28, 1999, S. 163–171. * Rüdiger Schmitt: ''The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis.'' (= ''Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum''. Part I Inscriptions of Ancient Iran. Vol. I The Old Persian Inscriptions. Texts II). School of Oriental and African Studies, London 2000, ISBN 0-7286-0314-4. * * Rüdiger Schmitt: ''Die altpersischen Inschriften der Achaimeniden''. Editio minor mit deutscher Übersetzung. Reichert, Wiesbaden 2009. () * Rüdiger Schmitt: ''Wörterbuch der altpersischen Königsinschriften''. Reichert, Wiesbaden 2014. * Rüdiger Schmitt: ''Dareios’ Inschrift ‚DPd‘ - Gebet, Dichtung, in metrischer Form?''. In: Norbert Oettinger, Stefan Schaffner, Thomas Steer: ''„Denken sie einfach!“'' Gedenkschrift für Karl Hoffmann. Dettelbach 2020. ISBN 978-3-89754-584-7, S. 235–254.
dwee.saw-leipzig.de
* Albert Schott: ''Erster vorläufiger Bericht über die von der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft in Uruk-Warka unternommenen Ausgrabungen''. Berlin 1930. *

Friedrich Eduard Schulz Friedrich Eduard Schulz (1799–1829, also known as Friedrich Edward Schulz) was a German philosopher and orientalist, who was one of the first to uncover evidence of the Kingdom of Urartu. Research on Urartu In 1827, the French scholar ...

: ''Mémoire sur le lac de Van et ses environs.'' In: ''

'' 3. Ser., Bd. 9, 1840, S. 257–323.
gallica.bnf.fr
Digitalisat) * Günter Schweiger: ''Kritische Neuedition der achaemenidischen Keilinschriften''. 2 Bände. Schweiger VWT-Verlag, Taimering 1998. * Ursula Seidl: ''Ein Monument Darius' I. aus Babylon.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie'' Band 89, 1999, S. 101–114. * Sukumar Sen: ''Old Persian Inscriptions of the Achaememian Emperors''. University of Calcutta 1941. () *

Alireza Shapour Shahbazi Alireza Shapour Shahbazi (4 September 1942 Shiraz - 15 July 2006 Walla Walla, Washington) () was a prominent Persian archaeologist, Iranologist and a world expert on Achaemenid archaeology. Shahbazi got a BA degree in and an MA degree in East As ...

: ''Old Persian Inscriptions of the Persepolis platform''. London 1985. *

Nicholas Sims-Williams Nicholas Sims-Williams, FBA (born 11 April 1949, Chatham, Kent) is a British professor of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, where he is the Research Professor of Iranian Iranian () may refer to: * Somethi ...

: ''The final paragraph of the tomb-inscription of Darius I (DNb, 50-60): the Old Persian text in the light of an Aramaic version'' (=''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.'' Band 44). Cambridge 1981, S. 1–7. * Sidney Smith: ''Assyriological Notes''. In: ''

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland The ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' is an academic journal which publishes articles on the history, archaeology, literature, language, religion and art of South Asia, the Middle East (together with North Africa and Ethiopia), Central Asia ...

''. Bd. 3, 1926, S. 433–436.
jstor
* Marie-Joseph Steve: ''Inscriptions des Achéménides à Suse (Fouilles de 1952 à 1965).'' In: ''Studia Iranica.'' Band 3, Paris 1974. * Marie–Joseph Steve: ''Nouveaux mélanges épigraphiques: Inscriptions royales de Suse et de la Susiane''. Nizza 1987, ISBN 2-86410-098-3. *

Friedrich Spiegel Friedrich (von) Spiegel (11 July 1820 in Kitzingen – 15 December 1905 in München) was a German orientalist. He was one of the pioneers in the field of Iranian philology, and as such a major influence on the works of German 19th century phi ...

: ''Die altpersischen Keilinschriften im Grundtext, mit Übersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar.'' Leipzig 1862. (

). 2. Auflage 1881. * Franz Stolze: ''Persepolis: die achaemenidischen und sasanidischen Denkmäler und Inschriften von Persepolis, Istakhr, Pasargadae, Shâhpûr.'' 2. Band. Berlin 1882.
gallica.bnf.fr
*

David Stronach David Brian Stronach (10 June 1931 – 27 June 2020) was a Scottish archaeologist of ancient Iran and Iraq who became an expert on the city of Pasargadae and an emeritus professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Born in June 1931, S ...

: ''Excavations at Pasargadae: Third Preliminary Report.'' In: ''Iran.'' Band 3, 1965, S. 9–40, hier S. 29 und Tafel 6e.
jstor.org
* David Stronach: ''Pasargadae. A Report on the Excavations conducted by the British Institute of Persian Studies from 1961 to 1963.'' Oxford 1978, ISBN 0-19-813190-9, S. 101–103. * Herbert Cushing Tolman: ''Ancient Persian Lexicon'' (= ''The Vanderbilt Oriental Series''. Band 6). New York, Cincinnati, Chicago 1908
ia600204.us.archive.org
Digitalisat) * Leo Trümpelmann: ''Persepolis. Ein Weltwunder der Antike.'' In: ''Archäologie des Achämenidenreiches.'' Band 14. Mainz 1988. ISBN 978-3-8053-1016-1. * François Vallat: ''Table élamite de Darius I^er'' (=''Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale''. Band 64, Nr. 2). Paris 1970, S. 149–160.
jstor.org
* François Vallat: ''Epigraphie achéménide.'' (= ''Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran''. Nr. 2). Paris 1972, S. 203–217. * François Vallat: ''Deux inscriptions élamites de Darius I^er (DSf et DSz).'' In: ''Studia Iranica.'' Band 1, 1972, S. 3–13. * François Vallat: ''Les textes cunéiformes de la statue de Darius'' (=''Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran''. Band 4). Paris 1974, S. 161–170 und Figuren 25–28. * François Vallat: ''La triple inscription cunéiforme de la statue de Darius I^er (DSab)'' (=''Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale''. Band 68, Nr. 2). Paris 1974, S. 157–166.
jstor.org
* François Vallat: ''Corpus des inscriptions royales en élamite achéménide''. Dissertation Université la Sorbonne, Paris 1977 (

, Digitalisat) * François Vallat: ''Les inscriptions du palais d'Artaxerxes II.'' In: ''Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran.'' Nr. 10, Paris 1979, S. 145–154. * François Vallat: ''Un fragment de tablette achéménide et la turquoise''. In: ''Akkadica.'' Band 33, 1983, S. 63–68. * François Vallat: ''Table accadienne de Darius I^er (DSaa)''. In: Leon de Meyer, Hermann Gasche, François Vallat: ''Fragmenta historiae Elamicae : mélanges offerts à Marie-Joseph Steve''. Paris 1986, S. 277–287. * François Vallat: ''Les principales inscriptions achémenénides de Suse.'' In: Jean Perrot (Hrsg.): ''Le palais de Darius à Suse: une résidence royale sur la route de Persépolis à Babylone''. Paris 2010, S. 312–313. * W. C. Benedict, Elizabeth von Voigtlander: ''Darius' Bisitun Inscription, Babylonian Version, Lines 1-29'' (=''Journal of Cuneiform Studies.'' Band 10, No. 1). 1956, S. 1–10.
jstor.org
* Elizabeth N. von Voigtlander: ''The Bisitun inscription of Darius the Great, Babylonian version.'' (= ''Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum''. Band 2). London 1978, ISBN 0-85331-408-X. * Christopher B. F. Walker: ''Cuneiform Brick Inscriptions in the British Museum, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, the City of Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery, the City of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery.'' Trustees of the British Museum, London 1981. * Franz Heinrich Weißbach: ''Die Achämenideninschriften zweiter Art''. Leipzig 1890. (

, Digitalisat) * Franz Heinrich Weißbach: ''Die dreisprachige Inschrift von Artaxerxes Mnemon.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete.'' Band 6, 1891, S. 159f.
menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de
Digitalisat) * Franz Heinrich Weißbach: ''Das Grab des Cyrus und die Inschriften von Murghab.'' In: ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.'' Band 48, 1894, S. 653–665
menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de
Digitalisat) * Franz Heinrich Weißbach: ''Die Keilinschriften der Achämeniden''. Leipzig 1911.
idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de
Digitalisat) * Franz Heinrich Weißbach: ''Die Keilinschriften am Grabe des Darius Hystaspis''. Leipzig 1911.
digital.slub-dresden.de
* Franz Heinrich Weißbach: ''Zu der Goldinschrift des Dareios I.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie''. Band 37, Heft 4, 1927, S. 291–294. ( doi:10.1515/zava.1927.37.4.291) * Chlodwig H. Werba: ''mavāred-rā na-bāyad ziyād kard be joz-e ehtiyāj. (Indo-)Iranische Rekonstrukte als textkritisches Korrektiv in der Altiranistik.'' In: Heiner Eichner, Bert G. Fragner, Velizar Sadovski, Rüdiger Schmitt (Hrsg.): ''Iranistik in Europa – gestern, heute, morgen''. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2006, S. 261–306. * Joan G. Westenholz, Matthew W. Stolper: ''A stone jar with inscriptions of Darius I in four languages.'' (= ''Achaemenid Research on Texts and Archaeology''. Band 2002.005)
academia.edu
Digitalisat) *

Niels Ludvig Westergaard Niels Ludvig Westergaard (27 October 1815 – 9 September 1878) was a Danish Orientalist and professor. Biography Westergaard was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 1833, he became a student at Borgerdivskolen in Copenhagen. Westergaard studied Ol ...

: ''Zur Entzifferung der Achämenidischen Keilschrift zweiter Gattung.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.'' Band 6, 1845, S. 337ff.
digitale-sammlungen.de
Digitalisat) * Niels Ludvig Westergaard: ''On the deciphering of the second Achaemenian or Median species of arrowheaded writing''. In: ''Mémoires de la Société royale des antiquaires du Nord.'' Band 2, 1845. (

, Digitalisat) *

Edwin M. Yamauchi Edwin Masao Yamauchi (born 1937 in Hilo, Hawaii) is a Japanese-American historian, (Protestant) Christian apologist, editor and academic. He is Professor Emeritus of History at Miami University, where he taught from 1969 until 2005. He is marr ...

: ''Persia and the Bible''. Grand Rapids 1990, ISBN 0-8010-9899-8. *

Jean Yoyotte Jean Yoyotte (4 August 1927 – 1 July 2009) was a French Egyptologist, a professor of Egyptology at the Collège de France and director of research at the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE). Biography Born in 1927 at Lyon, Yoyotte atten ...

: ''La statue égyptienne de Darius.'' In: Jean Perrot (Hrsg.): ''Le palais de Darius à Suse: une résidence royale sur la route de Persépolis à Babylone''. Paris 2010, S. 256–299. {{refend

External links

''Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions''
at Livius.org Archaeology-related lists Achaemenid Empire Cuneiform