2025 United States–Iran Negotiations
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On April 12, 2025, the United States and Iran started a series of negotiations aimed at reaching a nuclear peace agreement, following a
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from President
Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...
to Supreme Leader
Ali Khamenei Ali Hosseini Khamenei (; born 19 April 1939) is an Iranian cleric and politician who has served as the second supreme leader of Iran since 1989. He previously served as the third President of Iran, president from 1981 to 1989. Khamenei's tenure ...
. The letter set a two-month (60 day) deadline for Iran to reach an agreement. The first round of high level-meetings was held in
Oman Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia and the Middle East. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Oman’s coastline ...
on April 12, 2025, led by U.S. Special Envoy
Steve Witkoff Steven Charles Witkoff (born March 15, 1957) is an American real estate investor and lawyer who has served as the Ambassadors of the United States#Special envoys, representatives, and coordinators, United States Special Envoy to the Middle East ...
and Iranian Foreign Minister
Abbas Araghchi Sayyid Abbas Araghchi (, ; also spelled Araqchi, born 5 December 1962) is an Iranian diplomat and politician, who is the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran since August 2024. He previously served as the Spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign A ...
. The discussions were described as constructive. The second round of Omani-mediated talks took place in
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on April 19, 2025, again with indirect discussions between Witkoff and Araghchi. This was followed by a third high-level round in
Muscat Muscat (, ) is the capital and most populous city in Oman. It is the seat of the Governorate of Muscat. According to the National Centre for Statistics and Information (NCSI), the population of the Muscat Governorate in 2022 was 1.72 million. ...
round a week later, and an expert-level meeting to develop a framework for a possible nuclear agreement, led by
Michael Anton Michael Anton (born 1969) is an American conservative essayist, speechwriter and former private-equity executive who is currently the director of policy planning in the second Trump administration since January 2025. Previously, he was a se ...
for the U.S. and by
Majid Takht-Ravanchi Majid Takht-Ravanchi (also Takht-e-Ravanchi, , born 15 October 1958, in Tehran) is an Iranian diplomat who is currently political deputy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran since September 2024. He served as the Ambassador of Iran to the Un ...
for Iran. The US military has been building up its presence in the Middle East as the threat of war escalates. US bases throughout the region accommodate approximately 50,000 American troops. As part of the peace proposals, Iran offered to build at least 19 additional reactors, suggesting that contracts for these projects could help revive the struggling U.S. nuclear industry. Araghchi's planned speech announcing this, however, was cancelled. On May 27, Trump claimed both sides were close to finalizing the talks, with strong inspections because "I don't trust anybody". Araghchi stated he was unsure whether a deal was imminent, while Khamenei advisor Shamkhani said Trump's desired control over the Iranian nuclear program was a "fantasy". Israel has reportedly threatened to preemptively attack Iranian nuclear installations with potential forewarning. On May 31, the
IAEA The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was established in 1957 ...
reported that Iran had amassed a record amount of military-grade enriched uranium. On June 11, US embassies in Iraq and other Arab states began to evacuate personnel in response to Iranian threats on American bases. The
Houthis The Houthis, officially known as Ansar Allah, is a Zaydism, Zaydi Shia Islamism, Shia Islamist political and military organization that emerged from Yemen in the 1990s. It is predominantly made up of Zaydi Shias, with their namesake leadersh ...
threatened retaliation against the United States should an attack be launched on Iran. President Trump was reportedly provided a range of options for an attack on Iran by CENTCOM. The UK issued a threat advisory for ships in the
Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf, sometimes called the Arabian Gulf, is a Mediterranean seas, mediterranean sea in West Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Arabian Sea and the larger Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.Un ...
. The IAEA declared Iran in breach of its non-proliferation obligations on June 12. The following day, Israel launched large-scale attacks on Iran, which are ongoing. Following the attacks, Iran pulled out and suspended nuclear talks indefinitely.


Background

Iran's nuclear program The Nuclear technology, nuclear program of Iran is one of the most scrutinized nuclear programs in the world. The military capabilities of the program are possible through its mass Enriched uranium, enrichment activities in facilities such a ...
has been a focal point of international scrutiny for decades. While the country suspended its formal nuclear weapons program in 2003, and claims its nuclear activities are solely for peaceful purposes, it has continued weaponization efforts and enriched uranium to levels approaching the weapons-grade threshold. The program has received external assistance, including from
Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
and
North Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu River, Yalu (Amnok) an ...
, with the latter supplying both missiles and uranium. Iran has developed long-range missile technology under the
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), also known as the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, is a multi-service primary branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces, Iranian Armed Forces. It was officially established by Ruhollah Khom ...
(IRGC), with some designs based on North Korean models. Its latest developments could enable nuclear-capable missiles with a range of up to 3,000 km, capable of reaching targets in
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. Analysts and researchers say that a nuclear-armed Iran poses significant global security risks and undermines the stability of the
Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...
.
International Atomic Energy Agency The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear technology, nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was ...
(IAEA) chief
Rafael Grossi Rafael Mariano Grossi (born 29 January 1961) is an Argentine diplomat. He has been serving as Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) since December 3, 2019. He was formerly the Argentine Ambassador to Austria, concurrent ...
warns that an Iranian nuclear weapon could trigger broad
nuclear proliferation Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries, particularly those not recognized as List of states with nuclear weapons, nuclear-weapon states by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonl ...
, as other countries, particularly in the Middle East, may seek similar capabilities in response. Concerns also exist that Iran's nuclear assets could fall into the hands of extremist factions due to internal instability or regime change. Additionally, Iran's success in acquiring nuclear weapons could encourage other regional powers to seek their own nuclear arsenals. The potential transfer of nuclear technology or weapons to radical states and terrorist organizations heightens fears of
nuclear terrorism Nuclear terrorism is the use of a nuclear weapon or radiological weapon as an act of terrorism. There are many possible terror incidents, ranging in feasibility and scope. These include the sabotage of a nuclear facility, the intentional irrad ...
. Scholars argue that a nuclear-armed Iran could feel emboldened to increase its support for terrorism and insurgency—core elements of its strategy—while deterring retaliation through its newfound nuclear leverage. In response to Iran's nuclear program, the international community imposed sanctions that severely impacted its economy, restricting its oil exports and limiting access to global financial systems. In 2015, however, the
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA; (, BARJAM)), also known as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal, is an agreement to limit the Iranian nuclear program in return for sanctions relief and other provisions. The agreement was finalize ...
(JCPOA) was signed, imposing strict limitations on Iran's nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. In 2018, the United States withdrew from the agreement, with President
Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...
stating that "the heart of the Iran deal was a giant fiction: that a murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy program". The US also contended that the agreement was inadequate because it did not impose limitations on Iran's ballistic missile program, and failed to curb its backing of proxy groups. Prior to the second Trump administration, the Biden administration held talks with Iran that were ultimately unsuccessful.In November 2024, Iranians reported that Trump advisor Elon Musk had met Iranian envoy. In early 2025, reports stated that "Iran is closer to a bomb than ever before," as the country escalated its uranium enrichment activities, reaching levels of up to 60% purity. IAEA reported that Iran possesses approximately 250 kilograms of uranium enriched to this level, which could potentially yield multiple nuclear weapons if further refined. A report from the Office of the
Director of National Intelligence The director of national intelligence (DNI) is a Cabinet of the United States#Current Cabinet and Cabinet-rank officials, cabinet-level Federal government of the United States, United States government intelligence and security official. The p ...
concluded that Iran had sufficient fissile material to produce more than a dozen nuclear weapons. The
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reports that Iran could enrich enough uranium for one nuclear bomb in just a week and accumulate enough for seven bombs within a month. Iranian officials have stated that while the country possesses the technical capability to develop nuclear weapons, they have also hinted that the current religious ruling forbidding it could change. In February 2025, Trump reinstated the
maximum pressure campaign Maximum pressure campaign refers to the intensified sanctions against Iran by the Trump administration after the United States exited the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2018. The campaign was aimed at pressuring Iran to renegotiate ...
to push Iran into a new nuclear deal, prevent its development of nuclear weapons, and counter its regional influence. He said he would not tolerate an "Iranian nuclear weapons capability" and did not rule out supporting military action if diplomacy failed, with his team stating that "all options are on the table" when it comes to Iran. In April 2025 Atomic Energy Organization of Iran chief Mohammad Eslami declared Iran plans to build more nuclear power plants.


Trump's letter to Khamenei

On March 7, Trump announced that he had written a letter to Ali Khamenei, expressing his desire to initiate new nuclear negotiations with Iran. He warned that failure to accept the proposal could expose Iran to serious military consequences. Trump also imposed additional sanctions on the country and pledged to reduce Iran's oil exports to zero. According to Emirati political scientist Abdulkhaleq Abdullah, the letter included demands that Iran fully dismantle its nuclear program, halt all enrichment, and end support for regional proxy groups, with compliance required within two months. In exchange, the U.S. offered to lift sanctions and normalize relations, while warning that failure to negotiate would result in military strikes. Initially, Khamenei did not acknowledge the letter, indicating that Iran would not meet the new expectations. During March 2025, Iran and the U.S. engaged in indirect exchanges over Trump’s letter, with both sides issuing threats. Khamenei reportedly changed his mind about the negotiations after his advisors warned that the threat of war with the United States and the deepening economic crisis could bring down the regime. By the end of March, the Iranian leadership sent a reply to the letter expressing readiness for nuclear negotiations.


Participants

Participants of the high-level negotiations: * U.S.:
Steve Witkoff Steven Charles Witkoff (born March 15, 1957) is an American real estate investor and lawyer who has served as the Ambassadors of the United States#Special envoys, representatives, and coordinators, United States Special Envoy to the Middle East ...
- White House special envoy leading the American side of the negotiations with Iran. * Iran:
Abbas Araghchi Sayyid Abbas Araghchi (, ; also spelled Araqchi, born 5 December 1962) is an Iranian diplomat and politician, who is the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran since August 2024. He previously served as the Spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign A ...
- Iranian
foreign minister In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral r ...
who insisted on indirect talks and has published an op-ed in ''
The Washington Post ''The Washington Post'', locally known as ''The'' ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'' or ''WP'', is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital. It is the most widely circulated newspaper in the Washington m ...
'' to appeal to Trump. Participants of the expert-level negotiations: * U.S.: Director of Policy Planning
Michael Anton Michael Anton (born 1969) is an American conservative essayist, speechwriter and former private-equity executive who is currently the director of policy planning in the second Trump administration since January 2025. Previously, he was a se ...
, and representatives from the Department of State and Department of Treasury. * Iran: Deputy Foreign Minister
Majid Takht-Ravanchi Majid Takht-Ravanchi (also Takht-e-Ravanchi, , born 15 October 1958, in Tehran) is an Iranian diplomat who is currently political deputy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran since September 2024. He served as the Ambassador of Iran to the Un ...
, who was involved in the 2015 nuclear negotiations. There are no European negotiators. France stated its intention to participate, but was not included in the talks.


Negotiation rounds and related developments


First round

The first round was held on April 12, 2025, in Oman, Muscat. The talks were led by U.S. Special Envoy Steve Witkoff and Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi; each delegation was in separate rooms, with messages relayed through Omani mediators. The discussions were described as constructive. Afterwards, the leaders of both negotiating teams spoke briefly in person. An Iranian news outlet reported that during the talks in Oman, Iran proposed a three-step plan to reach a deal with the United States: # Iran would agree to temporarily lower its uranium enrichment to 3.67% in return for access to frozen financial assets in the United States and authorization to export its oil. # Iran would permanently halt high-level uranium enrichment, restore inspections by the UN nuclear watchdog, and commit to implementing the Additional Protocol, allowing for surprise inspections at undeclared sites. These steps would be taken if the United States lifts further sanctions and persuades Britain, Germany, and France not to trigger the snapback of UN sanctions against Tehran. # The U.S. Congress would approve the nuclear agreement and Washington would lift both primary and secondary sanctions, while Iran would transfer its stockpiles of highly enriched uranium to a third country. Iran had reportedly also proposed steps to deescalate tensions, including a pledge to disarm and freeze the activities of
Hamas The Islamic Resistance Movement, abbreviated Hamas (the Arabic acronym from ), is a Palestinian nationalist Sunni Islam, Sunni Islamism, Islamist political organisation with a military wing, the Qassam Brigades. It has Gaza Strip under Hama ...
, the
Houthis The Houthis, officially known as Ansar Allah, is a Zaydism, Zaydi Shia Islamism, Shia Islamist political and military organization that emerged from Yemen in the 1990s. It is predominantly made up of Zaydi Shias, with their namesake leadersh ...
,
Hezbollah Hezbollah ( ; , , ) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group. Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council, and its political wing is the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese Parliament. I ...
, and Hashd al-Shaabi. U.S. envoy Witkoff reportedly welcomed the proposals presented by the Iranian delegation in Muscat, which was unexpected by the Iranian side.


Second round

The second round of Omani-mediated talks in
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occurred on April 19, 2025, one week after the initial meeting in Muscat, the capital of Oman in four hours. Once again, the indirect discussions were led by Araghchi and Witkoff, with messages conveyed through Omani Foreign Minister Badr al-Busaidi. Afterwards, U.S. president Trump said that he was open to meet Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. Following the second round of talks, the Israeli Air Force reportedly conducted drills simulating an Iranian missile attack on Israeli airbases. Meanwhile, Iran was reported to be constructing a large security barrier around two underground tunnel complexes linked to its main nuclear facility. Russia promised to fund the construction of a nuclear reactor in Iran. China, Russia, and Iran held a joint meeting with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on April 24 to discuss Iran's nuclear program.


Third round

The third round of high-level negotiations took place on April 26, 2025, along with the first round of expert-level talks. The high-level talks were described as serious and productive, with both sides aiming for an agreement based on mutual respect. Araghchi reported progress but noted that key differences remained. Trump's special envoy, Witkoff, aims to finalize the deal within 60 days; however, he is likely to encounter resistance from Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi due to the significant mistrust between the two parties. Another critical issue is Iran's stockpile of highly enriched uranium and its potential destruction, for which the US would agree to lift economic sanctions. While Iran intends to retain its enriched uranium stockpile within its borders, the US insists on transferring it to a third country. Additionally, Iran seeks guarantees to protect itself in the event that the US withdraws from or violates the agreement.


Post-third round developments

France warned that if no deal was reached on Iran's nuclear program, it is prepared to trigger the snapback mechanism to restore U.N. sanctions to reinstate the U.N. sanctions that were lifted under the JCPOA. Along with Britain and Germany, France can activate this process before the JCPOA expires in October, which would permanently cut Iran off from key technology, investment, and European markets, dealing a severe blow to its economy. However, Iranian foreign minister Araghchi later warned the European parties against initiating snapback sanctions, cautioning that such a move would severely harm the negotiations — a warning he repeated several times in the following weeks. Iran has proposed holding further talks with European participation, while also offering investment opportunities. On April 30, US Treasury sanctioned 6 Chinese chemical components companies connected to Iran. On May 1, defense secretary Hegseth posted that Iran will pay for supporting Houthis attacks on merchant ships in Red Sea crisis. President Trump warned secondary sanctions on entities buying any oil and petrochemicals from Iran. Rubio warned to walk away from nuclear enrichment. Araghchi canceled the May 4 meeting on "technical reason". Trump called for full dismantling of nuclear enrichment. Iran then created a new ballistic missile and threatened to hit US military bases. Revolutionary Guard General
Salami Salami ( ; : ''salame'') is a ''salume'' consisting of fermented and air-dried meat, typically pork. Historically, salami was popular among Southern, Eastern, and Central European peasants because it can be stored at room temperature fo ...
has warned that IRGC would open hell gates on invaders. The fourth round of negotiations, originally scheduled for May 3, 2025, in Rome, was postponed amid rising tensions. Iranian officials cited U.S. sanctions, military action against the Houthis, and what they described as "contradictory behaviour and provocative statements" by Washington as contributing factors, while stating that a new date would depend on the U.S. approach. Oman, which has mediated previous rounds, referred to logistical reasons for the delay. A source familiar with the matter indicated that the United States had not confirmed its participation, and that the timing and venue for the next round remained unconfirmed. The negotiations are taking place amid daily
rolling blackouts A rolling blackout, also referred to as rota or rotational load shedding, rota disconnection, feeder rotation, or a rotating outage, is an intentionally engineered Electric power system, electrical power shutdown in which electricity delivery i ...
across Iran due to ongoing electricity shortages. Supporters of Iran's nuclear program argue that the country requires nuclear energy for electricity generation. On May 7, 2025, ahead of the
2025 visit by Donald Trump to the Middle East From May 13 to 16, 2025, Donald Trump, the 47th president of the United States, undertook his first major international trip of his second term, visiting Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. Trump was joined by a Republican delega ...
, U.S. officials reported that president
Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...
had decided that United States federal agencies would refer to the
Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf, sometimes called the Arabian Gulf, is a Mediterranean seas, mediterranean sea in West Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Arabian Sea and the larger Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.Un ...
as the "Arabian Gulf" or the "Gulf of Arabia" and had plans to make it official during a planned visit to
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...
later in May. This plan received outrage and condemnation from Iranians and the Iranian government, and could harm the negotiations. The proposed change was opposed by Iranians across the political spectrum, who displayed rare unity in rejecting the possible American move. Later that day, however, Trump told reporters that he had yet to make a decision whether to use "Arabian Gulf", stating, "I don't want to hurt anybody's feelings," appearing to acknowledge Iran's fierce opposition to that name. He said he would decide while on his visit, yet no announcement was made. That same day,
JD Vance James David Vance (born James Donald Bowman, August2, 1984) is an American politician, author, attorney, and Marine Corps veteran who is the 50th vice president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republic ...
said that the deal would allow
Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
to rejoin the global economy. Republican Senators
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and
Tom Cotton Thomas Bryant Cotton (born May 13, 1977) is an American politician and United States Army, Army veteran serving since 2015 as the Seniority in the United States Senate, junior United States Senate, United States senator from Arkansas. A memb ...
warned the next day that any future U.S.–Iran nuclear agreement would require
Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
approval to be durable, and that such approval would only be possible if Iran fully dismantled its enrichment capabilities and addressed its missile and terrorism activities. A group of Senate Republicans called for the inclusion of a 123 Agreement, which would impose strict safeguards and require full dismantlement before any cooperation. While such agreements regulate peaceful nuclear cooperation, experts noted that applying one to Iran would be highly unusual due to its history of proliferation violations and ongoing
IAEA The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was established in 1957 ...
investigations. According to a well-informed source, a 123 Agreement was included in the current talks with Iran.
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released a video titled "Satellite images show alleged Iranian nuclear weapons facility" on May 9. The video allegedly revealed a previously unknown Iranian nuclear weapons site, a 2,500-acre facility referred to as the "Rainbow Site," in the Semnan province. According to Fox News, it has operated for over a decade under the cover of the chemical company "Diba Energy Siba", and is involved in
tritium Tritium () or hydrogen-3 (symbol T or H) is a rare and radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a half-life of ~12.33 years. The tritium nucleus (t, sometimes called a ''triton'') contains one proton and two neutrons, whereas the nucleus of the ...
extraction, a process with almost no civilian or commercial uses but known to enhance nuclear weapons. Araghchi rejected the report, calling it Israeli-driven propaganda aimed at disrupting the negotiations with the U.S. He accused the
National Council of Resistance of Iran The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI; ) is an Iranian political organization based in France and Albania and was founded by Massoud Rajavi and Abolhassan Banisadr. The organization is a political coalition calling to overthrow the I ...
of spreading this "fabricated report". The next day, Witkoff stated that Iran's uranium enrichment facilities must be dismantled for Washington to believe its claim of not seeking nuclear weapons. He added that Iran must permanently end its enrichment program, stressing that this requires dismantling its facilities at
Natanz Natanz () is a city in the Central District of Natanz County, Isfahan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is south-east of Kashan. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, th ...
, Fordow, and
Isfahan Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city ...
, and ensuring there is no weaponization. He emphasized that if the next round of talks with Iran fail to yield results, they will end and the U.S. will pursue alternative options. During his speech on May 10, Khamenei supported chants of "death to America".


Fourth round

The fourth round of talks were held on May 11 in Oman prior to Trump's visit to the Middle East. The talks were high-level only, focusing on a broader framework, with technical negotiators not participating. lasted for more than three hours, with both sides calling the discussions difficult but constructive and agreeing to continue. According to unnamed Iranian officials, Iran proposed a joint nuclear-enrichment project with regional Arab states and U.S. investment as an alternative to dismantling its nuclear program. U.S. envoy Steve Witkoff denied this was discussed. The plan's feasibility remains uncertain given regional tensions and the lack of diplomatic ties between Iran and the U.S. for 45 years. On May 12 the U.S. imposed new sanctions targeting Iranian nuclear research with possible military applications, followed days later by sanctions on individuals and entities in China and Iran over support for Iran's ballistic missile program. On May 14, 52 senators and 177 congressmen wrote a letter to Trump to reject any deal hat would allow Iran to continue uranium enrichment, stating that no agreement should leave open a path to nuclear weapons. On May 14, Iran ratified the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime as part of its efforts to meet the FATF Action Plan requirements for improving its anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing system.


Trump's May 2025 proposal and Iranian response

During Donald Trump's trip to the Middle East in mid-May, he mentioned Iran on several occasions. In
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...
, he called Iran the most destructive force in the Middle East and stated that Iran's leaders had focused on stealing their people's wealth to fund terror and bloodshed, tearing the region down. During that same visit though, he offered an olive branch to Iran, expressing his strongest willingness so far to engage in negotiations. The move was seen as a shift in U.S. foreign policy, emphasizing that the U.S. does not see any nation as a permanent enemy. During his next stop, Trump appealed to Qatari's
emir Emir (; ' (), also Romanization of Arabic, transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic language, Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocratic, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person po ...
to use his influence to help persuade Iran to reach a deal with the U.S. over its nuclear program, calling the situation perilous and stressing the need for a solution. Khamenei advisor Shamkhani responded to Trump's offer and said that the Iranian government was ready to sign the nuclear deal in exchange for the quick removal of all financial sanctions, at the same time criticizing Trump's rhetoric and ongoing threats, saying: “He speaks of an olive branch, but we see only barbed wire.” Trump confirmed that the U.S. was very close to reaching a nuclear deal with Iran and that he preferred a peaceful solution over military action. However, Iranian officials denied having received a new U.S. proposal and insisted they would not give up their right to enrich uranium. Although both countries expressed a preference for diplomacy, sharp disagreements persisted and continued to block progress toward an agreement, increasing the risk of military confrontation. On May 16, Trump sent Iran a nuclear proposal and warned that swift progress was necessary to avoid serious consequences. The Trump administration increasingly demanded that Iran abandon uranium enrichment, making this a central issue. Khamenei rejected the proposal, dismissing this U.S. demand as "excessive and outrageous". He accused Trump of lying about seeking peace and declared him unworthy of a response. Khamenei also reiterated that Israel is "cancerous tumour" that must be uprooted. The same day Trump urged Iran to "move quickly" toward a deal, Iran held talks with European powers in
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about its nuclear negotiations with the U.S. Iranian foreign minister Araghchi cautioned that reinstating UN sanctions, which had been lifted under the 2015 nuclear agreement that expires in October this year, could lead to "irreversible" consequences. On May 20,
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reported Israel was preparing to strike Iranian nuclear facilities, an action that would mark a clear break with Trump s efforts Iran warned that any Israeli attack would be met with a “devastating and decisive response.” The day after, the U.S. imposed new measures targeting Iran's construction sector, linked to the
IRGC The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), also known as the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, is a multi-service primary branch of the Iranian Armed Forces. It was officially established by Ruhollah Khomeini as a military branch in May 1979 i ...
, and restricted 10 materials tied to its nuclear and military programs.


Fifth round

The fifth round of talks, held on May 23 in Rome, ended without a breakthrough, though both sides agreed to continue discussions. U.S. officials described the talks as constructive but emphasized that significant differences remained, particularly over the demand from the U.S. that Iran dismantle its uranium enrichment program. Iran maintained that while it was open to limiting enrichment levels, giving up enrichment entirely was unacceptable and would collapse the negotiations. After these mixed signals, Trump was optimistic and said that progress had been made. In the weeks leading up to the fifth round, tensions between Trump and Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu had increased over the U.S. decision to engage in nuclear talks with Iran, which Israel viewed as a serious threat to its security and regional interests. Israel strongly opposed the negotiations, lobbying against diplomatic efforts and threatening unilateral military action, including potential strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities, a position critics warn could endanger diplomacy and heighten regional tensions. Iran had reportedly strengthened its air defense systems and increased military investments in preparation for a possible U.S. or Israeli attack if negotiations failed. Iran also ordered ordered a large amount of Chinese solid-fuel components for ballistic missiles. Iranian foreign minister Araghchi warned that any war against Iran would cause widespread destruction across the Middle East, and the entire region would suffer if conflict erupted. On May 26, Austria's domestic intelligence service reported that Iran is pursuing an advanced nuclear weapons program with ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads over long distances. Iran rejected the intelligence report as "false and baseless," calling it an attempt to create "media hype" against Iran and lacking any credibility. Iran also denied having agreed to a three-year pause of its enrichment program. On June 2,
Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide writing in 16 languages. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency ...
reported that Iran was preparing to decline the U.S. proposal. After speculation that Iran might be allowed limited uranium enrichment under a possible deal, Senator Schumer demanded that Witkoff testify before
Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...
to clarify whether any such side agreement exists. The administration publicly maintained that Iran would not be permitted to enrich uranium. Trump also declared firmly that the deal would prohibit it. Khamenei responded that uranium enrichment is central to Iran's nuclear program and he rejected U.S. demands to halt it. Although the American government had suspended new sanctions on Iran on June 2, just four days later it imposed secondary sanctions on 10 individuals and 27 financial investment companies and trading firms.


Iran's rejection of the US proposal

On June 9, Iran rejected the Trump administration's proposal for a new nuclear deal but announced plans to present a counteroffer through Omani mediators. Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Esmaeil Baghaei called the U.S. proposal unacceptable and not aligned with the ongoing negotiations. The main points of disagreement include Iran's right to continue domestic uranium enrichment, the handling of its current stockpiles of highly enriched uranium, and the conditions for lifting sanctions. While Trump has demanded the full dismantlement of Iran's enrichment program, Iranian leaders insist that enrichment is non-negotiable. The latest U.S. offer reportedly included assistance in building nuclear power reactors and allowed limited enrichment until a regional consortium facility becomes operational. A central demand from Iran is that sanctions relief must bring tangible economic benefits. Baghaei emphasized that this includes guarantees of restored banking and trade ties with other countries before any sanctions are lifted. He also urged the international community to address Israel's undeclared nuclear arsenal and prevent it from derailing negotiations. On June 10, Trump stated in a Fox News interview that Iran was becoming "much more aggressive" in the negotiations. The following day, Iranian defense minister Aziz Nasirzadeh warned that if negotiations with the U.S. collapse and conflict erupts, Iran will target American bases in the region. He stated that all U.S. bases in nearby countries are within reach. Trump has also repeatedly threatened Iran with military action if no deal is reached. U.S. defense secretary Hegseth announced that the U.S. military was getting ready in case the talks fail. On June 12, 2025, IAEA found Iran non-compliant with its nuclear obligations for the first time in 20 years. The IAEA stated that Iran's repeated failure to fully address questions about undeclared nuclear material and activities amounts to non-compliance. It also raised concerns over Iran's enriched uranium stockpile, which could be used for both reactor fuel and nuclear weapons. Iran dismissed the resolution as politically motivated, and declared plans to build a new enrichment site and install advanced centrifuges.


2025 Israeli strikes

Beginning on June 13, 2025,
Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...
attacked targets at more than a dozen locations across
Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
. With the stated goal of preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons, the
Israel Defense Forces The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; , ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branches: the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, and ...
(IDF) and
Mossad The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (), popularly known as Mossad ( , ), is the national intelligence agency of the Israel, State of Israel. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with M ...
damaged key nuclear sites and military installations and killed several of Iran's top military leaders. Among those targeted was Khamenei's political advisor Ali Shamkhani, who oversaw negotiations between the United States and Iran. Following the attack, the sixth round of negotiations between US and Iran which were scheduled to take place in
Oman Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia and the Middle East. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Oman’s coastline ...
on June 15 were indefinitely suspended. The plan to strike Iran’s missile and nuclear programs was set in motion after Iran attacked Israel in October 2024, leading Israeli prime minister Netanyahu to order military preparations. Trump initially opposed Israeli military action, preferring negotiations over conflict. He also faced private pressure from some allies who urged him to avoid deeper U.S. involvement. However, in the days leading up to the strikes, he came to see Israel’s growing concerns as justified. Intelligence reports about Iran’s expanding missile arsenal, possible nuclear weaponization, and the imminent opening of a heavily fortified enrichment facility heightened the urgency. After a key briefing from
Joint Chiefs The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the United States Department of Defense, which advises the president of the United States, the United States Secretary of Defense, secretary of defense, ...
Chairman Gen.
Dan Caine John Daniel Caine (born August 10, 1968) is an American United States Air Force, Air Force general and venture capitalist who has served as the 22nd chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff since 2025. He served as the Associate Director for Mili ...
on Israel’s plans and possible U.S. support, Trump gave tacit approval for the operation and agreed to limited U.S. assistance. According to U.S. officials, Trump prohibited an Israeli plan to kill Iran’s Supreme Leader Khamenei, arguing it was premature since no American lives had been lost. Despite his condonement of the Israeli plans, Trump continued to hope his envoy
Steve Witkoff Steven Charles Witkoff (born March 15, 1957) is an American real estate investor and lawyer who has served as the Ambassadors of the United States#Special envoys, representatives, and coordinators, United States Special Envoy to the Middle East ...
could still achieve a diplomatic agreement. Just hours before the Israeli attack, he had expressed his desire to avoid such a strike, warning it could undermine his diplomatic efforts to curb Iran’s nuclear program. In an initial response, Trump stated that the U.S. “of course” supported Israel, adding that the 60-day deadline for the negotiations had just expired. Secretary of State
Marco Rubio Marco Antonio Rubio (; born May 28, 1971) is an American politician, lawyer, and diplomat serving since 2025 as the 72nd United States Secretary of State, United States secretary of state. A member of the Republican Party (United States) , Rep ...
emphasized that the U.S. was not involved in the strikes, describing the operation as Israel’s unilateral action, although Israel had made extensive use of U.S. intelligence. Later, Trump again seemed to favor negotiations over military action. However, on June 17, he reportedly told Netanyahu to "keep going." On June 17, the White House was reportedly considering a meeting between U.S. envoy Steve Witkoff and Iranian foreign minister
Abbas Araghchi Sayyid Abbas Araghchi (, ; also spelled Araqchi, born 5 December 1962) is an Iranian diplomat and politician, who is the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran since August 2024. He previously served as the Spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign A ...
to discuss a possible nuclear agreement and efforts to end the conflict between Israel and Iran. The meeting would be part of president Trump’s final attempt to shift from the path of war toward renewed negotiations. Israel does not possess the large bunker-busting bombs or the strategic bombers required to destroy Iran’s Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant, while the U.S. has both capabilities within range of Iran. A senior U.S. official said Trump views the massive bunker-buster bombs as important leverage to pressure Iran into reaching a deal, describing the decision on their use as a critical moment in the negotiations.


Reactions


Iran

BBC reported that Araghchi stated he wanted to speak with Europeans in Berlin, Paris and London. Khamenei told his supporters not to protest and insult the talks and that the talks are just a delay until the Islamic Shiite state is established. Mehdi Kouchakzadeh stated that the Iranian parliament had received no official information about the ongoing negotiations. He added that, although the outcome was unfavorable, they would not oppose it. The
Iranian Rial The rial (; symbol: ; abbreviation: Rl (singular) and Rls (plural) or IR in Latin; ISO code: IRR) is the official currency of Iran. It is subdivided into 100 dinars, but due to the rial's low purchasing power the dinar is not practically used. ...
slightly gained and the
Tehran Stock Exchange The Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) (, romanized: ''Burs-e Owraq-e Bahadar-e Tehran'') is Iran's largest stock exchange, which first opened in 1967. The TSE is based in Tehran. TSE, which is a founding member of the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Ex ...
rose 2.16%. Former Prince Reza Pahlavi called on the United States to take out the most vulnerable and unstable Iranian regime rather than talks. Iranian dissidents and social media users increasingly speculated that the former
U.S. embassy in Tehran The Embassy of the United States of America in Tehran (Persian: سفارت آمریکا در تهران) was the United States, American List of diplomatic missions in Iran, diplomatic mission in the Pahlavi Iran, Imperial State of Iran. Direct b ...
, seized in 1979 might be returned to American control. ''Kayhan London'' described the talks as a major failure of the Iranian regime while the Iranian-based newspaper ''Kayhan'' claimed Iran has the upper hand and called for assassinating Trump, calling nuclear disarmament impossible. The talks caused division and drift among members of the ultra extremist Front of Islamic Revolution Stability party. Iran charged two newspaper media executives for their coverage of the talks.


United States

In the national survey
Rasmussen Reports Rasmussen Reports is an American polling company founded in 2003. The company engages in political commentary and the collection, publication, and distribution of public opinion polling information. Rasmussen Reports conducts nightly tracking, ...
reported 57% of Americans supported an attack on Iran. Former chief negotiator and Secretary of State
John Kerry John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American attorney, politician, and diplomat who served as the 68th United States secretary of state from 2013 to 2017 in the Presidency of Barack Obama#Administration, administration of Barac ...
commended Trump's effort and compared the negotiations to " Khomeini poisoned chalice".
White House Press Secretary The White House press secretary is a senior White House official whose primary responsibility is to act as spokesperson for the executive branch of the United States federal government, especially with regard to the president, senior aides and ...
Karoline Leavitt Karoline Claire Leavitt ( ; born August 24, 1997) is an American spokesperson who, since 2025, has served as the 36th White House press secretary. She was the Republican Party (United States), Republican candidate for New Hampshire's 1st congr ...
has stated that should Iran develop nukes, there will be "all hell to pay". On April 18, Secretary of State
Marco Rubio Marco Antonio Rubio (; born May 28, 1971) is an American politician, lawyer, and diplomat serving since 2025 as the 72nd United States Secretary of State, United States secretary of state. A member of the Republican Party (United States) , Rep ...
urged European countries to quickly decide on reimposing sanctions against Iran, warning that Iran is violating the existing agreement and nearing the capability to develop a nuclear weapon. Rubio later also said Iran can have a civilian nuclear energy program instead of a military WMD atomic weapons program. Secretary of Defense
Pete Hegseth Peter Brian Hegseth (born June 6, 1980) is an American author, former television presenter, and former Army National Guard officer who has served as the 29th United States secretary of defense since 2025. Hegseth studied politics at Princeton ...
and national security advisor
Mike Waltz Michael George Glen Waltz (born January 31, 1974) is an American politician, businessman, author, and former United States Army Special Forces, Army Special Forces officer who is President Donald Trump's current nominee for United States ambassa ...
are reportedly divided on whether US military should attack Iran. Trump told reporters he is in no rush to attack Iran and it still has a chance to "live happily without death". He also said the US would lead the pack to possibly attack Iran and that only two alternatives there are bombing them viciously or nicely, that he is still undecided. Former special representative for Iran
Elliott Abrams Elliott Abrams (born January 24, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer, who has served in foreign policy positions for President of the United States, presidents Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump. Abrams is considered to be a ...
argued that Trump does not seek war. However, should the talks fail, Iran's nuclear program should be destroyed by Israel and/or the US. Political commentator
Tucker Carlson Tucker Swanson McNear Carlson (born May 16, 1969) is an American conservative political commentator who hosted the nightly political talk show '' Tucker Carlson Tonight'' on Fox News from 2016 to 2023. Since his contract with Fox News was term ...
argued this to be the worst time for US military intervention in Iran.


International

Global gold prices grew given the reports of high chances of war. Initially oil
futures Futures may mean: Finance *Futures contract, a tradable financial derivatives contract *Futures exchange, a financial market where futures contracts are traded *''Modern Trader'', formerly Futures, an American finance magazine Music * ''Futures' ...
prices dropped 1.4%.
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...
commended negotiations to restrain Iran more. Israel supported deweaponization of Iranian atomic energy establishments following a "Libya model" like that of the disarmament of Libya. Trump revealed Israel would lead a military attack on Iran if it failed to abandon its nuclear weapons program. Al Monitor reported that China has also come to support the Iranian regime through strengthened relations. Although the relationship between
IAEA The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was established in 1957 ...
director
Rafael Grossi Rafael Mariano Grossi (born 29 January 1961) is an Argentine diplomat. He has been serving as Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) since December 3, 2019. He was formerly the Argentine Ambassador to Austria, concurrent ...
and Trump's negotiating team is unclear, Grossi is scheduled to visit Iran in the third week of April 2025. Iranian military advisor and security council politician Shamkhani has warned Iran will throw out IAEA inspectors.


See also

* 2025 Iranian protests * 2025 U.S.–Houthi ceasefire *
Abraham Accords The Abraham Accords are bilateral agreements on Arab–Israeli normalization signed between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and between Israel and Bahrain on September 15, 2020. Mediated by the United States, the announcement of August ...
* Iran Nuclear Achievements Protection Act * Iran Prosperity Project * Iranian financial crisis * List of diplomatic missions of Iran *
Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) The Middle Eastern crisis is a series of interrelated wars, conflicts, and heightened instability in the Middle East that began in 2023 after the October 7 attacks, 7 October attacks on Israel, which followed a period of rising tensions and i ...
* Nuclear Command Corps * Port of Shahid Rajaee explosion * Supreme Nuclear Committee of Iran


References


External links


Long, fraught timeline of tensions between Iran and the US

Briefing

Video
* :File:14040126 66988 l.webm * :File:14040204 67033 l.webm * {{DEFAULTSORT:2025 United States-Iran negotiations 2025 in American politics 2025 in Iran 2025 in international relations April 2025 in the United States April 2025 in Iran Iran–United States relations Second presidency of Donald Trump Nuclear program of Iran 21st century in Muscat, Oman