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The 2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was a record breaking and devastating season that was the most active season ever recorded in the basin. It is also the deadliest cyclone season recorded in the South-West Indian Ocean, surpassing the 1891–92 season in which the
1892 Mauritius cyclone On April 29, 1892, a powerful tropical cyclone struck the island of Mauritius in the southwest Indian Ocean. At least 1,200 people died during the storm, and another 4,000 were injured, with 50,000 people left homeless, making the cyclone the thi ...
devastated the island of
Mauritius Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Ag ...
, and was the costliest South-West Indian Ocean season at the time until it was surpassed by the 2024-25 season. Most of the fatalities and damage came from
Cyclone Idai Intense Tropical Cyclone Idai () was one of the worst tropical cyclones on record to affect Africa and the Southern Hemisphere. The long-lived storm caused catastrophic damage, and a humanitarian crisis in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi, le ...
. The season was an event of the annual cycle of
tropical cyclone A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure area, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its locat ...
and
subtropical cyclone A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some characteristics of both tropical cyclone, tropical and extratropical cyclones. As early as the 1950s, meteorologists were uncertain whether they should be characterized as Tropical cyclone ...
formation in the South-West Indian Ocean basin. It officially began on 15 November 2018, and ended on 30 April 2019, except for
Mauritius Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Ag ...
and the
Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Seychellois Creole: ), is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 155 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, ...
, which it ended on 15 May 2019. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of
90°E The meridian 90° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. It is the border between two tropical cyclone bas ...
and south of the
Equator The equator is the circle of latitude that divides Earth into the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Southern Hemisphere, Southern Hemispheres of Earth, hemispheres. It is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude, about in circumferen ...
. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the
Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre A Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) is responsible for the distribution of information, advisories, and warnings regarding the specific program they have a part of, agreed by consensus at the World Meteorological Organization as ...
in
Réunion Réunion (; ; ; known as before 1848) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department and region of France. Part of the Mascarene Islands, it is located approximately east of the isl ...
. The season set a new record of nine intense tropical cyclones, the largest number since the start of reliable satellite coverage in 1967, surpassing the 2006–07 season. Beginning the season early, Moderate Tropical Storm 01 formed during September 2018. Two other systems formed prior to the official start of the season during November—the first intense tropical cyclone and the first
named storm Tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are named by various warning centers to simplify communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches and warnings. The names are intended to reduce confusion in the ...
, Alcide, and Severe Tropical Storm Bouchra. A pair of intense tropical cyclones—Cilida and Kenanga—persisted in December. In January 2019, Desmond caused damages in
Mozambique Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Afr ...
, and shortly thereafter, Eketsang passed by
Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...
, producing heavy rain and landslides that killed 27. Onto the next month, Funani and Gelena threatened Rodrigues, with the latter disrupting its electricity and causing US$1 million in damages. The most active and destructive month was March. Haleh remained near the centre of the basin, bringing no impact. Cyclone Idai made two landfalls in Mozambique as a tropical depression and intense tropical cyclone, causing at least 1,593 deaths and leaving at least 2,262 people missing, and causing US$3.3 billion in damages in Mozambique,
Zimbabwe file:Zimbabwe, relief map.jpg, upright=1.22, Zimbabwe, relief map Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Bots ...
,
Malawi Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south, and southwest. Malawi spans over and ...
, and Madagascar. Savannah entered the basin in the middle of the month. Joaninha became the second cyclone of 2019 to strike Rodrigues, destroying the island's power grid. In April,
Kenneth Kenneth is a given name of Gaelic origin. The name is an Anglicised form of two entirely different Gaelic personal names: ''Cainnech'' and '' Cináed''. The modern Gaelic form of ''Cainnech'' is ''Coinneach''; the name was derived from a byna ...
became the strongest storm of the season, with
maximum sustained wind The maximum sustained wind associated with a tropical cyclone is a common indicator of the intensity of the storm. Within a mature tropical cyclone, it is found within the eyewall at a certain distance from the center, known as the radius of ma ...
s of ; the storm killed at least 7 people in
Comoros The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni, ...
and made landfall in Mozambique, causing at least 45 deaths and overall damage of US$345 million. Lorna remained over the eastern portion of the basin, concluding the season after it dissipated on 29 April. __TOC__


Seasonal forecasts

On 24 October 2018, the Mauritius Meteorological Services (MMS) released their summer 2018–19 outlook. The agency expected a slightly below to near-average season, predicting that 7 to 9 tropical cyclones would form. In addition, the MMS indicated that conditions in the central tropical Indian Ocean and between
Diego Garcia Diego Garcia is the largest island of the Chagos Archipelago. It has been used as a joint UK–U.S. military base since the 1970s, following the expulsion of the Chagossians by the UK government. The Chagos Islands are set to become a former B ...
and
Agaléga Agaléga () is a dependency of Mauritius, as defined by the Constitution of Mauritius, which consists of two outer islands located in the Indian Ocean, about north of Mauritius Island. Similar to other Mauritian islands such as St. Brandon, ...
, or west of the
70th meridian east The meridian 70° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 70th meridian east forms a great circle with ...
, would be more conducive for
tropical cyclogenesis Tropical cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere. The mechanisms through which tropics, tropical cyclogenesis occur are distinctly different from those through which temperate cyclogenesis occu ...
. Also in October, the
Indian Ocean Commission The Indian Ocean Commission (, COI) is an intergovernmental organisation that links African Indian Ocean nations: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion (an overseas region of France), and Seychelles. There are also seven observers: China, th ...
and the
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is an independent intergovernmental organisation supported by most of the nations of Europe. It is based at three sites: Shinfield Park, Reading, United Kingdom; Bologna, Italy; a ...
(ECMWF) forecasted a near-average season. ECMWF gave an index of 8.1 systems before revising it the next month to 7.3.
Météo-France Météo-France is the official French meteorological administration, also offering services to Andorra and Monaco. It has the powers of the state and can exercise them in relation to meteorology. Météo-France is in charge of observing, study ...
(MFR) announced their seasonal forecast of tropical cyclone activity on 15 November, after the formation of 01, Alcide, and Bouchra, comparing the sudden start to the 1996–97 season. Despite this, the MFR forecasted a nearly-average season, citing the conditions of an
El Niño EL, El or el may refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional entities * El, a character from the manga series ''Shugo Chara!'' by Peach-Pit * Eleven (''Stranger Things'') (El), a fictional character in the TV series ''Stranger Things'' * El, fami ...
event. Compared to an average of ten moderate tropical storms that usually form in the South-West Indian Ocean, MFR expected that 8 to 11 systems would form, with 4 to 6 of them reaching the tropical cyclone stage. A 20% chance was given to the probability of below-average activity, a 60% chance was given to near-average activity, and a 20% chance was given to above-average activity. The agency indicated that cyclogenesis would mainly occur over the central Indian Ocean and western portion of the basin. MFR also predicted that the motion of cyclones during the season would have a stronger meridional component than normal, having a tendency to track south quickly. The forecasts from the MFR failed to predict enhanced activity over the
Mozambique Channel The Mozambique Channel (, , ) is an arm of the Indian Ocean located between the Southeast African countries of Madagascar and Mozambique. The channel is about long and across at its narrowest point, and reaches a depth of about off the coa ...
and hypothesised that most of the energy for cyclone formation was caused by strong equatorial waves activity. For future operations, MFR planned to target inhabited areas.


Seasonal summary

Imagesize = width:1070 height:220 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:370 AlignBars = early DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/09/2018 till:31/05/2019 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/09/2018 Colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:GP value:red id:ZD value:rgb(0,0.52,0.84) legend:Zone_of_Disturbed_Weather/Tropical_Disturbance_=_≤31_mph_(≤50_km/h) id:TD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Tropical_Depression/Subtropical_Depression_=_32–38_mph_(51–62_km/h) id:TS value:rgb(0.30,1,1) legend:Moderate_Tropical_Storm_=_39–54_mph_(63–88_km/h) id:ST value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75) legend:Severe_Tropical_Storm_=_55–73_mph_(89–118_km/h) id:TC value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Tropical_Cyclone_=_74–103_mph_(119–166_km/h) id:IT value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Intense_Tropical_Cyclone_=_104–133_mph_(167–214_km/h) id:VI value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.9) legend:Very_Intense_Tropical_Cyclone_=_≥134_mph_(≥215_km/h) Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData = barset:Hurricane bar:Month PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:11 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:14/09/2018 till:17/09/2018 color:TS text:"01 (MTS)" from:05/11/2018 till:11/11/2018 color:IT text:"Alcide (ITC)" from:10/11/2018 till:12/11/2018 color:ST barset:break barset:skip barset:skip from:17/11/2018 till:20/11/2018 color:ST text:"Bouchra (STS)" from:16/12/2018 till:22/12/2018 color:IT text:"Kenanga (ITC)" from:18/12/2018 till:24/12/2018 color:IT text:"Cilida (ITC)" from:18/01/2019 till:22/01/2019 color:TS text:"Desmond (MTS)" from:23/01/2019 till:25/01/2019 color:TS text:"Eketsang (MTS)" from:04/02/2019 till:09/02/2019 color:IT text:"Funani (ITC)" barset:break from:05/02/2019 till:14/02/2019 color:IT text:"Gelena (ITC)" from:01/03/2019 till:07/03/2019 color:IT text:"Haleh (ITC)" from:04/03/2019 till:15/03/2019 color:IT text:" Idai (ITC)" from:18/03/2019 till:19/03/2019 color:TC text:" Savannah (TC)" from:21/03/2019 till:30/03/2019 color:IT text:"Joaninha (ITC)" from:22/04/2019 till:27/04/2019 color:IT text:" Kenneth (ITC)" from:22/04/2019 till:29/04/2019 color:TC text:"Lorna (TC)" bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas from:01/09/2018 till:01/10/2018 text:September from:01/10/2018 till:01/11/2018 text:October from:01/11/2018 till:01/12/2018 text:November from:01/12/2018 till:31/12/2018 text:December from:01/01/2019 till:31/01/2019 text:January from:01/02/2019 till:28/02/2019 text:February from:01/03/2019 till:31/03/2019 text:March from:01/04/2019 till:30/04/2019 text:April from:01/05/2019 till:31/05/2019 text:May TextData = pos:(775,23) text:"(For further details, please see" pos:(919,23) text:"
scales Scale or scales may refer to: Mathematics * Scale (descriptive set theory), an object defined on a set of points * Scale (ratio), the ratio of a linear dimension of a model to the corresponding dimension of the original * Scale factor, a number ...
)"
The 2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season officially ran from 15 November 2018 to 30 April 2019, with the exception for the island nations of
Mauritius Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Ag ...
and
Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Seychellois Creole: ), is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 155 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, ...
, which ended on 15 May 2019. Collectively, the systems caused 1,675 deaths and about $3.65 billion in damage, and is mainly attributed to
Cyclone Idai Intense Tropical Cyclone Idai () was one of the worst tropical cyclones on record to affect Africa and the Southern Hemisphere. The long-lived storm caused catastrophic damage, and a humanitarian crisis in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi, le ...
, which caused 1,593 deaths and $3.3 billion in damages. Throughout the season, 15 tropical disturbances formed, all of which reached the moderate tropical storm stage. Eleven of these storms attained tropical cyclone status, and all but two—Savannah and Lorna—reached the intense tropical cyclone stage, breaking the previous record of having the most intense tropical cyclones held by the 2006–07 season, which had six. Regardless of the activity, there were no systems in this season that acquired the strength of a very intense tropical cyclone—the highest classification in MFR's intensity scale.
Météo-France Météo-France is the official French meteorological administration, also offering services to Andorra and Monaco. It has the powers of the state and can exercise them in relation to meteorology. Météo-France is in charge of observing, study ...
's meteorological office in
Réunion Réunion (; ; ; known as before 1848) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department and region of France. Part of the Mascarene Islands, it is located approximately east of the isl ...
(MFR) – the official
Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre A Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) is responsible for the distribution of information, advisories, and warnings regarding the specific program they have a part of, agreed by consensus at the World Meteorological Organization as ...
for the South-West Indian Ocean – tracked all tropical cyclones from the east coast of Africa to 90° E, and south of the equator. Regional warning centres in Mauritius and Madagascar formally named the individual storms. The
Joint Typhoon Warning Center The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force command in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The JTWC is responsible for the issuing of tropical cyclone warnings in the North-West Pacific Ocean, South P ...
(JTWC), which is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the region, also issued advisories for storms during the season.


Pre/early season activity

The season abruptly began with the formation of Moderate Tropical Storm 01 on 14 September 2018. After two months of inactivity, a tropical disturbance formed. This system developed into a tropical depression and then to a tropical cyclone on 7 November, receiving the name Alcide. After affecting the dependency of
Agaléga Agaléga () is a dependency of Mauritius, as defined by the Constitution of Mauritius, which consists of two outer islands located in the Indian Ocean, about north of Mauritius Island. Similar to other Mauritian islands such as St. Brandon, ...
, the storm steered northwestward, and concurrently, a tropical disturbance at the eastern border of the basin formed on 9 November. As Alcide dissipated on 11 November, with its remnants last noted on 14 November, the embryonic system oscillated around the
90th meridian east The meridian 90° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. It is the border between two tropical cyclone ba ...
for several days. The disturbance intensified into Severe Tropical Storm Bouchra during the period, and eventually stayed within the basin on 17 November, before dissipating on 20 November. Two storms emerged in the month of December: Kenanga and Cilida. The former entered the basin from the Australian region on 16 December, whereas the latter developed from the
monsoon trough The monsoon trough is a convergence zone between the wind patterns of the southern and northern hemispheres. It is a portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the Western Pacific,Bin WangThe Asian Monsoon.Retrieved 2008-05-03. and is dep ...
to a tropical depression two days later. Kenanga attained intense tropical cyclone status on 18 December, as Cilida headed towards Mauritius. Simultaneously on 20 December, both storms were tropical cyclones within the basin, the first such case since the 2013–14 season. Also peaking as an intense tropical cyclone, Cilida brought slight impact towards Mauritius. Both storms then weaken and had dissipated by 24 December.


Peak to late activity

After a pause in activity, the formation of Moderate Tropical Storm Desmond occurred over the
Mozambique Channel The Mozambique Channel (, , ) is an arm of the Indian Ocean located between the Southeast African countries of Madagascar and Mozambique. The channel is about long and across at its narrowest point, and reaches a depth of about off the coa ...
on 18 January. The storm tracked westward and then recurved towards Mozambique and struck the country, before quickly dissipating overland on 22 January. Another storm formed a day after within the same area as the previous. This system developed into Moderate Tropical Storm Eketsang on 24 January and passed southeast of Madagascar, bringing heavy rains and landslides. In February, a second pair of tropical cyclones occurred during the season, being Funani and Gelena. Both storms peaked as intense tropical cyclones and passed near the island of
Rodrigues Rodrigues ( ; Mauritian Creole, Creole: ) is a Autonomous administrative division, autonomous Outer islands of Mauritius, outer island of the Republic of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, about east of Mauritius. It is part of the Mascarene Isl ...
, before each dissipated on 9 and 14 February respectively. On 1 March, Intense Tropical Cyclone Haleh formed out of an active phase of the
Madden–Julian oscillation The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the largest element of the intraseasonal (30- to 90-day) variability in the tropical atmosphere. It was discovered in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian of the American National Center for Atmospheric ...
combined with equatorial waves, generally moving south-southwestward and causing no impact towards land. On 4 March, Idai—the deadliest and second costliest tropical cyclone of the South-West Indian Ocean—formed as a tropical depression. Making landfall in Mozambique, the system stayed overland for several days, eventually traversing the Mozambique Channel. The storm rapidly intensified and made a second landfall in Mozambique as an intense tropical cyclone, before quickly dissipating on 15 March. On 18 March, Severe Tropical Cyclone Savannah from the Australian region entered the basin; it rapidly weakened from
wind shear Wind shear (; also written windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical ...
, dissipating on 19 March. Joaninha followed, forming on 21 March and becoming a tropical storm later that day. The storm developed and peaked two times as an intense tropical cyclone on 25 and 27 March, being near Rodrigues in the meantime, and dissipated three days later. The last two systems, Kenneth and Lorna, formed at the same time during April. Kenneth generally tracked westward towards Mozambique, making landfall on 25 April, becoming the second intense tropical cyclone of the season to do so. In addition, with 1-minute sustained winds of , Kenneth was the most powerful storm to strike the country on record. Meanwhile, over the eastern half of the basin, Lorna moved southeastward, peaking as a tropical cyclone on 28 April, and dissipated on 29 April without affecting land.


Systems


Moderate Tropical Storm 01

Within the
Intertropical Convergence Zone The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ , or ICZ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the t ...
(ITCZ), an equatorial
Rossby wave Rossby waves, also known as planetary waves, are a type of inertial wave naturally occurring in rotating fluids. They were first identified by Sweden-born American meteorologist Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby in the Earth's atmosphere in 1939. They ...
led to the formation of a weak cyclonic circulation near on 13 September, with intense
convection Convection is single or Multiphase flow, multiphase fluid flow that occurs Spontaneous process, spontaneously through the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoy ...
, or thunderstorms, fluctuating in the system. A
Kelvin wave A Kelvin wave is a wave in the ocean, a large lake or the atmosphere that balances the Earth's Coriolis force against a topographic boundary such as a coastline, or a waveguide such as the equator. A feature of a Kelvin wave is that it is non-d ...
and the
subtropical jet Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow thermal wind, air currents in the Earth's Atmosphere of Earth, atmosphere. The main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds, flowing west to east around the gl ...
sustained the system, but it was forecasted that it would not undergo deepening and will fill up. East of the
Chagos Archipelago The Chagos Archipelago (, ) or Chagos Islands (formerly , and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about south of the Maldives archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmo ...
, the system consolidated into a tropical disturbance on 14 September, retaining a well-defined centre, accommodated by sufficient
ocean heat content Ocean heat content (OHC) or ocean heat uptake (OHU) is the energy absorbed and stored by oceans, and is thus an important indicator of global warming. Ocean heat content is calculated by measuring ocean temperature at many different locations and ...
. Moving southwestward, it began possessing nascent
rainband A rainband is a cloud and precipitation structure associated with an area of rainfall which is significantly elongated. Rainbands in tropical cyclones can be either stratiform or convective and are curved in shape. They consist of showers and th ...
s. Despite low
vertical wind shear Wind shear (; also written windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical o ...
and improving poleward
outflow Outflow may refer to: *Capital outflow, the capital leaving a particular economy *Bipolar outflow, in astronomy, two continuous flows of gas from the poles of a star * Outflow (hydrology), the discharge of a lake or other reservoir system *Outflow ...
, marginal
sea surface temperature Sea surface temperature (or ocean surface temperature) is the ocean temperature, temperature of ocean water close to the surface. The exact meaning of ''surface'' varies in the literature and in practice. It is usually between and below the sea ...
s of limited development of the compact disturbance. The MFR upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression later that day. Operationally, the system peaked as a tropical depression, but was upgraded by the MFR to a moderate tropical storm after post-season analysis, though the cyclone remained unnamed. The storm then begin to track over a hostile environment of moderate wind shear, dry air
entrainment Entrainment may refer to: * Air entrainment, the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete * Brainwave entrainment, the practice of entraining one's brainwaves to a desired frequency * Entrainment (biomusicology), the synchronization o ...
in the mid-level
troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth. It contains 80% of the total mass of the Atmosphere, planetary atmosphere and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols, and is where most weather phenomena occur. From the ...
, and cooler waters. Turning westward, the storm failed to organise its deep convection, leading to its centre becoming exposed, albeit still being defined. It weakened into a low at 12:00 UTC, before dissipating two days later at 06:00 UTC.


Intense Tropical Cyclone Alcide

In early-November, low-level
vorticity In continuum mechanics, vorticity is a pseudovector (or axial vector) field that describes the local spinning motion of a continuum near some point (the tendency of something to rotate), as would be seen by an observer located at that point an ...
inside the ITCZ indicated the possibility of
tropical cyclogenesis Tropical cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere. The mechanisms through which tropics, tropical cyclogenesis occur are distinctly different from those through which temperate cyclogenesis occu ...
between the
Chagos Archipelago The Chagos Archipelago (, ) or Chagos Islands (formerly , and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about south of the Maldives archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmo ...
and
Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Seychellois Creole: ), is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 155 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, ...
. The arrival of an active phase of the
Madden–Julian oscillation The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the largest element of the intraseasonal (30- to 90-day) variability in the tropical atmosphere. It was discovered in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian of the American National Center for Atmospheric ...
(MJO) boosted this potential, giving a high likelihood of a tropical storm within the next five days. Eventually on 6 November, a tropical disturbance formed after convection organised around a surface circulation over the previous day. Initially inhibited by dry air intrusion, the system intensified into a tropical depression, moving west-southwest along a
ridge A ridge is a long, narrow, elevated geomorphologic landform, structural feature, or a combination of both separated from the surrounding terrain by steep sides. The sides of a ridge slope away from a narrow top, the crest or ridgecrest, wi ...
to the southeast, following strong bursts of convection over the centre. Convective
cloud top The cloud top (or the top of the cloud) is the highest altitude of the visible portion of a cloud. It is traditionally expressed either in metres above the Earth (or planetary) surface, or as the corresponding pressure level in hectopascal (hPa, eq ...
s of signaled an improvement in the centre; as such, the system was upgraded to a moderate tropical storm, receiving the name ''Alcide'' from the Mauritius Meteorological Services (MMS). Alcide then became the first severe tropical storm of the season on 7 November. While attaining Category 1 strength on the
Saffir–Simpson scale The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) is a tropical cyclone intensity scale that classifies hurricanes—which in the Western Hemisphere are tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical sto ...
(SSHWS), Alcide presented a ragged
eye An eye is a sensory organ that allows an organism to perceive visual information. It detects light and converts it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons (neurones). It is part of an organism's visual system. In higher organisms, the ey ...
, as convective bands tightened into the core. Alcide was upgraded to a tropical cyclone at 06:00 UTC, with its eye hovering over
Agaléga Agaléga () is a dependency of Mauritius, as defined by the Constitution of Mauritius, which consists of two outer islands located in the Indian Ocean, about north of Mauritius Island. Similar to other Mauritian islands such as St. Brandon, ...
. Benefiting from strong poleward outflow, the symmetrical cyclone quickly intensified into a Category 3-equivalent tropical cyclone on 8 November. At 03:00 UTC, 1-minute winds were estimated to be —equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane. The MFR also upgraded Alcide to an intense tropical cyclone, as the storm peaked with 10-minute winds of . Likewise to the previous system, Alcide was characterised as a small cyclone. The eye then became cloud-filled, progressively becoming ragged and disorganised. By 18:00 UTC, Alcide was no longer an intense tropical cyclone. Cloud tops warmed around the centre, obscured by a layer of
cirrus cloud Cirrus ( cloud classification symbol: Ci) is a genus of high cloud made of ice crystals. Cirrus clouds typically appear delicate and wispy with white strands. In the Earth's atmosphere, cirrus are usually formed when warm, dry air rises, causing ...
s. With no steering flow, Alcide was nearly stationary, as dry air intrude the inner core. Consequently,
upwelling Upwelling is an physical oceanography, oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water from deep water towards the ocean surface. It replaces the warmer and usually nutrient-depleted sur ...
prevailed as outflow diminished, weakening convection. On 9 November, Alcide was downgraded to a severe tropical storm. On the next day, the JTWC assessed Alcide's winds as being tropical storm-force. Alcide began turning northwestward, though the cloud pattern significantly decayed and deep convection had collapsed in the eastern quadrant. By 11 November, the MFR categorised Alcide as a tropical depression, citing the lack of deep convection and exposal of the circulation. The storm disintegrated into a remnant low on 12 November, before dissipating on 14 November. While Alcide approached the archipelago of Agaléga, 75 residents evacuated from South Island to a refuge centre in North Island. On 7 November, Alcide made its closest approach to Agaléga, with wind gusts of recorded by a weather station. At the time, 45 people sought shelter centres, as many trees were down and electricity and water distribution was disrupted. As a result, several homes were left without power. Many houses were damaged and a 15-year-old girl was injured in addition. After the storm had passed, metal roofs of around thirty homes awaited repairment.


Severe Tropical Storm Bouchra

A weak low-pressure system developed in the equatorial
Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia (continent), ...
in Météo-France's area of responsibility on 1 November and moved slowly eastwards over the following few days while showing little signs of intensification. Late on 9 November, as the developing precursor depression to Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Gaja in the
Bay of Bengal The Bay of Bengal is the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Geographically it is positioned between the Indian subcontinent and the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese peninsula, located below the Bengal region. Many South Asian and Southe ...
moved further away and the competing low-level airflow convergence associated with it diminished, which was earlier associated with the westerly wind burst on either side of Indian Ocean. the system's structure organised sufficiently to be classified as a tropical disturbance by Météo-France. Very shortly afterwards, the system crossed the
90th meridian east The meridian 90° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. It is the border between two tropical cyclone ba ...
and entered the Australian region, where it was classified by TCWC Jakarta as a tropical depression on 10 November local time. Later the same day, the JTWC assessed the developing low as having attained tropical storm status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, and assigned the system the unofficial designation 04S. A few hours later, at 10:00 UTC, the system moved back westwards and returned to the South-West Indian Ocean basin, where it gained the name 'Bouchra' from Météo-France and underwent a twelve-hour phase of
rapid intensification Rapid intensification (RI) is any process wherein a tropical cyclone strengthens very dramatically in a short period of time. Tropical cyclone forecasting agencies utilize differing thresholds for designating rapid intensification events, th ...
to severe tropical storm status. Over the following days, Bouchra fought increasingly unfavorable atmospheric conditions, and underwent a gradual weakening trend. During this time, the cyclone proceeded to track in a slow cyclonic loop just to the west of the border of the Australian region in weak overall steering influences, and was often quasi-stationary. After meandering here for a number of days, the system re-entered the Australian region late on 12 November. By this stage, the system had weakened significantly from its peak intensity, and was only at tropical depression strength. The period of residence in the Australian basin proved to be short-lived once again, however, with Météo-France indicating that Ex-Tropical Storm Bouchra had returned to the far eastern part of their area of responsibility early on 13 November. In the early hours of 14 November, the
Australian Bureau of Meteorology The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM or BoM) is an executive agency of the Australian Government that is responsible for providing weather forecasts and meteorological services to Australia and neighbouring countries. It was established in 1906 unde ...
noted that the system had crossed back into the Australian region basin. However, on 17 November, Bouchra crossed back over into the South-West Indian Ocean basin, as the storm began taking a southwestward trajectory.


Intense Tropical Cyclone Kenanga

On 16 December, Tropical Cyclone Kenanga from the Australian region entered the basin, retaining its name from TCWC Jakarta and becoming re-classified as a moderate tropical storm. The storm's acceleration southwest circumvented the effects of vertical wind shear, facilitating the formation of a
central dense overcast The central dense overcast, or CDO, of a tropical cyclone or strong subtropical cyclone is the large central area of thunderstorms surrounding its circulation center, caused by the formation of its eyewall. It can be round, angular, oval, or ir ...
. Owing to favorable upper-level conditions, Kenanga transitioned into an
annular tropical cyclone An annular tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that features a normal to large, symmetric eye surrounded by a thick and uniform ring of intense convection, often having a relative lack of discrete rainbands, and bearing a symmetric appearance ...
on 18 December. The storm quickly intensified, peaking with 10-minute winds of assessed by MFR and Category 4-equivalent winds of assessed by the JTWC early on the next day. Kenanga maintained its annular characteristics while dry air began to weaken convection over the southeast quadrant. Throughout the day, Kenanga held the intense tropical cyclone threshold until 20 December, when convective clouds began to warm up, signaling a weakening trend. The eye disappeared, as the cyclone, located southeast of Diego Garcia, tracked over an area of high wind shear and cooler waters. Moving westward, Kenanga weakened into a severe tropical storm from dry air on 21 December. By the next day, the large and ragged circulation became exposed on satellite imagery. Kenanga continued to deteriorate into a moderate tropical storm, steering southward under the influence of Cyclone Cilida southwest of the storm. Early on the next day, the MFR categorised Kenanga as a remnant low. With no thunderstorm activity in the system's centre, the MFR issued its final bulletin. Kenanga persisted for three more days before dissipating on 26 December.


Intense Tropical Cyclone Cilida

Around the same time as Kenanga's genesis, a cyclonic
gyre In oceanography, a gyre () is any large system of ocean surface currents moving in a circular fashion driven by wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect; planetary vorticity, horizontal friction and vertical friction determine the ...
west of Diego Garcia was detected within the
monsoon trough The monsoon trough is a convergence zone between the wind patterns of the southern and northern hemispheres. It is a portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the Western Pacific,Bin WangThe Asian Monsoon.Retrieved 2008-05-03. and is dep ...
. Convection organised around the
low-pressure system In meteorology, a low-pressure area (LPA), low area or low is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations. It is the opposite of a high-pressure area. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with inclem ...
(or low) for several days, and on 18 December, the MFR began issuing advisories on the system. The MFR further upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression on the same day. On 19 December, the cyclone strengthened into a moderate tropical storm, prompting the MMS to give it the name ''Cilida''. Cilida experienced steady intensification from outflow and warm seas, possessing fragmented rudimentary rainbands that mainly spiraled from the east. As time passed by, thunderstorms coalesced to form a dense overcast. Drifting southwestward, Cilida intensified into a severe tropical storm on 20 December. A period of
rapid intensification Rapid intensification (RI) is any process wherein a tropical cyclone strengthens very dramatically in a short period of time. Tropical cyclone forecasting agencies utilize differing thresholds for designating rapid intensification events, th ...
caused by dual outflow channels then ensued; the eye pattern varied, surrounded by very cold cloud tops. Alongside Kenanga, Cilida was one of the first two tropical cyclones in the basin to exist simultaneously since Intense Tropical Cyclone Amara and Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Bruce of the 2013–14 season. By the next day, Cilida had attained its peak intensity; the MFR estimated winds of . Meanwhile, the JTWC estimated high-end Category 4-equivalent winds of . On 22 December, convection in the western sector had weakened, indicating an
eyewall replacement cycle In meteorology, eyewall replacement cycles, also called concentric eyewall cycles, naturally occur in intense tropical cyclones with maximum sustained winds greater than , or hurricane-force, and particularly in major hurricanes of Saffir–Simps ...
, as Cilida started steering southeast. The cycle concluded the next day with a larger eye, though it was not well-defined. Cilida made its closest approach of
Mauritius Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Ag ...
, being slightly below to the northeast. An increase in wind shear and decrease in sea surface temperatures gradually unraveled rainbands, suppressing outflow and weakening the storm. On 24 December, Cilida was downgraded to a severe tropical storm, and was later labeled a post-tropical depression at 18:00 UTC. The vortex elongated as the asymmetrical and shallow storm transitioned into an
extratropical cyclone Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth. Extratropical cyclones are capable of p ...
. It degenerated into a remnant low, before dissipating during 28 December. Ahead of Cilida,
Air Mauritius Air Mauritius is the flag carrier airline of Mauritius. The airline is headquartered in Port Louis, Mauritius, with its Airline hub, hub at Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport. History Foundation The company was established on 14 J ...
suspended all flights to
Rodrigues Rodrigues ( ; Mauritian Creole, Creole: ) is a Autonomous administrative division, autonomous Outer islands of Mauritius, outer island of the Republic of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, about east of Mauritius. It is part of the Mascarene Isl ...
. On 23 December, Cilida passed east of Mauritius, bringing beneficial rainfall and gusting winds that knocked down tree branches, blocking roads.


Moderate Tropical Storm Desmond

During the middle of January 2019, strong convection caused by converging
trade winds The trade winds or easterlies are permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow in the Earth's equatorial region. The trade winds blow mainly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ...
persisted over the western half of the basin, organising around a low along the coast of southern Mozambique. The low spent days above the country moving east-northeast, before moving towards the sea, where it was designated a tropical disturbance on 18 January. It presented a weak structure to satellite imagery, with an ill-defined, exposed circulation holding convection to its east, accompanied by multiple vortices. However, the centre consolidated shifting northward, and on 19 January, the system strengthened into a tropical depression, before additionally organising into a moderate tropical storm later that day. Convection within the storm nearly collapsed, but was it was halted by a new cluster of thunderstorms, as Desmond recurved to a west-northwest track. Northwest of Europa Island, Desmond situated in a marginal environment of high wind shear and dry air alleviated by strong outflow, with its centre obscured by cirrus clouds. Towards the end of 21 January, Desmond made landfall near
Quelimane Quelimane () is a seaport in Mozambique. It is the administrative Capital (political), capital of the Zambezia Province and the province's largest city, and stands from the mouth of the Rio dos Bons Sinais (or "River of the Good Signs"). The riv ...
in Mozambique, rapidly weakening overland and dissipating on 22 January. Though the storm did not strike Madagascar, it enhanced rains in the northwest portion of the island. Desmond induced heavy flooding upon Beira, Chinde, and Quelimane in Mozambique, displacing around 120,000 people across the provinces of Zambezia, Sofala, Manica, and Tete. of 24-hour rain was recorded in Beira. Large waves smashed through sea defences, as the torrential rain flooded roads. Cars were submerged as floodwater entered people's homes and businesses. It destroyed infrastructure and minimally impacted crops. Approximately of crops were affected and over 1,000 livestock were killed. Three people were killed in the country. The storm then reached Malawi with minor effects. In the aftermath of the storm, the Mozambique National Institute of Disaster Management deployed drones to assess affected areas and set up evacuation routes, with the assistance of the European Union's Emergency Management Service.


Moderate Tropical Storm Eketsang

A poorly-defined low northeast of Madagascar was detected by MFR on 19 January; the agency suggested that it would enter favorable conditions in the Mozambique Channel in the upcoming days. Along its path, the system poured rainfall over northern regions of Madagascar. The broad low then reached offshore, but its structure was not yet unified, though it was aided by warm seas and equatorial low-level convergence. By 23 January, the system evolved into a tropical disturbance, before additionally intensifying into a tropical depression, as thunderstorms obscured the defined centre. On 24 January, the system attained moderate tropical storm status, gaining the name ''Eketsang'' from the meteorological service of Madagascar (Météo Madagascar). Traversing southeast, Eketsang quickly began interacting with the baroclinic zone associated with an upper-level
trough Trough may refer to: In science * Trough (geology), a long depression less steep than a trench * Trough (meteorology), an elongated region of low atmospheric pressure * Trough (physics), the lowest point on a wave * Trough level (medicine), the l ...
. By the following day, the storm became post-tropical, as the circulation continued to elongate and be disorganised. It was last noted on 26 January. The storm's remnants formed a
cold front A cold front is the leading edge of a cooler mass of air at ground level that replaces a warmer mass of air and lies within a pronounced surface Trough (meteorology), trough of Low-pressure area, low pressure. It often forms behind an extratropica ...
that affected the weather in the
Mascarene Islands The Mascarene Islands (, ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of Réunion. Their na ...
and extended over the Mozambique Channel, bringing thunderstorms over the
Comoros The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni, ...
and
Mayotte Mayotte ( ; , ; , ; , ), officially the Department of Mayotte (), is an Overseas France, overseas Overseas departments and regions of France, department and region and single territorial collectivity of France. It is one of the Overseas departm ...
. Eketsang induced
westerly wind The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They originate from the high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes (about 30 ...
s that brought moisture from the
Congo Basin The Congo Basin () is the sedimentary basin of the Congo River. The Congo Basin is located in Central Africa, in a region known as west equatorial Africa. The Congo Basin region is sometimes known simply as the Congo. It contains some of the larg ...
to
Tanzania Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to t ...
. Prior to the storm's arrival, a yellow alert was issued for the regions of
Atsimo-Andrefana Atsimo-Andrefana (South West) is a region of Madagascar. It borders Menabe in north, Amoron'i Mania and Haute Matsiatra in northeast, Ihorombe and Anosy in east and Androy in southeast. The capital is Toliara and the population was 1,799,088 i ...
,
Androy Androy is the most southerly region of Madagascar. It covers an area of 19,540 km2, and had a population of 903,376 inhabitants in 2018. The administrative capital is Ambovombe-Androy. Area Androy (literally "the land of ''roy'' (Mimosa del ...
, and
Anosy Anosy is one of the 23 regions of Madagascar. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the eastern side of what was once the Toliara Province. The name ''Anosy'' means "island(s)" in Malagasy. Due to a strategic sea route running alon ...
in Madagascar, in addition to a heavy rain watch for the districts of
Maintirano Maintirano is a coastal city, urban municipality, and Catholic bishopric in western Madagascar approximately 325 kilometres west of the capital Antananarivo. It belongs to the Districts of Madagascar, district of Maintirano District, Maintirano, w ...
,
Antsalova Antsalova is a town and commune () in western Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Antsalova, which is a part of Melaky Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 58,280 in 2018. Antsalova is served by a local ...
, Belo Tsiribihina,
Morondava Morondava (, from "long coast") is a city located in Menabe Region, of which it is the capital, in Madagascar. It is located in the delta of the Morondava River at . Its population as of the 2018 census, was 53,510. Population The predominant ...
, and Manja. The storm produced double the expected rainfall for the month of January. Eketsang passed by southern Madagascar with heavy rains, killing 27 people, 18 of which were from landslides, 4 of which were from drowning, and the rest being from collapsing buildings. A person was also reported missing. 9,000 people were affected, with over 2,000 being displaced, as 1,778 homes were inundated and 187 were destroyed. The towns of
Ambilobe Ambilobe which means "Where there are many plantations" is an urban municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambilobe, which is a part of Diana Region. The town is the capital of Ambilobe district, and according to 2018 census ...
,
Antsiranana Antsiranana ( ), named Diego-Suarez prior to 1975, is a city in the far north of Madagascar. Antsiranana is the capital of Diana Region. It had an estimated population of 115,015 in 2013. History At the beginning of the 16th century, a Portugue ...
, and
Morondava Morondava (, from "long coast") is a city located in Menabe Region, of which it is the capital, in Madagascar. It is located in the delta of the Morondava River at . Its population as of the 2018 census, was 53,510. Population The predominant ...
suffered the brunt of the storm, as roads became impassable.


Intense Tropical Cyclone Funani

Towards the end of January and into the beginning of February, an area of strong thunderstorms persisted zonally with low-level westerly winds caused by a Kelvin wave. Despite being during a dry phase of the MJO, the Kelvin wave's interaction with a nearby, westward-propagating, equatorial Rossby wave gave the basin a potential of producing two low-level circulations, including one south of the Chagos Archipelago. The probability for cyclogenesis was further amplified by an increase of convergence in the monsoon trough brought by a ridge between the remnant center of Cyclone Riley from the Australian region and an inverted trough. Over the following days, convection was maintained in an unorganised circulation, but on 4 February, it was marked a tropical disturbance by MFR and later a tropical depression. Around east-northeast of Mauritius, the system consolidated within an environment of strong divergence aloft, low wind shear, and warm seas, with a broad circulation and northern deep rainbands over it. Though its centre was structured, dry air advected by trade winds obstructed intensification. Convection then became much more concentrated under weak vertical wind shear, leading to the cyclone intensifying into a tropical storm on 5 February and receive the name ''Funani'' from the MMS. Funani moved southwestward, before taking a southeast turn around a ridge to its east. An ill-defined eye appeared over the asymmetrical storm, with convection primarily being over the eastern periphery. On 6 February, Funani was upgraded to a severe tropical storm. Under very warm waters of and excellent radial outflow, Funani entered a period of rapid intensification, presenting a sharp eye with tightening banding features. Expecting Funani to pass of Rodrigues, the MMS issued a class II warning on the island. The threat also prompted officials to cancel six flights on Rodrigues. On 7 February, Funani peaked with 10-minute winds of and 1-minute winds of . On the next day, microwave imagery revealed a second eyewall formation, indicating the onset of an eyewall replacement cycle. A sharp increase of wind shear caused by the upper-level
westerlies The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They originate from the high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes (about ...
then occurred and started to take a toll on Funani. While accelerating, Funani deteriorated into a severe tropical storm on 9 February, and after continuous convective depletion, Funani dissipated by 12:00 UTC on the next day as a post-tropical depression.


Intense Tropical Cyclone Gelena

In addition to the pre-Funani disturbance, a circulation southeast of Agalega formed within the monsoon trough on 4 February. Drifting west-southwest, it strengthened into a tropical disturbance the next day, and then into a tropical depression. After a decrease in wind shear, the system intensified into a tropical storm on 6 February, earning the name ''Gelena'' from Météo Madagascar. Gelena formed a ragged eye and moved southeast at a slow pace. North-northwest of
Port Louis Port Louis (, ; or , ) is the capital and most populous city of Mauritius, mainly located in the Port Louis District, with a small western part in the Black River District. Port Louis is the country's financial and political centre. It is admi ...
, Mauritius, Gelena underwent more development as it trekked southeastward over warm waters. On 8 February, Gelena commence an eyewall replacement cycle. Upon completion, Gelena began rapidly intensifying, owing to dual outflow channels. The storm accelerated towards east, attenuating the effects of vertical wind shear. With robust deep convection surrounding the small eye, Gelena peaked on the next day, with MFR estimating winds of and the JTWC estimating winds of . The cyclone then weakened from wind shear and dry air after decelerating. Gelena was downgraded to a severe tropical storm by 11 February. The storm additionally weakened into a moderate tropical storm on 13 February, following the degrading of its centre. As Gelena interacted with stratospheric dry air, MFR declared the storm as post-tropical on 14 February, stating that it had begun its extratropical transition. By 15 February, the storm began filling up, and dissipated on the next day over the central South Indian Ocean. Gelena passed by northern Madagascar around early February, bringing cumulative rainfall to over 50% above average in the north. On 8 February, the Mauritius Meteorological Services (MMS) hoisted a class I warning for the main island and Rodrigues, before upgrading it to class IV—the highest level—two days later. Gelena struck Rodrigues on the night of 10 February, producing gusts of . The storm left 90% of the 40,000 inhabitants without power, while 142 sheltered in refuge centres. Fallen trees blocked roads, broke down electricity cables and phone lines. The cyclone displaced 259 people and damaged infrastructure and private residences and farms. 43 boats were also affected, some of which could not be repaired. Overall damage on the island were about US$1 million.


Intense Tropical Cyclone Haleh

An active phase of the MJO in conjunction with equatorial wave activity led to the formation of three weak lows within the monsoon trough on the end of February, including one east of Diego Garcia. Convection stockpiled over the broad low-pressure area, as it organised over conducive conditions for development. After vorticity had increased within the system, MFR labeled it as a tropical disturbance on 1 March. The disturbance further strengthened into a tropical depression after
microwave Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than other radio waves but longer than infrared waves. Its wavelength ranges from about one meter to one millimeter, corresponding to frequency, frequencies between 300&n ...
imagery had revealed a building compact centre and increasing convective banding in the system. A closed eye was later detected in the intensifying cyclone, causing MFR to upgrade the system to a moderate tropical storm on the next day. As Haleh moved south-southwestward, deep convection around the centre transformed into a very cold dense overcast; accordingly, Haleh was upgraded to a tropical cyclone on 4 March. A pronounced eye emerged on satellite imagery around a robust ring of thunderstorms, with the storm aided by diminished wind shear and strong divergence aloft. Rainbands extending towards the equator tightened into the core of the expansive system. Haleh further strengthened into an intense tropical cyclone, and peaked with 10-minute winds of . Meanwhile, the JTWC estimated winds of . An upper-level trough over the north and west quadrants of Haleh hampered its outflow, weakening the system. In addition, the eye of the asymmetric system became cloud-filled. Convection shifted towards the southern periphery, as the storm maintained its tropical cyclone strength on 6 March. Haleh weakened into a severe tropical storm on 7 March from a sudden surge of wind shear. Conditions increasingly became more hostile with low ocean heat, and on the next day, Haleh became post-tropical. The storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later that day, recurving eastward, before dissipating on 10 March.


Intense Tropical Cyclone Idai

A tropical depression formed near the Mozambican coast on 4 March. It moved north-northwest while above Mozambique, and despite land interaction, its circulation was maintained by substantial upper-level divergence and low wind shear. The disturbance then executed a counterclockwise loop and headed towards the
Mozambique Channel The Mozambique Channel (, , ) is an arm of the Indian Ocean located between the Southeast African countries of Madagascar and Mozambique. The channel is about long and across at its narrowest point, and reaches a depth of about off the coa ...
. By 9 March, the system was re-designated a tropical depression after re-entering the sea. Later that day, it organised into a tropical storm, receiving the name ''Idai''. Exhibiting a symmetrical eye, Idai quickly intensified into an intense tropical cyclone on 11 March as it moved southwest. An eyewall replacement cycle was then started, weakening Idai. It ended with an annular eye and Idai again reaching the intense tropical cyclone threshold. Idai attained its peak intensity on 13 March, with 10-minute winds of and atmospheric pressure of . Idai made landfall at a coastline north of
Beira, Mozambique Beira () is the capital and largest List of cities in Mozambique, city of Sofala Province, in the central region of Mozambique. Beira is where the Pungwe River meets the Indian Ocean. It is the fourth-largest city by population in Mozambique, af ...
on the next day. The storm rapidly weakened overland throughout 15 March, before dissipating on the following day. As a tropical depression, Idai affected
Malawi Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south, and southwest. Malawi spans over and ...
and
Mozambique Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Afr ...
, during its first landfall. At least 56 people died, and 577 others were injured due to flooding in Malawi. About 83,000 people were displaced. The southern districts of
Chikwawa Chikwawa is a town with a population of 6,114 according to the 2018 census located in the Southern Region of Malawi on the west bank of the Shire River. It is the administrative capital of the Chikwawa District. Chikwawa lies almost south of B ...
and
Nsanje Nsanje (formerly Port Herald) is the main city in Nsanje District within the Southern Region of Malawi. The intense urbanization in the fertile Shire River valley has formed an extensive urbanized zone that runs from the city of Bangula, furth ...
became isolated by floodwaters. In Mozambique, 66 people were killed by the flooding, and affected 141,000 people. The Council of Ministers required 1.1 billion
metical The metical (; plural: ) is the currency of Mozambique, abbreviated with the symbol ''MZN'' or ''MT''. It is nominally divided into 100 centavos. The name ''metical'' comes from Arabic ('' mithqāl''), a unit of weight and an alternative name f ...
(US$17.6 million) to help those who were affected by the flooding. The second landfall was far more severe, and overall, Idai killed 1,593 people and left thousands more missing, becoming one of the deadliest tropical cyclones in the modern history of Africa and the Southern Hemisphere as a whole. With this death toll, Idai is the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded in the South-West Indian Ocean basin, and the second-deadliest tropical cyclone overall in the Southern Hemisphere, behind only the
1973 Flores cyclone Events January * January 1 – The United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Denmark 1973 enlargement of the European Communities, enter the European Economic Community, which later becomes the European Union. * January 14 - The 16-0 19 ...
. In addition, the total damages from the cyclone amounted to US$3.3 billion (2019 USD), which would make Idai the second costliest cyclone on record in the basin.


Tropical Cyclone Savannah

On 18 March, Severe Tropical Cyclone Savannah from the Australian basin entered the South-West Indian Ocean, shortly after its peak intensity. Overnight, persistent wind shear enabled dry air
entrainment Entrainment may refer to: * Air entrainment, the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete * Brainwave entrainment, the practice of entraining one's brainwaves to a desired frequency * Entrainment (biomusicology), the synchronization o ...
to the system's core. Savannah weakened from a severe tropical storm to a moderate tropical storm on 19 March, with convective activities no longer present. The storm continued westward along a subtropical ridge to the south as intensity further decreases. By the next day, Savannah had degraded into a remnant low. During 20 March, Savannah's remnant looped eastward, before turning westward on 21 March. The system weakened afterward, with Savannah's remnant dissipating on 23 March.


Intense Tropical Cyclone Joaninha

The monsoon trough produced a wide circulation at the centre of the basin on 17 March, that drifted westward. It organised for several days while north-northeast of St. Brandon, and by 21 March, the MFR began releasing advisories on the system. The system was upgraded to a tropical depression on the same day, and later to Moderate Tropical Storm Joaninha. Joaninha gradually intensified from outflow and high OHC, while it attained severe tropical storm strength on 23 March and move towards the south-southwest. A ragged eye then surfaced, and Joaninha changed course to head south-southeastward, strengthening into a tropical cyclone on 24 March. Very cold cloud tops prolonged overnight, prompting the MFR to upgrade Joaninah to an intense tropical cyclone early on 25 March. Joaninha then attained its initial peak on the next day with 10-minute winds of and 1-minute winds of . A weakening trend then commenced, before Joaninha restrengthened, reaching a secondary peak on 27 March with the same estimates as the previous. The centre was well-defined and surrounded by annular cloud tops. However, an increase of wind shear began to weaken Joaninha. The storm fell below tropical cyclone strength on 29 March, as it continued to track over hostile environments. It then became post-tropical on 31 March, before degenerating into a remnant low on the following day. Joaninha's remnant was last noted on 4 April, and dissipated by 06:00 UTC. Air Mauritius cancelled flights of Sir Gaetan Duval Airport on 25 March. A class IV warning was issued for Rodrigues on 26 March. As the storm approached, the Mauritius
Red Cross The organized International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a Humanitarianism, humanitarian movement with approximately 16million volunteering, volunteers, members, and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ...
sent fifteen volunteers to provide camp beds to the island. Joaninha made its closest approach to Rodrigues, being northeast of the island. Winds of over and of rain was recorded, with the highest gust measured at . As 408 people sheltered in the island, Joaninha damaged electricity with its winds and obstructed roads. Being the second storm to strike Rodrigues in a year after Gelena, Joaninha destroyed 90% of the power grid on the island. Over 100 homes were damaged by the winds, with 29 being severely damaged. Four people were injured, including two women who broke their leg. 80% of plantations were destroyed, causing a significant loss of corn besides fruits. After the storm had passed, Mauritius Red Cross allocated hygiene kits, school supplies, and reconstruction materials for damaged homes, in cooperation with local emergency managers and government ministries of the county.


Intense Tropical Cyclone Kenneth

On 21 April, Météo-France (MFR) initiated advisories on Tropical Disturbance 14, which was situated to the northeast of Madagascar. The system drifted westward, organizing as it did so. Early on 23 April, the system strengthened into a tropical depression. Later that day, at 12:00 UTC, the tropical depression strengthened into a moderate tropical storm as was named ''Kenneth'', becoming the fourteenth tropical storm of the season. Early on 24 April, Kenneth strengthened into a tropical cyclone. Kenneth rapidly organised while approaching Mozambique, reaching Category 3-equivalent tropical cyclone intensity within several hours. On the same day, Kenneth was projected to strike Mozambique within a day and bring more flooding and wind damage to the nation, about a month after Cyclone Idai had devastated the region, raising fears that the ongoing humanitarian crisis there could be worsened by the storm. On the next day, Kenneth reached its peak intensity, becoming a Category 4-equivalent intense tropical cyclone, as the storm began to near landfall in Mozambique. However, at about that time, Kenneth initiated an
eyewall replacement cycle In meteorology, eyewall replacement cycles, also called concentric eyewall cycles, naturally occur in intense tropical cyclones with maximum sustained winds greater than , or hurricane-force, and particularly in major hurricanes of Saffir–Simps ...
and gradually began to weaken, just prior to landfall. Later that day, at 18:15 UTC, Kenneth made landfall as a Category 4-equivalent intense tropical cyclone in Mozambique, with 1-minute sustained winds of , just north of Pemba. This made Kenneth the most intense landfalling storm in Mozambique's recorded history. Kenneth's landfall also marked the second time in Mozambique's recorded history in which two storms have made landfall during the same season at tropical cyclone intensity or higher. Kenneth underwent extremely rapid weakening upon making landfall, despite the relatively favorable atmospheric environment and flat terrain of northern Mozambique. The system's maximum ten-minute sustained winds decreased from to just in just ten hours after landfall, weakening the storm to tropical storm intensity. On 26 April, Kenneth weakened to tropical depression intensity, while continuing its southward motion. On 27 April, Kenneth began drifting northward, also developing some thunderstorms off the coast of Mozambique. Kenneth continued to weaken, dissipating by 12:00 UTC on 29 April. Kenneth killed at least 52 people; seven on the island of
Comoros The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni, ...
, and at least 45 people in Mozambique. In Mozambique, Kenneth caused widespread damage in the city of Pemba, including extensive power outages and numerous felled trees. Kenneth is estimated to have caused at least $345 million in damages.


Tropical Cyclone Lorna

On 21 April, Tropical Depression 15 formed to the southeast of the
Maldives The Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, and historically known as the Maldive Islands, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in South Asia located in the Indian Ocean. The Maldives is southwest of Sri Lanka and India, abou ...
. The system moved southeastward, before turning south-southeastward on 22 April, while slowly strengthening. On the next day, the system intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Lorna, making the 2018–19 season the most active cyclone season recorded in the South-West Indian Ocean in the satellite era, surpassing the previous record set by the 1993–94 season. Lorna resumed a southeasterly direction on 24 April, while continuing to organise. On 25 April, Lorna then intensified into a severe tropical storm. On the same day, Lorna began to
interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization advocating for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organization was founded in 2006 and fo ...
with a smaller
tropical low A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure area, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its ...
to the east, in the Australian region basin, before absorbing the weaker system early on the next day. On 26 April, the JTWC upgraded Lorna to Category 1 status, while Lorna began turning towards the south. Soon afterward, Lorna encountered relatively strong vertical wind shear and steadily decreasing sea temperatures as it continued to track southwards, causing its gradual intensification trend to halt, and the JTWC to downgrade the system to a high-end tropical storm. On 28 April, somewhat unexpectedly, and contradicting forecasts by MFR and the JTWC, the system developed a clearly defined
eye An eye is a sensory organ that allows an organism to perceive visual information. It detects light and converts it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons (neurones). It is part of an organism's visual system. In higher organisms, the ey ...
and underwent steady intensification. Consequently, MFR upgraded the system to a tropical cyclone, and the JTWC upgraded Lorna to Category 2 status on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Around this time, Lorna deviated from its predominantly southwards motion, and assumed a track to the south-southeast. Due to the system being located on the very eastern edge of the South-West Indian Ocean basin during the previous two days, this slight easterly motion caused the cyclone to become centred directly over the
90th meridian east The meridian 90° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. It is the border between two tropical cyclone ba ...
—the boundary of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's area of responsibility. Lorna strengthened to peak intensity while tracking southwards along the boundary between the two regions, attaining ten-minute sustained winds of by 18:00 UTC on 28 April. By 29 April, the structure of the cyclone had degraded significantly, primarily due to strong vertical wind shear and resulting dry air intrusion. As a result, the system was downgraded by the MFR to a severe tropical storm. Very strong vertical wind shear, analysed at at 09:00 UTC on 29 April, caused Lorna to become devoid of deep convection later that day. Having lost tropical characteristics, the system was downgraded by the MFR at 12:00 UTC to a powerful
storm-force The Beaufort scale ( ) is an empirical measure that relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land. Its full name is the Beaufort wind force scale. It was devised in 1805 by Francis Beaufort a hydrographer in the Royal Navy. It ...
post-tropical depression. Gale-force winds ceased by 12:00 UTC on 30 April, and Ex-Tropical Cyclone Lorna exited the basin into the Australian region by 06:00 UTC on 1 May. Soon afterward, Lorna became an
extratropical low Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth. Extratropical cyclones are capable of p ...
, before merging with another low-pressure system in the central southern Indian Ocean later that day.


Storm names

Within the South-West Indian Ocean, tropical depressions and subtropical depressions that are judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of by the
Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre A Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) is responsible for the distribution of information, advisories, and warnings regarding the specific program they have a part of, agreed by consensus at the World Meteorological Organization as ...
on La Réunion Island, France (RSMC La Réunion) are usually assigned a name. However, it is the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centres in Mauritius and Madagascar who name the systems. The Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Mauritius names a storm should it intensify into a moderate tropical storm between 55°E and
90°E The meridian 90° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. It is the border between two tropical cyclone bas ...
. If instead a cyclone intensifies into a moderate tropical storm between 30°E and 55°E then the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. Storm names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names, which rotate on a triennial basis, with any names that have been used automatically removed. Therefore, all storm names used this year were later removed from the rotation and replaced with a new name for the 2021–22 season, while the unused names remained on the list. If a tropical cyclone enters the South-West Indian basin from the Australian region basin (west of 90°E), it will retain the name assigned to it by the
Bureau of Meteorology The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM or BoM) is an executive agency of the Government of Australia, Australian Government that is responsible for providing Weather forecasting, weather forecasts and Meteorology, meteorological services to Australia a ...
(BoM) or the
Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (, abbreviated BMKG) is an Indonesian non-departmental government agency for meteorology, climatology, and geophysics. History Its history began on 1841 with individual observation conducted by ...
(BMKG). The following storms were named in this manner: After the season, the twelve names used were automatically retired and were replaced with ''Ana'', ''Batsirai'', ''Cliff'', ''Dumako'', ''Emnati'', ''Fezile'', ''Gombe'', ''Halima'', ''Issa'', ''Jasmine'', ''Karim'' and ''Letlama'', respectively for the 2021–22 season.


Seasonal effects

This table lists all of the tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones that were monitored during the 2018–2019 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Information on their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, primarily comes from RSMC La Réunion. Death and damage reports come from either press reports or the relevant national disaster management agency while the damage totals are given in 2018 or 2019 USD. , - , , , , , bgcolor=#, , , bgcolor=#, , , bgcolor=#, , , None, , , , , , , - , , , , , bgcolor=#, , , bgcolor=#, , , bgcolor=#, , ,
Agaléga Agaléga () is a dependency of Mauritius, as defined by the Constitution of Mauritius, which consists of two outer islands located in the Indian Ocean, about north of Mauritius Island. Similar to other Mauritian islands such as St. Brandon, ...
,
Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...
,
Tanzania Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to t ...
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Mauritius Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Ag ...
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Rodrigues Rodrigues ( ; Mauritian Creole, Creole: ) is a Autonomous administrative division, autonomous Outer islands of Mauritius, outer island of the Republic of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, about east of Mauritius. It is part of the Mascarene Isl ...
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Malawi Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south, and southwest. Malawi spans over and ...
, Madagascar,
Zimbabwe file:Zimbabwe, relief map.jpg, upright=1.22, Zimbabwe, relief map Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Bots ...
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Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Seychellois Creole: ), is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 155 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, ...
, Madagascar,
Comoros The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni, ...
, Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi, , , , , , , - , , , , , bgcolor=#, , , bgcolor=#, , , bgcolor=#, , , None, , None, , None, , , -


See also

* Weather of 2018 and
2019 This was the year in which the first known human case of COVID-19 was documented, preceding COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic which was declared by the World Health Organization the following year. Up to that point, 2019 had been described as ...
* Tropical cyclones in
2018 Events January * January 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Estonian presidency. * January 4 – SPLM-IO rebels loyal to Chan Garang Lual start a raid against Juba, capital of ...
and
2019 This was the year in which the first known human case of COVID-19 was documented, preceding COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic which was declared by the World Health Organization the following year. Up to that point, 2019 had been described as ...
*
List of Southern Hemisphere cyclone seasons The tropical cyclone seasons that occur in the Southern Hemisphere are: *South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone **Current – South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season *Australian region tropical cyclone An Australian region tropical cyclone ...
* Atlantic hurricane seasons:
2018 Events January * January 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Estonian presidency. * January 4 – SPLM-IO rebels loyal to Chan Garang Lual start a raid against Juba, capital of ...
,
2019 This was the year in which the first known human case of COVID-19 was documented, preceding COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic which was declared by the World Health Organization the following year. Up to that point, 2019 had been described as ...
* Pacific hurricane seasons:
2018 Events January * January 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Estonian presidency. * January 4 – SPLM-IO rebels loyal to Chan Garang Lual start a raid against Juba, capital of ...
,
2019 This was the year in which the first known human case of COVID-19 was documented, preceding COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic which was declared by the World Health Organization the following year. Up to that point, 2019 had been described as ...
* Pacific typhoon seasons:
2018 Events January * January 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Estonian presidency. * January 4 – SPLM-IO rebels loyal to Chan Garang Lual start a raid against Juba, capital of ...
,
2019 This was the year in which the first known human case of COVID-19 was documented, preceding COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic which was declared by the World Health Organization the following year. Up to that point, 2019 had been described as ...
* North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons:
2018 Events January * January 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Estonian presidency. * January 4 – SPLM-IO rebels loyal to Chan Garang Lual start a raid against Juba, capital of ...
,
2019 This was the year in which the first known human case of COVID-19 was documented, preceding COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic which was declared by the World Health Organization the following year. Up to that point, 2019 had been described as ...
* 2018–19 Australian region cyclone season *
2018–19 South Pacific cyclone season The 2018–19 South Pacific cyclone season was a below-average season that produced 5 tropical cyclones, 2 of which became severe tropical cyclones. The season officially runs from November 1, 2018, to April 30, 2019; however, a tropical cyclone c ...
*
1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season The 1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season was the first on record in which two storms – Cyclone Leon–Eline, Leon–Eline and Cyclone Hudah, Hudah – struck Mozambique at tropical cyclone scales#South-West Indian Ocean, ...
– The third-deadliest South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season


Footnotes


References


External links


Météo-France La Réunion

Direction Générale de la Météorologie de Madagascar

Mauritius Meteorological Services


{{DEFAULTSORT:2018-19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons 2018 SWIO 2019 SWIO