The 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC and the last century BCE, started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero; however, astronomical year numbering does use a zero, as well as a minus sign, so "2 BC" is equal to "year –1". 1st century AD (

Anno Domini The terms (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Gregorian calendar, Gregorian and Julian calendar, Julian calendars. The term is Medieval Latin and means "in the year of the Lord" but is often presented using "o ...

) follows. In the course of the century, all the remaining independent lands surrounding the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern Eur ...

were steadily brought under Roman control, being ruled either directly under governors or through puppet kings appointed by Rome. The Roman state itself was plunged into civil war several times, finally resulting in the marginalization of its 500-year-old Roman Republic, and the embodiment of total state power in a single man—the Roman emperor. The internal turbulence that plagued Rome at this time can be seen as the death throes of the Roman Republic, as it finally gave way to the autocratic ambitions of powerful men like

Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (, ; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman of the late Roman Republic. A great commander and ruthless politician, Sulla used violence to advance his career and his co ...

Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in Caesar's civil wa ...

Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman people, Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the Crisis of the Roman Republic, transformation of the Roman Republic ...

and Octavian. Octavian's ascension to total power as the emperor Augustus is considered to mark the point in history where the

Roman Republic The Roman Republic ( ) was the era of Ancient Rome, classical Roman civilisation beginning with Overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establis ...

ends and the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...

begins. Some scholars refer to this event as the Roman Revolution. In the eastern mainland, the

Han dynasty The Han dynasty was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC ...

began to decline and the court of

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

was in chaos in the latter half of this century. Trapped in a difficult situation, the

Xiongnu The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of Nomad, nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese historiography, Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, t ...

had to begin emigration to the west or attach themselves to the Han.

Events

90s BC

* 97 BC: Ariarathes VIII is forced out of Cappadocia by Mithridates VI of Pontus, and dies soon afterwards. * 96 BC: Cyrene is left to the people of

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

by its ruler Ptolemy Apion. * 96 BC: King Alexander Jannaeus of

Judea Judea or Judaea (; ; , ; ) is a mountainous region of the Levant. Traditionally dominated by the city of Jerusalem, it is now part of Palestine and Israel. The name's usage is historic, having been used in antiquity and still into the pres ...

wins the Siege of Gaza. * 95 BC: Tigranes the Great becomes king of

Armenia Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to ...

* 93 BC: Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios becomes king of Cappadocia with Roman backing. * 91 BC: The assassination of Marcus Livius Drusus leads to the

Social War (91–87 BC) The Social War (from Latin , "war of the allies"), also called the Italian War or the Marsic War, was fought largely from 91 to 88 BC between the Roman Republic and several of its autonomous allies () in Roman Italy, Italy. Some of the ...

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

* 91 BC: Crown Prince Ju Revolt in

80s BC

* 89 BC: Mithridates VI of Pontus's invasion of Cappadocia leads to the First Mithridatic War with the

. * 89 BC: Valagamba of Anuradhapura gains control of all of

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

* 88 BC: 80,000 Roman civilians killed in the Asiatic Vespers in Asia Minor * 87 BC:

Emperor Wu of Han Emperor Wu of Han (156 – 29 March 87BC), born Liu Che and courtesy name Tong, was the seventh Emperor of China, emperor of the Han dynasty from 141 to 87 BC. His reign lasted 54 years – a record not broken until the reign of the Kangxi ...

dies and is succeeded by his eight-year-old son Zhao, with Jin Midi, Shangguang Jie and Huo Guang as regents. * 88 BC:

becomes the first Roman general in history to march on Rome * 87 BC:

Civil war A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

between the Roman consuls Cornelius Cinna and Octavius * 86 BC: Siege of Athens ends with Roman conquest of

Athens Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...

. * 86 BC: the death of the regent of

Jin Midi unleashes the rivalry of his co-regents Shangguang Jie and Huo Guang. * 85 BC: Sulla defeats the forces of Mithridates VI in Greece at the

Battle of Orchomenus A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

* 85 BC: Aretas III of the

Nabataeans The Nabataeans or Nabateans (; Nabataean Aramaic: , , vocalized as ) were an ancient Arabs, Arab people who inhabited northern Arabian Peninsula, Arabia and the southern Levant. Their settlements—most prominently the assumed capital city o ...

conquers

Damascus Damascus ( , ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in the Levant region by population, largest city of Syria. It is the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. Kno ...

. *

83 BC __NOTOC__ Year 83 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Asiaticus and Norbanus (or, less frequently, year 671 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 83 BC for this year has bee ...

: Sulla makes peace with Mithridates VI and marches on Rome. * 83- 81 BC: Lucius Licinius Murena wages the Second Mithridatic War. * 82 BC: Sertorius flees from Sulla to North Africa via

Hispania Hispania was the Ancient Rome, Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two Roman province, provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divide ...

* 82 BC: The Dacian king Burebista comes to power and unites the Dacian tribes * c.

: Tigranes of

takes control of

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

after the implosion of the Seleucid dynasty. * 81 BC:

is appointed dictator of the Roman state, and brings about major reforms. * 80 BC: Sertorius invades

and sets up his own regime, beginning the Sertorian War (80-72). * 80 BC: conflict between the regents Shangguang Jie and Huo Guang results in the destruction of the Shangguang clan and Huo Guang becoming the ''de facto'' ruler of

. * c. 80 BC: Maues, King of the Sakas, conquers

Gandhara Gandhara () was an ancient Indo-Aryan people, Indo-Aryan civilization in present-day northwest Pakistan and northeast Afghanistan. The core of the region of Gandhara was the Peshawar valley, Peshawar (Pushkalawati) and Swat valleys extending ...

and

Taxila Taxila or Takshashila () is a city in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Pakistan. Located in the Taxila Tehsil of Rawalpindi District, it lies approximately northwest of the Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area and is just south of the ...

70s BC

* 77 BC:

Fu Jiezi Fu Jiezi (), born in Qingyang, Gansu, was responsible for the assassination of the Loulan king Angui in 77 BC. Career Although fond of study, at fourteen years of age he threw his writing-tablets aside, saying with a sigh, “Tis in foreign lands t ...

assassinated the king of Loulan on behalf of the

. * c.

75 BC __NOTOC__ Year 75 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavius and Cotta (or, less frequently, year 679 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 75 BC for this year has been us ...

: Kanva dynasty replaces the Shunga dynasty in Magadha. * 74 BC: Mithridates VI of Pontus disputes Nicomedes IV of Bithynia's bequest of his kingdom to the

, beginning the Third Mithridatic War. * 74 BC: Emperor Zhao of Han dies and is succeeded by the unsuitable Prince He of Changyi and then by Xuan. Huo Guang continues to be ''de facto'' ruler of

. *

73 BC __NOTOC__ Year 73 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lucullus and Longinus (or, less frequently, year 681 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 73 BC for this year has been ...

: a slave rebellion led by the escaped gladiator

Spartacus Spartacus (; ) was a Thracians, Thracian gladiator (Thraex) who was one of the Slavery in ancient Rome, escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major Slave rebellion, slave uprising against the Roman Republic. Historical accounts o ...

leads to the

Third Servile War The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and the War of Spartacus by Plutarch, was the last in a series of slave rebellions against the Roman Republic known as the Servile Wars. This third rebellion was the only one that directl ...

. * 73- 72 BC:

Lucullus Lucius Licinius Lucullus (; 118–57/56 BC) was a Ancient Romans, Roman List of Roman generals, general and Politician, statesman, closely connected with Lucius Cornelius Sulla. In culmination of over 20 years of almost continuous military and ...

defeats Mithridates at Tenedos,

Cyzicus Cyzicus ( ; ; ) was an ancient Greek town in Mysia in Anatolia in the current Balıkesir Province of Turkey. It was located on the shoreward side of the present Kapıdağ Peninsula (the classical Arctonnesus), a tombolo which is said to have or ...

, and the Rhyndacus and he flees east to

71 BC __NOTOC__ Year 71 BC was a year of the Roman calendar, pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Orestes (or, less frequently, year 683 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 71 BC for this ...

: Pompey the Great ends the Sertorian War (restoring Roman control of

) and the

(restoring Roman control of southern Italy). *

Wusun The Wusun ( ) were an ancient semi-Eurasian nomads, nomadic Eurasian Steppe, steppe people of unknown origin mentioned in Chinese people, Chinese records from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. The Wusun originally l ...

and

attack the

60s BC

* 69 BC:

invades

( Battle of Tigranocerta) and reestablishes the Seleucids in Syria. * 68 BC:

Pompey Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey ( ) or Pompey the Great, was a Roman general and statesman who was prominent in the last decades of the Roman Republic. ...

replaces

as leader of the Roman forces in the Third Mithridatic War. * 68 BC: Huo Guang dies and Emperor Xuan of Han assumes full power. The Huo clan is eliminated over the following two years. *

67 BC __NOTOC__ Year 67 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Glabrio (or, less frequently, year 687 '' Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 67 BC for this year has been use ...

is given a three-year extraordinary command against the pirates plaguing the

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...

and defeats them in forty days. * 66 BC:

drives Mithridates VI out of Asia Minor ( Battle of the Lycus). * 66 BC: Aristobulus II seizes power from John Hyrcanus II in

. *

63 BC __NOTOC__ Year 63 BC was a year of the Roman calendar, pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cicero and Hybrida (or, less frequently, year 691 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 63 BC for this y ...

: Mithridates VI commits suicide, ending the Third Mithridatic War. *

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

denounces and defeats the Catilinarian conspiracy. *

captures

Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...

, and establishes Roman annexation of

as a client kingdom. He also permanently abolishes Seleucid Syria. Aristobulus II of

removed from power & John Hyrcanus II restored as Roman vassal. * 62 BC:

Nabataean kingdom The Nabataean Kingdom (Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢕𐢃𐢋𐢈 ''Nabāṭū''), also named Nabatea () was a political state of the Nabataeans during classical antiquity. The Nabataean Kingdom controlled many of the trade routes of the region, amassin ...

becomes a Roman vassal. * 61 BC: Orgetorix and the Helvetii's attempt to migrate into southwestern France leads Julius Caesar to take military action, beginning the Gallic Wars * 60 BC:

, and Crassus form the First Triumvirate * c. 60 BC: the Sakas conquer Mathura.

50s BC

* 58 BC: Battle of Bibracte -

conquers the

Helvetii The Helvetii (, , Gaulish: *''Heluētī''), anglicized as Helvetians, were a Celtic tribe or tribal confederation occupying most of the Swiss plateau at the time of their contact with the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC. According to Ju ...

* 58 BC:

Germans Germans (, ) are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, constitution of Germany, imple ...

invade

Gaul Gaul () was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Roman people, Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy. It covered an area of . Ac ...

and are defeated by

at Battle of Vosges (58 BC). * 58 BC: Clodius becomes the leading figure in Roman urban politics.

goes into exile. * 58 BC: Huhanye rebels against his distant cousin Woyanqudi Chanyu of the Xiongyu, beginning the Xiongnu civil war. * 57 BC:

invades and defeats the

Belgae The Belgae ( , ) were a large confederation of tribes living in northern Gaul, between the English Channel, the west bank of the Rhine, and the northern bank of the river Seine, from at least the third century BC. They were discussed in depth b ...

at the Battle of the Sabis. * 57 BC:

recalled from exile through the machinations of Milo and his mob. * 57 BC:

Silla Silla (; Old Korean: wikt:徐羅伐#Old Korean, 徐羅伐, Yale romanization of Korean, Yale: Syerapel, Revised Romanization of Korean, RR: ''Seorabeol''; International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA: ) was a Korean kingdom that existed between ...

is founded in southeastern Korea (traditional date according to '' Samguk Sagi'', a 12th-century historical document). *

56 BC __NOTOC__ Year 56 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Republic, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Philippus (or, less frequently, year 698 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 56 BC for this y ...

: Vikramaditya defeats the Sakas at Ujjain and founds the Vikram Samvat calendar era. * 55- 54 BC: Caesar's invasions of Britain. * 54- 53 BC: Ambiorix's revolt against

. * 53 BC: the

Parthia Parthia ( ''Parθava''; ''Parθaw''; ''Pahlaw'') is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran. It was conquered and subjugated by the empire of the Medes during the 7th century BC, was incorporated into the subsequent Achaemeni ...

ns defeat the Romans under Crassus in the Battle of Carrhae, ending the First Triumvirate. * 53 BC: Clodius dies during mob violence in

. His followers burn down the Senate house. * 53 BC: Huhanye Chanyu of the

become a Chinese vassal. * 52 BC:

joins the

Optimates ''Optimates'' (, ; Latin for "best ones"; ) and ''populares'' (; Latin for "supporters of the people"; ) are labels applied to politicians, political groups, traditions, strategies, or ideologies in the late Roman Republic. There is "heated ...

and becomes sole

Consul Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states thro ...

in Rome. * 52 BC: Vercingetorix's revolt in

( Battle of Gergovia, Battle of Alesia). * 51 BC: Siege of Uxellodunum marks the end of the Gallic Wars and the final Roman conquest of

. * Mid 1st century BC – East torana of the Great Stupa at Sanchi, is made. Early Andhra period. According to an inscription, it is sculpted by ivory carvers from the nearby town of Vidisha.

40s BC

49 BC __NOTOC__ Year 49 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Marcellus (or, less frequently, year 705 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 49 BC for this year has b ...

crosses the Rubicon river and takes the city of Rome, beginning Caesar's Civil War. * 48 BC: Ptolemy XIII deposes his co-regent

Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (; The name Cleopatra is pronounced , or sometimes in both British and American English, see and respectively. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology). She was ...

, beginning the Ptolemaic civil war in

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

* 48 BC: Emperor Xuan of Han dies and is succeeded by his son Yuan. Wang Zhengjun is made Empress, as a result of which her clan would eventually topple the

. * 48 BC:

decisively defeats

at the Battle of Pharsalus. * 47 BC:

restored to the Ptolemaic throne after the Battle of the Nile (47 BC) * 47 BC: year of six kings in Anuradhapura in

46 BC __NOTOC__ Year 46 BC was the last year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Lepidus (or, less frequently, year 708 '' Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 46 BC for this year has ...

takes control of

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

at the Battle of Thapsus. *

abandons control of

Hainan Hainan is an island provinces of China, province and the southernmost province of China. It consists of the eponymous Hainan Island and various smaller islands in the South China Sea under the province's administration. The name literally mean ...

as a cost-cutting measure. * 45 BC:

wins the Battle of Munda, regaining control of

and ending the Roman Civil War. * 44 BC: Julius Caesar named '' Dictator perpetuo'' * 44 BC: Julius Caesar re-founds

Carthage Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classic ...

and

Corinth Corinth ( ; , ) is a municipality in Corinthia in Greece. The successor to the ancient Corinth, ancient city of Corinth, it is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese (region), Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Sin ...

as Roman colonies. * 44 BC:

Assassination of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC by a group of senators during a Roman Senate, Senate session at the Curia of Pompey, located within the Theatre of Pompey in Ancient Rome, Rome. The ...

on the Ides of March. * 44 BC: Burebista death, Dacian empire collapses into four then five smaller kingdoms. *

43 BC __NOTOC__ Year 43 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Sunday or Monday of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting ...

: Octavian,

, and Lepidus form the

Second Triumvirate The Second Triumvirate was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created at the end of the Roman republic for Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian to give them practically absolute power. It was formally constituted by law on 27 November ...

and take control of

. * 42 BC: Second Triumvirate defeats Julius Caesar's assassins at the Battle of Philippi * 41- 40 BC: Lucius Antonius and Octavian fight the Perusine War * 40 BC: Pacorus I conquers Roman Syria.

30s BC

Augustus Bevilacqua Glyptothek Munich 317

* 38 BC: Ventidius defeats the Parthians at the

Battle of Mount Gindarus The Battle of Mount Gindarus or battle of Cyrrhestica in 38 BC was a decisive victory for the Roman general Publius Ventidius Bassus over the Parthian army of Pacorus, son of King Orodes, in the Greater Syria district of Cyrrhestica. Pr ...

, reclaiming Roman Syria. * 37 BC:

Herod the Great Herod I or Herod the Great () was a History of the Jews in the Roman Empire, Roman Jewish client king of the Herodian kingdom of Judea. He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea. Among these works are the rebuilding of the ...

becomes king of

. * 37 BC:

invades

. * 37 BC:

Goguryeo Goguryeo (37 BC – 668 AD) (; ; Old Korean: Guryeo) also later known as Goryeo (; ; Middle Korean: 고ᇢ롕〮, ''kwòwlyéy''), was a Korean kingdom which was located on the northern and central parts of the Korea, Korean Peninsula an ...

is founded in southern

Manchuria Manchuria is a historical region in northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day northeast China and parts of the modern-day Russian Far East south of the Uda (Khabarovsk Krai), Uda River and the Tukuringra-Dzhagdy Ranges. The exact ...

(traditional date according to ''Samguk Sagi''). *

36 BC __NOTOC__ Year 36 BC was either a common year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting ...

: Battle of Naulochus:

gains control of

Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...

from the rebel Sextus Pompey. *

: Battle of Zhizhi: Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang launch an unauthorised expedition which prevents the

from extending their power into

Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...

. * 34 BC:

and

perform the

Donations of Alexandria The Donations of Alexandria (autumn 34 BC) was a political act by Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony in which they distributed lands held by Rome and Parthia among Cleopatra's children and gave them many titles, especially for Caesarion, the son of ...

. * 33 BC: Emperor Yuan of Han dies and is succeeded by his son Cheng. Empress Wang Zhengjun becomes Empress Dowager and her brother is placed in command of the armed forces and administration. * 32 BC: disagreements between Octavian and

cause the outbreak of the Final War of the Roman Republic. * 31 BC: Battle of Actium: Octavian defeats troops under

and

, becoming ''de facto'' ruler of the Roman empire. * 30 BC: Octavian annexes

. * c. 30 BC: Satavahana dynasty replaces the Kanva dynasty in Magadha.

20s BC

* 27 BC: the Roman Senate votes Octavian the title of

Augustus Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (), was the founder of the Roman Empire, who reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in A ...

. Augustus eventually assumes all authority formerly held by the Roman senate becoming the first emperor. This is traditionally taken as the end of the

and the beginning of the

Principate The Principate was the form of imperial government of the Roman Empire from the beginning of the reign of Augustus in 27 BC to the end of the Crisis of the Third Century in AD 284, after which it evolved into the Dominate. The principate was ch ...

(27 BC-AD 235). * 25 BC: Galatia annexed by

after the death of Amyntas of Galatia. * Second half of 1st century BC – Chaitya hall at Karli, India,

Maharashtra Maharashtra () is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to th ...

, is made. Early Andhra period.

10s BC

19 BC __NOTOC__ Year 19 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday, Common year starting on Friday, Friday or Common year starting on Saturday, Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday or Leap year starting on Friday, Friday of the Julian ca ...

: conclusion of major fighting in the Cantabrian Wars marks the end of the Roman conquest of Hispania * 18 BC:

Baekje Baekje or Paekche (; ) was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BCE to 660 CE. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla. While the three kingdoms were in separate existence, Baekje had the h ...

is founded in mid-western

Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...

(traditional date according to ''Samguk Sagi''). * 16- 13 BC:

establishes the

Rhine The Rhine ( ) is one of the List of rivers of Europe, major rivers in Europe. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. It forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein border, then part of the Austria–Swit ...

'' limes''. * Maison Carrée and Pont du Gard built.

0s BC

9 BC __NOTOC__ Year 9 BC was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Common year starting on Thursday, Thursday or Common year starting on Friday, Friday or a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see Julian ca ...

Pannonia Pannonia (, ) was a Roman province, province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, on the west by Noricum and upper Roman Italy, Italy, and on the southward by Dalmatia (Roman province), Dalmatia and upper Moesia. It ...

annexed to the Roman empire by the future emperor

Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus ( ; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC to Roman politician Tiberius Cl ...

8 BC __NOTOC__ Year 8 BC was either a common year starting on Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Wednesday ...

: Wang Mang becomes head of the Chinese armed forces and administration. * 7 BC: Emperor Cheng of Han dies and is succeeded by his nephew Ai. Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun becomes Grand Empress Dowager and the Emperor's grandmother Consort Fu becomes Empress Dowager. Wang Mang resigns as head of the armed forces and administration. The reign is dominated by the destabilising intrigues of the Wang and Fu clans. * c. 6 BC – 4 BC: birth of Jesus of Nazareth (see Chronology of Jesus' birth and death,

, and

Common Era Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the ...

for further details). * 4 BC:

annexed to the Roman province of

after the death of King Herod. *

2 BC __NOTOC__ Year 2 BC was a common year starting on Thursday or Common year starting on Friday, Friday of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see Julian calendar#Leap year error, leap year error for further information) and a common year start ...

: Emperor Ai of Han appoints his unpopular homosexual lover Dong Xian as head of armed forces and administration. * 1 BC: Emperor Ai of Han dies and is succeeded by his eight year old cousin Ping. Wang Mang is appointed regent and begins wide-ranging reforms.

Significant people

0092 - Wien - Kunsthistorisches Museum - Gaius Julius Caesar

Politics (and relatives of political figures)

* Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman politician * Agrippa, Roman statesman and general * Ambiorix, prince of the Eburones, Gallic

tribal chief A tribal chief, chieftain, or headman is a leader of a tribe, tribal society or chiefdom. Tribal societies There is no definition for "tribe". The concept of tribe is a broadly applied concept, based on tribal concepts of societies of weste ...

, Roman general and politician * Ariovistus, leader of the

Suebi file:1st century Germani.png, 300px, The approximate positions of some Germanic peoples reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century. Suebian peoples in red, and other Irminones in purple. The Suebi (also spelled Suavi, Suevi or Suebians ...

, Germanic

, Roman Emperor * Brutus, Roman politician * Burebista, king of

Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It thus ro ...

* Cassivellaunus, Celtic Briton

* Catiline, attempted to overthrow

* Cato the Younger, Roman politician * Cleopatra VII of Egypt, Ruler of Egypt * Publius Clodius Pulcher, Roman politician,

demagogue A demagogue (; ; ), or rabble-rouser, is a political leader in a democracy who gains popularity by arousing the common people against elites, especially through oratory that whips up the passions of crowds, Appeal to emotion, appealing to emo ...

* Crassus, Roman general and politician *

, king of

* Huo Guang, Chinese politician * Juba II, last king of

Numidia Numidia was the ancient kingdom of the Numidians in northwest Africa, initially comprising the territory that now makes up Algeria, but later expanding across what is today known as Tunisia and Libya. The polity was originally divided between ...

* Julia the Elder, Roman noblewoman, wife of Agrippa and

, Roman general and statesman * Livia, Empress of Rome, mother of Tiberius *

, Roman general and politician *

Maecenas Gaius Cilnius Maecenas ( 13 April 68 BC – 8 BC) was a friend and political advisor to Octavian (who later reigned as emperor Augustus). He was also an important patron for the new generation of Augustan poets, including both Horace and Virgil. ...

, Roman politician and famous philanthropist * Gaius Marius, Roman general and statesman * Nalankilli, king of the early Chola dynasty in South India *

Octavia the Younger Octavia the Younger (; 69 BC – 11 BC) was the elder sister of the first Roman emperor, Augustus (known also as Octavian), the half-sister of Octavia the Elder, and the fourth wife of Mark Antony. She was also the great-grandmother of the Emp ...

, Roman noblewoman, sister of Augustus and wife of Mark Antony. *

, Roman general and politician * Sextus Pompey, Roman general and son of Pompey * Ptolemy XIII of Egypt, pharaoh of Egypt * Sertorius, Roman statesman and general *

, Roman general and statesman * Tigranes the Great, king of

* Vercingetorix, Gallic king and chieftain * Xuan of Han, Chinese emperor

Religion

Hillel the Elder Hillel ( ''Hīllēl''; variously called Hillel the Elder or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, Sage (philosophy), sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of ...

, Jewish

rabbi A rabbi (; ) is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi—known as ''semikha''—following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form of t ...

* Jesus of Nazareth, The Son of God in various beliefs *

John the Baptist John the Baptist ( – ) was a Jewish preacher active in the area of the Jordan River in the early first century AD. He is also known as Saint John the Forerunner in Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy, John the Immerser in some Baptist ...

, Jewish prophet in Christianity and Islam * Joseph, according to the

New Testament The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, as well as events relating to Christianity in the 1st century, first-century Christianit ...

the foster father of Jesus. * Mary, according to the

and the

Quran The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...

the mother of Jesus. * Zarmanochegas, Indian gymnosophist

Literature, science, and philosophy

* Aemilius Macer, Roman didactic poet * Alfenus Varus, Roman jurist * Afranius, Roman dramatist * Antiochus of Ascalon, Syrian Greek philosopher * Antipater of Thessalonica, Greek poet * Apollonius of Citium, Cypriot Greek doctor * Asinius Pollio, Roman poet and historian * Asclepiodotus, Greek philosopher and writer on tactics * Athenaeus Mechanicus, Greek writer on siege weapons * Consort Ban, Chinese poet * Calvus, Roman poet and orator * Catullus, Roman poet *

, Roman writer, philosopher and politician * Cornelius Gallus, Roman poet and politician *

Cornelius Nepos Cornelius Nepos (; c. 110 BC – c. 25 BC) was a Roman Empire, Roman biographer. He was born at Hostilia, a village in Cisalpine Gaul not far from Verona. Biography Nepos's Cisalpine birth is attested by Ausonius, and Pliny the Elder calls ...

, Roman biographer * Crinagoras of Mytilene, Greek poet * Didymus Chalcenterus, Alexandrian Greek grammarian * Diodorus Siculus, Sicilian Greek historian * Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Greek historian and grammarian * Elephantis, Greek poet and medical writer * Geminus, Rhodian Greek astronomer and mathematician * Helvius Cinna, Roman poet *

Horace Quintus Horatius Flaccus (; 8 December 65 BC – 27 November 8 BC), Suetonius, Life of Horace commonly known in the English-speaking world as Horace (), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). Th ...

, Roman poet * Huan Tan, Chinese poet, philosopher and politician * Jing Fang, Chinese mathematician and music theorist * Marcus Antistius Labeo, Roman jurist *

Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding i ...

, Roman historian * Liu Xiang, Chinese poet and librarian * Liu Xin, Chinese astronomer, mathematician, and librarian *

Lucretius Titus Lucretius Carus ( ; ; – October 15, 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the philosophical poem '' De rerum natura'', a didactic work about the tenets and philosophy of Epicureanism, which usually is t ...

, Roman poet and philosopher * Meleager of Gadara, Syrian Greek poet and anthologist * Nigidius Figulus, Roman philosopher and polymath *

Ovid Publius Ovidius Naso (; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a younger contemporary of Virgil and Horace, with whom he i ...

, Roman poet * Parmenion, Greek poet * Parthenius of Nicaea, Bithynian Greek poet and grammarian * Philodemus, Syrian Greek poet and philosopher * Lucius Pomponius, Roman dramatist * Pompeius Trogus, Roman historian * Marcus Porcius Latro, Roman orator * Posidonius, Syrian Greek philosopher, geographer, and polymath * Propertius, Roman poet * Rutilius Lupus, Roman rhetorician * Publilius Syrus, Syrian/Roman poet and dramatist * Sallust, Roman historian, politician * Sima Qian, Chinese historian, father of Chinese historiography * Sisenna, Roman historian *

Strabo Strabo''Strabo'' (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. The father of Pompey was called "Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, Pompeius Strabo". A native of Sicily so clear-si ...

, Pontian Greek geographer and historian * Themison of Laodicea, Syrian Greek doctor, founder of Methodic school of medicine * Tibullus, Roman poet * Tryphon, Alexandrian Greek grammarian * Valerius Antias, Roman historian *

Varro Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BCE) was a Roman polymath and a prolific author. He is regarded as ancient Rome's greatest scholar, and was described by Petrarch as "the third great light of Rome" (after Virgil and Cicero). He is sometimes call ...

, Roman polymath * Verrius Flaccus, Roman grammarian *

Virgil Publius Vergilius Maro (; 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Rome, ancient Roman poet of the Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Augustan period. He composed three of the most fa ...

, Roman poet *

Vitruvius Vitruvius ( ; ; –70 BC – after ) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work titled . As the only treatise on architecture to survive from antiquity, it has been regarded since the Renaissan ...

, Roman writer,

architect An architect is a person who plans, designs, and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that h ...

and

engineer Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who Invention, invent, design, build, maintain and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials. They aim to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while ...

* Wang Bao, Chinese poet * Yang Xiong, Chinese poet and philosopher *

Sangam literature The Sangam literature (Tamil language, Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், ''caṅka ilakkiyam''), historically known as 'the poetry of the noble ones' (Tamil language, Tamil: சான்றோர் செய்யுள், ''Cā ...

, ancient Tamil literary works.

Others

* Crixus, Gallic gladiator and rebel leader * Jin Midi, Chinese official *

, gladiator and insurgent leader of the

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

* The

Antikythera mechanism The Antikythera mechanism ( , ) is an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek hand-powered orrery (model of the Solar System). It is the oldest known example of an Analog computer, analogue computer. It could be used to predict astronomy, astronomical ...

is made. *The Chinese ''Ji Jiu Pian'' dictionary published in 40 BC during the

is the earliest known reference to the hydraulic-powered

trip hammer Trip may refer to: Arts and entertainment Books Fictional characters * Trip (Pokémon), Trip (''Pokémon''), a ''Pokémon'' character * Trip (Power Rangers), in the American television series ''Time Force Power Rangers'' * Trip, in the 2013 film ...

device. *

: Maya numeral for Zero was written in Chiapa; it is the oldest zero in The Americas.

Sovereign states

See: List of sovereign states in the 1st century BC.

References

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