The 1992 Murindó earthquake (also known as the Atrato earthquake) occurred on October 18 at 15:11 UTC (10:11 a.m. local time) with an epicenter in the Department of Chocó, northern Colombia. The shallow magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck northwest of the town of

Murindó Murindó is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. Climate Murindó has a tropical rainforest climate A tropical rainforest climate, humid tropical climate or equatorial climate is a tropical climate sub-type usually ...

, killing ten and injured more than a hundred. Thirty-three municipalities were severely damaged. The preferred

focal mechanism The focal mechanism of an earthquake describes the deformation in the source region that generates the seismic waves. In the case of a fault-related event it refers to the orientation of the fault plane that slipped and the slip vector and ...

of this earthquake is highly debated with either thrust, reverse, or left-lateral strike-slip.

Tectonic setting

Subduction Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries. Where the oceanic lithosphere of a tectonic plate converges with the less dense lithosphere of a second plate, ...

of the

Nazca Plate The Nazca Plate or Nasca Plate, named after the Nazca region of southern Peru, is an oceanic tectonic plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin off the west coast of South America. The ongoing subduction, along the Peru–Chile Trench, of the ...

beneath the

North Andes Plate The North Andes Plate or North Andes Block is a small tectonic plate ( microplate) located in the northern Andes. It is squeezed between the faster moving South American Plate and the Nazca Plate to the southwest. Due to the subduction of the Mal ...

(part of the

South American Plate The South American Plate is a major tectonic plate which includes the continent of South America as well as a sizable region of the Atlantic Ocean seabed extending eastward to the African Plate, with which it forms the southern part of the Mi ...

) occasionally produces moderately large to great earthquakes along the coast of Colombia. The

megathrust Megathrust earthquakes occur at convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another. The earthquakes are caused by slip along the thrust fault that forms the contact between the two plates. These interplate earthqua ...

fault forms the northern part of the

Peru–Chile Trench The Peru–Chile Trench, also known as the Atacama Trench, is an oceanic trench in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about off the coast of Peru and Chile. It reaches a maximum depth of below sea level in Richards Deep () and is approximately long; ...

, which has been the source of very large earthquakes including the

1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake The 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake occurred at 10:36:10 (UTC+5) on Wednesday January 31, 1906 off the coast of Ecuador, near Esmeraldas. The earthquake had a moment magnitude of 8.8 and triggered a destructive tsunami that caused at least 5 ...

; the magnitude 8.8 is the biggest in the region and the 6th largest earthquake to be instrumentally recorded.

Earthquake

From the earthquake's depth and proximity to the trench, this was not a subduction-related earthquake. On October 17, a magnitude 6.7 foreshock struck between Murindó and Opogodó 31 hours before the mainshock. Its focal mechanism was of reverse origin. It ruptured along a thrust or reverse fault for 50 km. Because of its size and rupture length, this quake could be considered an independent mainshock. The earthquake of October 18 was slightly more complex, consisting of two events separated by a time gap of 12 seconds. Two focal mechanisms were discovered during the mainshock thrust and strike-slip, which meant that there was a transition of faulting. This quake ruptured a 90 km section of the fault. A third event 100 seconds later could be part of the mainshock sequence. It is believed that this earthquake was a result of slippage along the

Murindó Fault The Murindó Fault ( es, Falla Murindó) is a strike-slip fault in the department of Antioquia and Chocó in northwestern Colombia. The fault has a total length of and runs along an average north-northwest to south-southeast strike of 347.4 ± ...

, a left-lateral strike-slip fault, and other smaller structures. No surface rupture was ever mentioned in reports.

Effects

Foreshock

A maximum intensity of VIII (''Severe'') was assigned to the magnitude 6.7 earthquake, and was felt in Murindó. It caused no deaths but 20 people were injured, and nearly all the buildings in the town were destroyed. It caused cracks to appear near rivers and liquefaction in the affected area.

Mainshock

The mainshock was much more severe, reaching X on the Modified Mercalli and MSK intensity scale. It was reassessed in the early 21st century based on its environmental effects and was assigned XI on the

Environmental Seismic Intensity scale The Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI 2007) is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake on the basis of the effects of the earthquake on the natural environment (Earthquake Environmental Effects). Overview The int ...

. The original intensity was mis-assigned likely due to the lack of buildings and underdevelopment in the affected region. In Murindó and the Atrato Valley, shaking intensity was IX (''Violent''), accounting for most of the damage to human settlements. Most of the affected areas were on low-relief terrain, with small hills that form the eastern part of the North Andes. These low hills were stripped of vegetation from landslides, covering an area of 480 km². Between 30 and 40% of the vegetation in the area was gone. Slope failures were also seen along riverbanks of the

Atrato Atrato is a municipality and town in the Chocó Department near the Pacific Ocean, Colombia. Climate Atrato has an extremely wet tropical rainforest climate (Af). The following climate data is for Yutó, the capital of the municipality. Refere ...

and Murindo rivers. Small slides were also seen in the city of Medellin. Many of the

liquefaction In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of t ...

cases were sand ejection from lateral-spreading. These phenomenons caused subsidence in some areas measured at 1.5 meters. Villages near riverbanks were affected because blocks of land were sliding into the rivers, turning them muddy. A

mud volcano A mud volcano or mud dome is a landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases. Several geological processes may cause the formation of mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes are not true igneous volcanoes as they do not produce l ...

in San Pedro de Uraba ejected 50,000 m³ of material, and exploded in a fiery ignition of gases, killing seven and injuring 20 while another at San Juan de Uraba emerged from the sea, creating Damaquiel Island near the coast. The death toll was relatively low because most of the residents had fled the town damaged by the foreshock. One child was killed after a school wall collapsed in Vigia del Fuerte. Further away in Bogota, five buildings were evacuated for fear that they would collapse. Rescue and recovery efforts were hampered as the only road leading to the affected region was buried under a landslide. Floods swept the affected towns after water overflowed from an earthquake lake on the Atrato River. The total damage from the foreshock and mainshock amounted to more than US$100 million.

References