Gnadenhutten monument to the Moravian Christian Indian Martyrs

Events

January–March

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of the Roman Republic, Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army, prompting the tribunes who support him to flee to where Caesar is waiting in Ravenna ...

– The first American

commercial bank A commercial bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and gives loans for the purposes of consumption and investment to make a profit. It can also refer to a bank or a division of a larger bank that deals with whol ...

(

Bank of North America The Bank of North America was the first chartered bank in the United States, and served as the country's first ''de facto'' central bank. It was chartered by the Congress of the Confederation on May 26, 1781, and opened in Philadelphia, Pennsy ...

) opens. *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Roman emperor, Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. *1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to set ...

– Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature, legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, including a Lower house, lower body, the United States House of Representatives, ...

to recommend establishment of a national

mint Mint or The Mint may refer to: Plants * Lamiaceae, the mint family ** ''Mentha'', the genus of plants commonly known as "mint" Coins and collectibles * Mint (facility), a facility for manufacturing coins * Mint condition, a state of like-new ...

and decimal coinage. *

January 23 Events Pre-1600 * 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor. * 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao. * 1229 ...

– The

Laird Laird () is a Scottish word for minor lord (or landlord) and is a designation that applies to an owner of a large, long-established Scotland, Scottish estate. In the traditional Scottish order of precedence, a laird ranked below a Baronage of ...

of Johnstone (George Ludovic Houston) invites people to buy marked plots of land which, when built upon, form the planned town of

Johnstone Johnstone (,
) is a town in the

thread and

cotton mill A cotton mill is a building that houses spinning or weaving machinery for the production of yarn or cloth from cotton, an important product during the Industrial Revolution in the development of the factory system. Although some were driven ...

s. *

February 5 Events Pre-1600 * *2 BC – Caesar Augustus is granted the title ''pater patriae'' by the Roman Senate. *AD 62, 62 – AD 62 Pompeii earthquake, Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. *756 – Chinese New Year; An Lushan proclaims himself E ...

– The Spanish defeat British forces and capture Menorca. *

February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Hormizd IV, king of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown and blinded by his brothers-in-law Vistahm and Vinduyih. * 1579 – The Diocese of Manila is erected by papal bull, with Domingo de Salazar appointe ...

– Singu Min is overthrown as king of Myanmar by his cousin Phaungka Min and 8 days later will be executed by his uncle

Bodawpaya Bodawpaya (, ; ; 11 March 1745 – 5 June 1819) was the sixth king of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Born Maung Shwe Waing and later Badon Min, he was the fourth son of Alaungpaya, founder of the dynasty and the Third Burmese Empire. He was procl ...

r. *

February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 3102 BC – Kali Yuga, the fourth and final yuga of Hinduism, starts with the death of Krishna. * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining J ...

–

Fourth Anglo-Dutch War The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (; 1780–1784) was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic. The war, contemporary with the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on t ...

: Shirley's Gold Coast expedition lands at

Elmina Elmina ( Fante: ''Edina'') is a town and the capital of the Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem District on the south coast of Ghana in the Central Region. It is situated on a bay on the Atlantic Ocean, west of Cape Coast.Straight line distances ...

on the

Dutch Gold Coast The Dutch Gold Coast or Dutch Guinea, officially Dutch possessions on the Coast of Guinea (Dutch language, Dutch: ''Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea'') was a portion of contemporary Ghana that was gradually colonized by the Dutch (et ...

. The British expedition fails to take the fort here but over the next several weeks seizes, with minimal resistance, four small Dutch forts. *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantin ...

– The British House of Commons votes against further war in America, paving the way for the

Second Rockingham ministry This is a list of the principal holders of government office during the second premiership of the Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham for four months in 1782. The North ministry resigned on 22 March 1782 after losing the confi ...

and the Peace of Paris. *

March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem '' Shahnameh''. * 1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between ...

–

Gnadenhutten massacre The Gnadenhutten massacre, also known as the Moravian massacre, was the killing of 96 pacifist Moravian Christian Indians (primarily Lenape and Mohican) by U.S. militiamen from Pennsylvania, under the command of David Williamson, on March 8, ...

: In

Ohio Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...

, 29 Native American men, 27 women, and 34 children are killed by colonial militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by another Native American group. *

March 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland. * 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the H ...

– Battle of Wuchale: Emperor Tekle Giyorgis pacifies a group of Oromo near

Wuchale Wuchale (Amharic: ውጫሌ), also spelled Uccialli, is a town in northern Ethiopia. Located about 40 km north of Dessie in the Debub Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of and an elevation of 1711 m. It ...

. *

March 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized Ferrara, a papal fiefdom. * 1329 – Pope John XXII ...

–

Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (13 May 1730 – 1 July 1782), styled The Honourable Charles Watson-Wentworth before 1739, Viscount Higham between 1739 and 1746, Earl of Malton between 1746 and 1750, and the Marquess of R ...

becomes

Prime Minister of Great Britain The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet, and selects its ministers. Modern pr ...

. *

March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. * 1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging ...

(

Easter Sunday Easter, also called Pascha (Aramaic: פַּסְחָא , ''paskha''; Greek language, Greek: πάσχα, ''páskha'') or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, de ...

) –

Mission San Buenaventura Mission San Buenaventura (, Ventureño language, Ventureño: ), formally known as the Mission Basilica of San Buenaventura, is a parish (Catholic Church), Catholic parish and basilica in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles, Archdiocese ...

is founded in

Las Californias The Californias (), occasionally known as the Three Californias or the Two Californias, are a region of North America spanning the United States and Mexico, consisting of the U.S. state of California and the Mexican states of Baja California an ...

, part of the

Viceroyalty of New Spain New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( ; Nahuatl: ''Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl''), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. It was one of several ...

April–June

April 6 Events Pre–1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus. * 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia. * ...

–

Rama I Phutthayotfa Chulalok (born Thongduang; 20 March 1737 – 7 September 1809), also known by his regnal name Rama I, was the founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (now Thailand) and the first King of Siam from the reigning Chakri dynasty. He asc ...

overthrows King

Taksin King Taksin the Great (, , ) or the King of Thonburi (, ; ; Teochew: Dên Chao; 17 April 1734 – 7 April 1782) was the only king of the Thonburi Kingdom that ruled Thailand from 1767 to 1782. He had been an aristocrat in the Ayutthaya Kingdom ...

Siam Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...

(now

Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...

) in a

coup d'état A coup d'état (; ; ), or simply a coup , is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership. A self-coup is said to take place when a leader, having come to powe ...

, and moves the political capital from

Thonburi __NOTOC__ Thonburi () is an area of modern Bangkok. During the era of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Kingdom of Ayutthaya, its location on the right (west) bank at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River had made it an important garrison town, which is ref ...

, across the

Chao Phraya River The Chao Phraya River is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand. Etymology Written evidence of the river being referred to by the ...

Rattanakosin Island Rattanakosin Island (, , ) is a historic area in the Phra Nakhon District in the city of Bangkok, Thailand. It is bordered by the Chao Phraya River to the west and various canals to the east that were dug to serve as moats for what was originall ...

, the historic center of

Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai language, Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estim ...

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...

–

Battle of the Saintes The Battle of the Saintes (known to the French as the Bataille de la Dominique), also known as the Battle of Dominica, was an important naval battle in the Caribbean between the British and the French that took place 9–12 April 1782. The Brit ...

: A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse, in the

West Indies The West Indies is an island subregion of the Americas, surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, which comprises 13 independent island country, island countries and 19 dependent territory, dependencies in thr ...

. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Pisonian conspiracy, Piso's plot to kill the Roman emperor, Emperor Nero and all of the List of conspiracies (political), conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callini ...

–

John Adams John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was a Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Before Presidency of John Adams, his presidency, he was a leader of ...

secures recognition of the United States as an independent government by the

Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. It was a predecessor state of the present-day Netherlands ...

. During this visit, he also negotiates a loan of five million

guilder Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch and German ''gulden'', originally shortened from Middle High German ''guldin pfenninc'' (" gold penny"). This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the Holy Rom ...

s, financed by Nicolaas van Staphorst and Wilhelm Willink. *

April 21 Events Pre-1600 * 753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date). * 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is mur ...

– A

Lak Mueang Lak mueang (, ) are city pillars found in most cities of Thailand. Usually housed in a shrine (, ) which is also believed to house Chao Pho Lak Mueang (, ), the city spirit deity. It was constructed because the continuation of ancient traditio ...

(city pillar) is erected on

, located on the eastern bank of the

, by order of King

, an act considered the founding of the capital city of

. *

May 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army. * 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason. * 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explo ...

– The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act, a major component of the reforms collectively known as the ''

Constitution of 1782 The Constitution of 1782 was a group of Acts passed by the Parliament of Ireland and the Parliament of Great Britain in 1782–83 which increased the legislative and judicial independence of the Kingdom of Ireland by reducing the ability of t ...

'', which restore legislative independence to the

Parliament of Ireland The Parliament of Ireland () was the legislature of the Lordship of Ireland, and later the Kingdom of Ireland, from 1297 until the end of 1800. It was modelled on the Parliament of England and from 1537 comprised two chambers: the Irish Hou ...

. *

June 18 Events Pre-1600 * 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China. * 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. * 860 – Siege of Constantinople (860), Byzantine� ...

– In Switzerland, Anna Göldi is sentenced to death for

witchcraft Witchcraft is the use of Magic (supernatural), magic by a person called a witch. Traditionally, "witchcraft" means the use of magic to inflict supernatural harm or misfortune on others, and this remains the most common and widespread meanin ...

(the last legal witchcraft sentence). *

June 20 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory. * 1180 – First Battle of Uji, startin ...

– The

bald eagle The bald eagle (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'') is a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle (''Haliaeetus albicilla''), which occupies the same niche ...

is chosen as the emblem of the United States of America. On the same day, the Confederation Congress adopts the design for the

Great Seal of the United States The Great Seal is the seal of the United States. The phrase is used both for the Seal (emblem), impression device itself, which is kept by the United States secretary of state, and more generally for the impression it produces. The Obverse and r ...

.''Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909'', ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p167

July–September

July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian calendar, Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., being the month of his birth. Before the ...

–

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 18 August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 29 November 1780 until his death. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, ...

, receives a visit from

Pope Pius VI Pope Pius VI (; born Count Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Giovanni Antonio called Giovanni Angelo or Giannangelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to hi ...

. *

July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and ...

– Raid on Lunenburg: American

privateer A privateer is a private person or vessel which engages in commerce raiding under a commission of war. Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign o ...

s attack the British settlement at

Lunenburg, Nova Scotia Lunenburg () is a port town on the South Shore (Nova Scotia), South Shore of Nova Scotia, Canada. Founded in 1753, the town was one of the first British attempts to settle Protestants in Nova Scotia. Historically, Lunenburg's economy relied o ...

. *

July 16 Events Pre-1600 * 622 – The Hijrah of Muhammad begins, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar. * 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouran ...

–

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...

– The Masonic Congress of Wilhelmsbad,

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

, one of history's most important ever secret society congresses, takes place. High-degree Freemasons from the whole of Europe spend the time deliberating the fate of the rite of Strict Observance, and hierarchy of the governing bodies of world

Freemasonry Freemasonry (sometimes spelled Free-Masonry) consists of fraternal groups that trace their origins to the medieval guilds of stonemasons. Freemasonry is the oldest secular fraternity in the world and among the oldest still-existing organizati ...

, at the

Hanau Hanau () is a city in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is 25 km east of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main and part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Its railway Hanau Hauptbahnhof, station is a ma ...

-Wilhelmsbad spa. *

–

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition and proficiency from an early age ...

's opera ''

Die Entführung aus dem Serail ' () (Köchel catalogue, K. 384; ''The Abduction from the Seraglio''; also known as ') is a singspiel in three acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The German libretto is by Gottlieb Stephanie, based on Christoph Friedrich Bretzner's . The plot concer ...

'' premieres at the

Burgtheater The Burgtheater (; literally: "Castle Theater" but alternatively translated as "(Imperial) Court Theater", originally known as '' K.K. Theater an der Burg'', then until 1918 as the ''K.K. Hofburgtheater'', is the national theater of Austria in ...

Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...

. *

August 7 Events Pre-1600 * 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer. * 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of ...

George Washington George Washington (, 1799) was a Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. As commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot (American Revoluti ...

orders the creation of the

Badge of Military Merit The Badge of Military Merit was an award for non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the Continental Army. It is considered America's first military decoration, and the second oldest in the world (after the Cross of St. George). Non commissi ...

(or the Order of the Purple Heart) to honor soldiers' merit in battle (reinstated later by

Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is the longest-serving U.S. president, and the only one to have served ...

, and renamed to the more poetic "

Purple Heart The Purple Heart (PH) is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the president to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after 5 April 1917, with the U.S. military. With its forerunner, the Badge of Military Merit, ...

", to honor soldiers wounded in action). **

Étienne Maurice Falconet Étienne Maurice Falconet (1 December 1716 – 24 January 1791) was a French baroque, rococo and Neoclassical sculpture, neoclassical sculptor, best-known for his equestrian statue of Peter the Great, the ''Bronze Horseman'' (1782), in St. Pet ...

's ''

Bronze Horseman The ''Bronze Horseman'' (, literally "copper horseman") is an equestrian statue of Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great in the Senate Square (Saint Petersburg), Senate Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was opened to the public on 7 (18) Augu ...

'' statue of Tsar Peter the Great is unveiled in

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

. *

August 19 Events Pre-1600 * 295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War. *43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later kno ...

– A combined British and Native American force defeat

Kentucky Kentucky (, ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north, West Virginia to the ...

militiamen in the Battle of Blue Licks in the last major battle of the

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which Am ...

October–December

October 10 Events Pre-1600 * 19 – The Roman general Germanicus dies near Antioch. He was convinced that the mysterious illness that ended in his death was a result of poisoning by the Syrian governor Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, whom he had ordered to ...

– Welsh actress

Sarah Siddons Sarah Siddons (''née'' Kemble; 5 July 1755 – 8 June 1831) was a Welsh actress, the best-known Tragedy, tragedienne of the 18th century. Contemporaneous critic William Hazlitt dubbed Siddons as "tragedy personified". She was the elder siste ...

, the pre-eminent star of the English stage, makes a triumphant return to the theatre in the title role of

David Garrick David Garrick (19 February 1716 – 20 January 1779) was an English actor, playwright, Actor-manager, theatre manager and producer who influenced nearly all aspects of European theatrical practice throughout the 18th century, and was a pupil a ...

's new play, ''Isabella, or The Fatal Marriage''. *

October 18 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek phil ...

** The first

franking privilege Franking comprises all devices, markings, or combinations thereof ("franks") applied to mails of any class which qualifies them to be postally serviced. Types of franks include postage stamps (both adhesive and printed on postal stationery, whethe ...

is granted for official correspondence to be sent at no charge to and from members of the Confederation Congress, at government expense, during periods when the Congress is in session. **

returns to

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

as the first United States Minister to France. *

November 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1354 – War of the Straits: The Genoese fleet under Paganino Doria defeats and captures the entire Venetian fleet under Niccolò Pisani at the Battle of Sapienza. * 1429 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Jo ...

–

Elias Boudinot Elias Boudinot ( ; May 2, 1740 – October 24, 1821) was an American Founding Father, lawyer, statesman, and early abolitionist and women's rights advocate. During the Revolutionary War, Boudinot was an intelligence officer and prisoner-of-wa ...

of New Jersey is elected the new President of the Congress of the Confederation. *

November 30 Events Pre-1600 * 978 – Franco-German war of 978–980: Holy Roman Emperor Otto II lifts the siege of Paris and withdraws. 1601–1900 *1707 – Queen Anne's War: The second Siege of Pensacola comes to end with the failure of t ...

–

: In Paris, representatives from the United States and the

Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain, also known as the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingd ...

sign preliminary peace articles (later formalized in the Treaty of Paris). *

December 12 Events Pre-1600 * 627 – Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II's Persian forces, commanded by General Rhahzadh. * 1388 – Maria of Enghien sells the lordship of Argos and Nauplia ...

–

: Action of 12 December 1782: A naval engagement off

Ferrol, Spain Ferrol (, ) is a city in the province of A Coruña in Galicia, Spain, located in the Rías Altas, in the vicinity of Strabo's Cape Nerium (modern-day Cape Prior). According to the 2021 census, the city had a population of 64,785, making it the ...

, in which the British ship commanded by James Luttrell successfully attacks a convoy of French and American ships attempting to supply the United States. *

December 14 Events Pre-1600 * 557 – Constantinople is severely damaged by an earthquake, which cracks the dome of Hagia Sophia. * 835 – Sweet Dew Incident: Emperor Wenzong of the Tang dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the ...

– The

Montgolfier brothers The Montgolfier brothers – Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (; 26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (; 6 January 1745 – 2 August 1799) – were aviation pioneers, balloonists and paper manufacturers from the Communes o ...

first test fly a

hot air balloon A hot air balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air. Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker basket (in some long-distance or high-altitude balloons, a capsule), which carri ...

in France; it floats nearly . *

December 16 Events Pre-1600 * 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom. * ...

–

East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...

: Hada and Mada Miah lead a rebellion in the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...

against

officer Robert Lindsay and his

troops A troop is a military sub-subunit, originally a small formation of cavalry, subordinate to a Squadron (cavalry), squadron. In many armies a troop is the equivalent element to the infantry section (military unit), section or platoon. Exception ...

Sylhet Shahi Eidgah The Sylhet Shahi Eidgah (), or simply Shahi Eidgah, is an open prayer hall situated in Sylhet, north-east Bangladesh, three kilometers to the north-east of the guru nanak international circuit house, meant for the Eid prayers. It was built during ...

Date unknown

* Chief Kamehameha I of Hawaii gains control of the northern part of the

island of Hawaii Hawaii is the List of islands of the United States by area, largest island in the United States, located in the Hawaii, state of Hawaii, the southernmost state in the union. It is the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcani ...

, after defeating his cousin

Kīwalaʻō Kīwalaʻō (c. 1760 – July 1782) was the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii in 1782 when he was defeated at the Battle of Mokuohai and overthrown by Kamehameha I. Early life Kīwalaʻō was born in 1760 to Aliʻi Nui, Kalaniʻōpuʻu and ...

. * Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova is the first woman in the world to direct a scientific academy, the

Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such ...

. * London creates the Foot Patrol for public security. * The

British Parliament The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, and may also legislate for the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of ...

extends

James Watt James Watt (; 30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776, which was f ...

's patent for the

steam engine A steam engine is a heat engine that performs Work (physics), mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a Cylinder (locomotive), cyl ...

to the year

1800 As of March 1 ( O.S. February 18), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 12 days until February 28 ( O.S. February 16), ...

. * The

North Carolina General Assembly The North Carolina General Assembly is the Bicameralism, bicameral legislature of the Government of North Carolina, state government of North Carolina. The legislature consists of two chambers: the North Carolina Senate, Senate and the North Ca ...

incorporates

Washington, North Carolina Washington is a city in Beaufort County, North Carolina, United States, located on the northern bank of the Pamlico River. The population was 9,875 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. It is the county seat of Beaufort County. It is c ...

. * In China, the

Complete Library of the Four Treasuries The ''Siku Quanshu'', literally the ''Complete Library of the Four Treasuries'', is a Chinese encyclopedia commissioned during the Qing dynasty by the Qianlong Emperor. Commissioned in 1772 and completed in 1782, the ''Siku quanshu'' is the larg ...

is completed, the largest literary compilation in China's history (surpassing the

Yongle Encyclopedia The ''Yongle Encyclopedia'' () or ''Yongle Dadian'' () is a Chinese ''leishu'' encyclopedia commissioned by the Yongle Emperor (1402–1424) of the Ming dynasty in 1403 and completed by 1408. It comprised 22,937 manuscript rolls in 11,095 vol ...

of the 15th century). The books are bound in 36,381 volumes (册) with more than 79,000 chapters (卷), comprising about 2.3 million pages, and approximately 800 million

Chinese characters Chinese characters are logographs used Written Chinese, to write the Chinese languages and others from regions historically influenced by Chinese culture. Of the four independently invented writing systems accepted by scholars, they represe ...

. * The first theater in the Baltic, the Riga City Theater, is founded. *

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

has 300,000 inhabitants.

Births

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Hans_Jakob_Oeri_%E2%80%93_Selbstportr%C3%A4t_1810-1820

January

January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...

– John Bell, British army officer (d.

1876 Events January * January 1 ** The Reichsbank opens in Berlin. ** The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol. *January 27 – The Northampton Bank robbery occurs in Massachusetts. February * Febr ...

) *

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Emp ...

** Hugo von Bosch, Bavarian general and politician (d.

1865 Events January * January 4 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters at 10-12 Broad near Wall Street, in New York City. * January 13 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Fort Fisher – Unio ...

) **

Hosea Hildreth Hosea Hildreth (January 2, 1782 – 1835) was an educator and minister in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Born in 1782 in Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard College in 1805. His son, Richard Hildreth was born in Deerfield, Massachusetts i ...

, educator and minister in Massachusetts and New Hampshire (d.

1835 Events January–March * January 7 – anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on her second voyage, with Charles Darwin on board as naturalist. * January 8 – The United States public debt contracts to zero, for the only time in history. ...

) ** El Pípila, Mexican miner and freedom fighter (d.

1863 Events January * January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States of America an official war goal. The signing ...

) ** Thomas Starkie, British lawyer (d.

1849 Events January–March * January 1 – France begins issue of the Ceres series (France), Ceres series, the nation's first postage stamps. * January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisc ...

) *

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

** Turner Saunders, American preacher (d.

1854 Events January–March * January 4 – The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the ''Samarang''. * January 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is perhaps born. * January 9 – The Te ...

) ** Philipp Franz von Walther, German ophthalmologist (d.

) *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 * 1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 * 1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French ...

– Robert Morrison, British evangelist and first Protestant missionary in China (d.

1834 Events January–March * January 1 – Zollverein (Germany): Customs charges are abolished at borders within its member states. * January 3 – The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City. * January – The W ...

) *

January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Sima Chi becomes emperor of the Jin dynasty (266–420), Jin dynasty in succession to his brother, Emperor Hui of Jin, Sima Zhong, despite a challenge from his other brother, Sima Ying. * 871 ...

William Mudford William Mudford (8 January 1782 – 10 March 1848) was a British writer, essayist, translator of literary works and journalist. He also wrote critical and philosophical essays and reviews. His 1829 novel ''The Five Nights of St. Albans: A Romanc ...

, British journalist and writer (d.

1848 1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the polit ...

) ** Tommaso Riario Sforza, Italian cardinal (d.

1857 Events January–March * January 1 – The biggest Estonian newspaper, '' Postimees'', is established by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. * January 7 – The partly French-owned London General Omnibus Company begins operating. * Ja ...

) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...

– Benning M. Bean, American politician (d.

1866 Events January * January 1 ** Fisk University, a historically black university, is established in Nashville, Tennessee. ** The last issue of the abolitionist magazine '' The Liberator'' is published. * January 6 – Ottoman troops clash ...

) *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: Muhammad and his ...

– Jean Laforgue, French scholar (d.

1852 Events January–March * January 14 – President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic. * January 15 – Nine men representing various Jewish charitable organizations come to ...

) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – List of Byzantine emperors, Byzantine Emperor Zeno (emperor), Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crow ...

– Martin Flint, American politician (d.

1855 Events January–March * January 1 – Ottawa, Ontario, is incorporated as a city.' * January 5 – Ramón Castilla begins his third term as President of Peru. * January 23 ** The first bridge over the Mississippi River o ...

) *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the ra ...

– Robert Aspland, English Unitarian minister (d.

1845 Events January–March * January 1 – The Philippines began reckoning Asian dates by hopping the International Date Line through skipping Tuesday, December 31, 1844. That time zone shift was a reform made by Governor–General Narciso ...

) *

January 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence. * 1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary. 1601–1900 * 1761 – The Third Battle of Panipat is fought in I ...

Carl Ferdinand Langhans Carl Ferdinand Langhans (14 January 1782 – 22 November 1869) was a Prussian architect whose specialty was designing theaters. Born in Breslau, Silesia, Langhans was the son of the architect Carl Gotthard Langhans. Langhans' designs inclu ...

, German architect (d.

1869 Events January * January 3 – Abdur Rahman Khan is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from Afghanistan. * January 5 – Scotland's second oldest professional football team, Kilmarnock F.C., is founded. * January 20 – Elizabe ...

) ** Stephen Lushington, British judge and Member of Parliament (d.

1873 Events January * January 1 ** Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar. ** The California Penal Code goes into effect. * January 17 – American Indian Wars: Modoc War: First Battle of the Stronghold – Modoc Indians defeat the Unit ...

) ** Thomas Sergeant, American lawyer and politician (d.

1860 Events January * January 2 – The astronomer Urbain Le Verrier announces the discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan (hypothetical planet), Vulcan at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. * January 10 &ndas ...

) ** Peder Tonning, Norwegian politician (d.

1839 Events January–March * January 2 – The first photograph of the Moon is taken, by French photographer Louis Daguerre. * January 6 – Night of the Big Wind: Ireland is struck by the most damaging cyclone in 300 years. * January 9 – ...

) *

** Elkanah Kelsey Dare, American composer (d.

1826 Events January–March * January 15 – The French newspaper ''Le Figaro'' begins publication in Paris, initially as a satirical weekly. * January 17 – The Ballantyne printing business in Edinburgh (Scotland) crashes, ruining noveli ...

) **

Nikolaus Wolfgang Fischer Nikolaus Wolfgang Fischer (15 January 1782 – 19 August 1850) was a German chemist. He first synthesized the Potassium cobaltinitrite Potassium hexanitritocobaltate(III) is a salt with the formula K3 o(NO2)6 It is a yellow solid that is poorly ...

, German physician and chemist (d.

1850 Events January–March * January 29 – Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the United States Congress. * January 31 – The University of Rochester is founded in Rochester, New York. * January – Sacramento, Ca ...

) ** Ōkubo Tadazane, daimyo (d.

1837 Events January–March * January 1 – The destructive Galilee earthquake causes thousands of deaths in Ottoman Syria. * January 26 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States. * February 4 – Seminoles attack Fo ...

) *

January 18 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. * 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the C ...

** William Gosset, British Member of Parliament (d.

) **

Daniel Webster Daniel Webster (January 18, 1782 – October 24, 1852) was an American lawyer and statesman who represented New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the U.S. Congress and served as the 14th and 19th United States Secretary of State, U.S. secretary o ...

, 14th and 19th United States Secretary of State (d.

) *

January 19 Events Pre-1600 * 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to '' Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. * 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surren ...

** Michel Bibaud, Canadian writer (d.

) ** John J. Chappell, American politician (d.

1871 Events January–March * January 3 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Bapaume – Prussians win a strategic victory. * January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the sout ...

) ** William Eden, British soldier and politician (d.

1810 Events January–March * January 1 – Major-General Lachlan Macquarie officially becomes Governor of New South Wales. * January 4 – Australian seal hunter Frederick Hasselborough discovers Campbell Island, in the Subantarctic. * J ...

) ** William Harris, 2nd Baron Harris, British Army general (d.

) *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. *1156 – Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry (bishop of Finland), Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Köyliönjärvi, Lake Köyli� ...

Archduke John of Austria Archduke John of Austria (, ; (or simply ''Nadvojvoda Janez''); 20 January 1782 – 11 May 1859), a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, was an Austrian field marshal and imperial regent (''Reichsverweser'') of the short-lived German Emp ...

, Austrian soldier, imperial regent of the German Empire (d. 1859) ** William Nott, British general (d.

) *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded wh ...

** Jan George Bertelman, Dutch composer (d.

) ** Afanasy Grigoriev, Russian architect (d.

1868 Events January * January 2 – British Expedition to Abyssinia: Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala, Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries. * January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsu ...

) ** James Patrick Murray, British politician (d.

) *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...

Philip Hamilton Philip Hamilton (January 22, 1782 – November 24, 1801) was the eldest child of Alexander Hamilton (the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury) and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton. He died at age 19, fatally ...

, son of American Founding Father,

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757July 12, 1804) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the first U.S. secretary of the treasury from 1789 to 1795 dur ...

(d.

1801 Events January–March *January 1 ** The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland is completed under the Act of Union 1800, bringing about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the abolition of the Parliament of Ir ...

) **

Franciszek Ksawery Lampi Franciszek Ksawery Lampi, also known as Franz Xaver Lampi (22 January 1782 – 22 July 1852), was a Polish Romantic painter born in Austria of ethnic Italian background. He was associated with the aristocratic circle of the late Stanisław II ...

, Austrian artist (d.

) ** John Mitford, British naval officer and author (d.

1831 Events January–March * January 1 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing '' The Liberator'', an anti-slavery newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts. * January 10 – Japanese department store, Takashimaya in Kyoto estab ...

) *

–

José Francisco Bermúdez José Francisco Bermúdez (23 January 1782, Cariaco – 15 December 1831, Cumaná) was a Venezuelan revolutionary and military officer. A prominent lieutenant of Simón Bolívar, he fought in the Venezuelan War of Independence and rose to the ...

, Venezuelan revolutionary (d.

) *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. * 1438 – The Co ...

– Charles K. Williams, American politician (d.

1853 Events January–March * January 6 – ** Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs legislation that provides public support for the new East Florida Seminary, leading to the establishment of the University of Florida. **U.S. President-elect ...

) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dyn ...

– Johann Michael Ackner, Austrian archaeologist (d.

1862 Events January * January 1 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos Island, in modern-day Nigeria. * January 6 – Second French intervention in Mexico, French intervention in Mexico: Second French Empire, French, Spanish and British ...

) *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. * 1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. * 1564 – The Council of T ...

** William George Keith Elphinstone, British Army general (d.

1842 Events January–March * January 6– 13 – First Anglo-Afghan War – Massacre of Elphinstone's army (Battle of Gandamak): British East India Company troops are destroyed by Afghan forces on the road from Kabul to Jalalabad, Afghan ...

) ** Cornelius P. Van Ness, American politician (d.

) *

January 27 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor. * 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to become monks by Constantine VII, who becomes sole emperor of the ...

** John Lea, US epidemiologist (d.

) **

Titumir Syed Mir Nisar Ali (27 January 1782 – 19 November 1831), better known as Titumir, was one of the first Bengali-speaking revolutionaries in British India who developed a strand of Islamic revivalism, sometimes also for Bangladeshi nationali ...

, Bengali revolutionary (d.

) *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler ...

Daniel Auber Daniel-François-Esprit Auber (; 29 January 178212 May 1871) was a French composer and director of the Paris Conservatoire. Born into an artistic family, Auber was at first an amateur composer before he took up writing operas professionally whe ...

, French composer (d.

) ** Daniel Parker, Adjutant general and inspector general of the US Army (d.

1846 Events January–March * January 5 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom. * January 13 – The Milan–Venice railway's bridge, over the Venetian Lagoon betwee ...

) ** Franciszek Ścigalski, Polish composer and violinist (d.

) *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 * 1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. * 1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 * 1607 – An es ...

** Pierre-Nolasque Bergeret, French painter (d.

) ** James Caulfeild, British politician (d.

) ** Wincenty Krasiński, nobleman, political activist and military leader (d.

1858 Events January–March * January 9 ** Revolt of Rajab Ali: British forces finally defeat Rajab Ali Khan of Chittagong. ** Anson Jones, the last president of the Republic of Texas, commits suicide. * January 14 – Orsini affair: Pi ...

) ** Ann Taylor, British poet and literary critic (d.

)

February

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), ...

– Bill Johnston, American pirate (d.

1870 Events January * January 1 ** The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England. ** Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. * January 3 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge be ...

) *

February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of " Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: ...

** James Chalmers, alleged Scottish inventor of the adhesive postage stamp (d.

) ** Henri de Rigny, commander of the French squadron at the Battle of Navarino in the Greek War of Independence (d.

) *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1047 – Drogo of Hauteville is elected as count of the Apulian Normans during the Norman conquest of Southern Italy. * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, u ...

John Macdonald Kinneir Sir John Macdonald Kinneir (3 February 1782 – 11 June 1830) was a Scottish army officer of the East India Company, diplomat and traveller. Life Born at Carnden, Linlithgow, on 3 February 1782, Kinneir was the son of John Macdonald, comptroller ...

, British diplomat (d.

1830 It is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the Revolutions of 1830 in France, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland and Italy. Events January–March * January 11 – LaGrange College (later the University of North Alabama) ...

) ** John Lamont, Scottish sugar planter in Trinidad (d.

) ** William Pinnock, British publisher and educational writer (d.

1843 Events January–March * January 3 – The '' Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms'' (海國圖志, ''Hǎiguó Túzhì'') compiled by Wei Yuan and others, the first significant Chinese work on the West, is published in China. * J ...

) ** Ansel Sterling, American politician (d.

) *

February 4 Events Pre–1600 * 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...

** Charles William Grant, 5th Baron de Longueuil (d.

) ** Henry Lee, US political economist (d.

1867 There were only 354 days this year in the newly purchased territory of Alaska. When the territory transferred from the Russian Empire to the United States, the calendric transition from the Julian to the Gregorian Calendar was made with only 1 ...

) *

– Fyodor Tolstoy, Russian explorer (d.

) *

February 8 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Constantius III becomes co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 1238 – The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir. * 1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of ...

Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer Friedrich Ernst Ludwig Fischer (20 February 1782, Halberstadt – 17 June 1854) was a Russian botanist, born in the Holy Roman Empire. He was director of the St Petersburg botanical garden from 1823 to 1850. In 1804 he obtained his medical docto ...

, Russian botanist (d.

) ** Juan Cuevas Perales, Spanish composer (d.

) **

Malla Silfverstolpe Magdalena Sofia "Malla" Silfverstolpe (''née'' Montgomery; 8 February 1782 – 17 January 1861) was a Sweden, Swedish writer and Salon (gathering), salon hostess. Her house in Uppsala was a meeting place for many prominent writers, composers ...

, Swedish salon-holder (d.

1861 This year saw significant progress in the Unification of Italy, the outbreak of the American Civil War, and the emancipation reform abolishing serfdom in the Russian Empire. Events January * January 1 ** Benito Juárez captures Mexico Ci ...

) *

February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno (emperor), Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire *1003 – Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I ...

** William Havell, British artist (d.

) ** Philip Shuttleworth, English churchman and academic, Bishop of Chichester (d.

) *

February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – The Siege of Baghdad ends with the surrender of the last Abbasid caliph to Hulegu Khan, a prince of the Mongol Empire. * 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bru ...

** Robert Hallowell Gardiner, American land owner (d.

1864 Events January * January 13 – American songwriter Stephen Foster ("Oh! Susanna", "Old Folks at Home") dies aged 37 in New York City, leaving a scrap of paper reading "Dear friends and gentle hearts". His parlor song "Beautiful Dream ...

) ** Jean-Marie-Nicolas Lucas de Montigny, French magistrate (d.

) ** Niels Arntzen Sem, Norwegian politician (d. 1859) ** Ashur Ware, United States federal judge (d.

) *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...

** William Lowndes, American politician, enslaver (d.

1822 Events January–March * January 1 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus. * January 3 – The famous French explorer, Aimé Bonpland, is imprisoned in Paraguay on charges of espionage. ...

) ** Henri Jean de Rouvroy, Marquis of Saint-Simon, French soldier, diplomat, politician, officer (d.

) *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. * 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performed the first post- ...

– Auguste de Schonen, French politician (d.

) *

February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...

** Eleanora Atherton, English philanthropist (d.

) ** Ephraim Sturdivant, American veteran (d.

) *

February 15 Events Pre-1600 * 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus * 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia. * 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Ti ...

** John H. Dent, United States Navy officer (d.

1823 Events January–March * January 22 – By secret treaty signed at the Congress of Verona, the Quintuple Alliance gives France a mandate to invade Spain for the purpose of restoring Ferdinand VII (who has been captured by armed revoluti ...

) ** William Miller, American religious leader (d.

) ** Louis Perrin, Irish politician (d.

) *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons ...

– Thomas Baxter, British artist (d.

1821 Events January–March * January 21 – Peter I Island in the Antarctic is first sighted, by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. * January 26 – Congress of Laibach convenes to deal with outstanding international issues, particularly ...

) *

February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats Roman usurper, usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the w ...

** Christopher Anderson, theological writer and preacher (d.

) ** Henry Bentley, English first-class cricketer (d.

) ** Princess Pauline, Duchess of Sagan, Princess of Courland (d.

) *

February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Fer ...

** Karl Stefan Aichelburg, Austrian musician (d.

1817 Events January–March * January 1 – Sailing through the Sandwich Islands, Otto von Kotzebue discovers New Year Island. * January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing t ...

) ** James Towers English, Irish military commander (d.

1819 Events January–March * January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States, begins. * January 25 – Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia. * January 29 – Si ...

) ** John Gebhard, American politician (d.

) ** Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann, German mineralogist (d. 1859) *

February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone o ...

** John Wilson Campbell, US federal judge (d.

1833 Events January–March * January 3 – The United Kingdom reasserts British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. * February 6 (January 25 on the Greek calendar) – Prince Otto Friedrich Ludwig of Bavaria arr ...

) ** Peder Nielsen Hemb, Norwegian politician (d.

) **

Johann Baptist Emanuel Pohl Johann Baptist Emanuel Pohl (23 February 1782, Česká Kamenice () – 22 May 1834, Vienna) was an Austrian botanist, entomologist, geologist, mineralogist, and physician. Biography Johann Emanuel Pohl grew up in ''Politz an der Elbe'' (''Boletic ...

, Australian botanist, entomologist, geologist, physician (d.

) *

February 24 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica. * 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence. ...

–

Thomas Uwins Thomas Uwins (24 February 1782, in London – 26 August 1857) was a British Portrait painting, portrait, subject, genre works, genre and landscape painter in watercolour and oil painting, oil, and a book illustrator. He became a full member ...

, British artist (d.

) *

February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. * ...

– William Sturgis, American merchant and politician (d.

) *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 320 – Chandragupta ...

– Louise Antoinette Lannes, Duchess of Montebello, French noble (d.

1856 Events January–March * January 8 – Borax deposits are discovered in large quantities by John Veatch in California. * January 23 – The American sidewheel steamer SS ''Pacific'' leaves Liverpool (England) for a transatl ...

) *

– Marie Thérèse Haze, Belgian Religious Sister and foundress, beatified (d.

) * February 28 – Josef Božek, Czech engineer and inventor (d.

)

March

* March 1 – Suzanne le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, French noblewoman (d. 1829) * March 2 ** Isaac Pocock, English dramatist and painter (d.

) ** Edward Sheldon (politician), Edward Sheldon, politician (d. 1836) * March 3 ** Joseph Edson, US Marshal for Vermont (d. 1832) ** Jean-Baptiste Sanson de Pongerville, French writer and librarian (d.

) * March 4 ** Gabriel-Alexandre Belle, French writer (d.

) ** Johann Rudolf Wyss, Swiss writer (d.

) * March 5 – Wacław Hański, Polish noble (d. 1841) * March 6 ** Andreas Bonnevie, Norwegian politician (d.

) ** Karoline von Woltmann, German translator and writer (d. 1847) * March 7 ** Henryka Beyer, Polish artist (d.

) ** Angelo Mai, cardinal and philologist in Italy (d.

) ** Charles Sterrett Ridgely, American land developer and legislator (d. 1847) *

– Nicoll Halsey, American politician (d.

) * March 9 – Jean-François Boch, Luxembourgish industrialist and politician (d.

) * March 10 ** Ferdinand Gottlieb von Gmelin, German physician, natural historian, chemist and explorer (d.

) ** Charles Gray (songwriter), Charles Gray, Captain in the Royal Marines (d. 1851) * March 13 ** Sir Robert Bateson, 1st Baronet, Irish politician (d.

) ** Orest Kiprensky, Russian artist (d. 1836) ** Jacob Krebs, American politician (d. 1847) ** Ivan Leontiev, Imperial Russian general who fought in the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1824) *

** Thomas Hart Benton (politician), Thomas Hart Benton, State Senator from Tennessee (d.

) ** Nathaniel F. Williams, American politician (d.

) * March 16 ** William Graham (Indiana politician), William Graham, Indiana politician (d.

) ** Vasili Krasovsky, Russian writer (d. 1824) * March 17 ** Billy Caldwell, British-Potawatomi and American fur trader (d. 1841) ** Franz Körte, German agronomist (d.

) ** Sophie von Kühn, German noble (d. 1797) ** John Styles, English Congregational minister and animal rights writer (d.

) * March 18 ** John C. Calhoun, vice president of the United States (d.

) ** José Gabriel de Silva-Bazán, 10th Marquess of Santa Cruz, Spanish diplomat and politician (d.

) * March 19 ** Wilhelm von Biela, Austrian astronomer (d.

) ** Peter Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby, English politician (d.

) * March 20 – James Tod, English officer of the British East India Company, oriental scholar (d.

) * March 21 – Józef Goldtmann, Polish priest (d.

) * March 22 – James Parke, 1st Baron Wensleydale, British barrister and judge (d.

) * March 23 ** William C. Bradley, American politician (d.

) ** John Sudam, American politician (d.

) * March 24 ** Aglaé Auguié, French court official (d.

) ** William Owsley, 16th Governor of Kentucky (d.

) * March 25 ** Caroline Bonaparte, Queen of Naples and Sicily (d.

) ** Edward Grey (bishop), Edward Grey, British Anglican bishop of Hereford (d.

) * March 26 ** Charles-Maurice Descombes, French playwright and literary critic (d.

) ** Benjamin Joseph Frobisher, Canadian politician (d.

) * March 29 ** Thomas Bryn, father of the Constitution of Norway, member of Stortinget (d. 1827) ** John Dickinson (inventor), John Dickinson, British inventor (d.

) ** Stephen Reay, Scottish priest, orientalist (d.

) *

** Jesse Ketchum, Canadian politician (d.

) ** Louis-Hippolyte Lebas, French architect (d.

) ** Samuel Prentiss, United States federal judge (d.

)

April

* April 1 ** James Daly, 1st Baron Dunsandle and Clanconal, British politician (d. 1847) ** George C. Sibley, American explorer and politician (d.

) * April 2 – Johannes West, Inspector of Greenland (d.

) * April 3 ** Daniel Garrison, American politician (d. 1851) ** William Lyttelton, 3rd Baron Lyttelton, English Whig politician (d.

) ** Alexander Macomb (general), Alexander Macomb, United States Army general (d. 1841) * April 4 ** Vincenzo Flauti, Italian mathematician (d.

) ** George Rowley (academic), George Rowley, British academic (d. 1836) * April 5 ** James R. Manley, American physician (d. 1851) ** Edward West, British economist and judge in India (d. 1828) * April 7 – Marie-Anne Libert, Belgian botanist and mycologist (d.

) * April 9 – Joseph Hunter Bryan, American politician (d.

) * April 10 – María Antonia Santos Plata, Neogranadine rebel leader & heroine (d.

) * April 11 – Abraham Abell, Irish antiquarian (d. 1851) * April 14 – Carlo Coccia, Italian composer (d.

) * April 15 – Eleazer W. Ripley, American politician (d.

) * April 16 ** William Jerdan, Scottish journalist (d.

) ** Toribio de Luzuriaga, Argentinian military personnel (d.

) * April 17 ** Joseph Carne, British geologist and industrialist (d.

) ** Frederick Lamb, 3rd Viscount Melbourne, British diplomat (d.

) * April 18 – Georg August Goldfuss, German paleontologist, mineralogist, zoologist and botanist (d.

) *

** Friedrich Fröbel, German pedagogue (d.

) ** Samuel Hibbert-Ware, British geologist and antiquarian (d.

) * April 23 – Prince Teimuraz of Georgia, Georgian royal prince and scholar (d.

) * April 25 – Adriano Balbi, Italian geographer (d.

) * April 26 – Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, Queen of France (d.

) * April 27 – Jeptha Vining Harris (Georgia general), Jeptha Vining Harris, Georgia militia Brigadier General (d.

) * April 28 – William Darlington, American physician, botanist, politician (d.

) * April 29 – James Fowle Baldwin, American engineer (d.

)

May

* May 1 – Yevgeny Golovin, Russian general (d.

) * May 4 ** James Bathurst, British Army officer (d.

) ** Friedrich Philipp Ritterich, German ophthalmologist (d.

) ** John R. Williams, American politician (d.

) * May 5 – Edward Richard Stewart, British politician (d. 1851) * May 6 ** Charles-René Laitié, French sculptor (d.

) ** Edward Charles Whinyates, English army officer (d.

) * May 8 – Ivan Paskevich, military leader of Ukrainian descent (d.

) * May 9 ** Virgil Horace Barber, American Jesuit (d. 1847) ** Marcia Van Ness, founded Washington Orphan Asylum in 1815 (d. 1832) * May 10 – Louis-René Villermé, French economist (d.

) * May 12 – Lippmann Moses Büschenthal, German poet (d. 1818) * May 13 ** Henry A. P. Muhlenberg, American politician (d. 1844) ** Johan Gustaf Sandberg, Swedish artist (d.

) ** Ferdinand de Bertier de Sauvigny, French politician (d.

) * May 14 ** John McElroy (Jesuit), John McElroy, Jesuit Priest (d. 1877) ** Antoine-Marie Roederer, French politician (d.

) * May 16 – John Sell Cotman, British artist (d.

) * May 18 ** John Ferneley, English painter (d.

) ** Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow, Prussian lieutenant-general (d.

) ** Valerian Madatov, Russian general (d. 1829) ** Gilbert C. Russell, American military officer (d.

) * May 19 ** Rowland Stephenson (banker), Rowland Stephenson, British politician (d.

) ** Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov, Russian prince and Field Marshal (d.

) * May 22 – Hirose Tansō, Japanese poet and writer (d.

) * May 23 ** Christopher Crackenthorp Askew, British Royal Navy officer, captain in 1822 (d.

) ** Charles Fothergill, Canadian politician (d. 1840) * May 26 ** Medora Gordon Byron, British Romantic novelist (d.

) ** Joseph Drechsler, Czech conductor, music educator, composer and organist (d.

) ** Erasmo Seguín, head postmaster of San Antonio, Texas (d.

) ** George Small (piano maker), George Small, Scottish piano manufacturer (d.

) ** Sir George Strickland, 7th Baronet, British politician (d. 1874) * May 27 – Antoni Jan Ostrowski, Polish general (d.

) * May 28 ** Sir Charles Mansfield Clarke, 1st Baronet, British surgeon (d.

) ** Johann Rombauer, painter from Hungary (d.

) ** Wouter Johannes van Troostwijk, painter from the Northern Netherlands, 1782–1810 (d.

) * May 29 – James Murray, 1st Baron Glenlyon, British Army general (d.

) * May 30 – John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer, British politician (d.

) * May 31 – Thomas Courtenay (British politician), Thomas Courtenay, British politician (d. 1841)

June

* June 1 ** Lord William FitzRoy, British Member of Parliament (d.

) ** Thomas Van Horne, US politician and Ohio State Senator (d. 1841) ** Konstantin Poltoratsky, lieutenant general of the Imperial Russian Army (d.

) ** Ferdinand von Tiesenhausen, Russian noble and military commander (d. 1805) * June 3 – Charles Waterton, English naturalist, explorer and conservationist (d.

) * June 4 ** Frédéric Théodore Faber, Belgian painter (d. 1844) ** Christian Martin Frähn, German and Russian numismatist and historian (d. 1851) * June 5 ** Lemuel Williams Jr., American lawyer and politician (d.

) ** Ulrik Frederik Anton de Schouboe, Norwegian civil servant and politician (d.

) * June 6 – Vicenta Moguel, Basque writer and translator (d.

) * June 7 – Rowland Alston (1782–1865), Rowland Alston, English politician (d.

) * June 8 – Seaton Grantland, American politician (d.

) * June 9 ** Peter Fisher (historian), Peter Fisher, Canadian historian (d.

) ** Alexander Powell, British Tory politician and MP (d. 1847) * June 10 ** Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante, French historian and statesman (d.

) ** Ole Christian Andersen Nøstvig, Norwegian politician (d.

) * June 11 – Richard Hill (priest), Richard Hill, Church of England clergyman in New South Wales (d. 1836) * June 12 ** Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, Russian general (d. 1851) ** Peter Schmidt (born 1782), Peter Schmidt, Norwegian politician and businessman (d.

) * June 13 ** Marie-Anne-Julie Forestier, French painter (d.

) ** William Bullein Johnson, American Baptist minister (d.

) * June 14 – Anton Aloys Wolf, Prince-Bishop of Laibach (Ljubljana) (d. 1859) * June 15 – Alexander George Woodford, British Army officer (d.

) * June 16 ** Nehemiah Eastman, American congressman for New Hampshire (d.

) ** Olry Terquem, French mathematician (d.

) * June 17 – Joseph Slater Jr., British portrait painter and draughtsman (d.

) *

** George Rodney, 3rd Baron Rodney, British Baron (d.

) ** Marceli Tarczewski, Polish lawyer (d.

) * June 19 – Félicité de La Mennais, French priest, philosopher and political theorist (d.

) *

– Charles Floyd (explorer), Charles Floyd, American explorer (d. 1804) * June 21 – Princess Maria Augusta of Saxony (d.

) * June 24 ** Sir William Heygate, 1st Baronet, British MP (d. 1844) ** Juan Larrea (politician), Juan Larrea, Argentine politician (d. 1847) ** Harmanus Peek, American politician (d. 1838) * June 25 – William O'Brien (Nova Scotia politician), William O'Brien, Canadian political figure in Nova Scotia (d. 1851) * June 26 ** Fortunée Briquet, French woman of letters (d. 1815) ** Juan José Pedro Carrera, Chilean politician (d. 1818) ** Peter Paul Dobrée, British classical scholar (d. 1825) * June 29 ** Hans Christian Lyngbye, Danish priest and botanist (d.

) ** William Stockbridge, American businessman (d.

) * June 30 – William Cathcart (Royal Navy officer), William Cathcart, Scottish naval officer (d. 1804)

July

– Pieter Hendrik van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Dutch and French army general (d. 1825) * July 2 – Adrien de Rougé, French statesman, soldier (d. 1838) * July 3 – Pierre Berthier, French geologist (d.

) * July 4 – Adèle Duchâtel, French court official (d.

) * July 5 ** Mads Lauritz Madsen, Norwegian politician (d. 1840) ** Arabella Menage, British actress and dancer (d.

) ** Rosa Morandi, Italian soprano (d. 1824) * July 6 ** Luis Brión, Venezuelan military officer (d.

) ** Henri Antoine Jacques, French botanist (d.

) ** Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca, Spanish Royal (d. 1824) * July 7 ** John Myers Felder, American politician (d. 1851) ** Thomas Wilde, 1st Baron Truro, British lawyer, judge and politician (d.

) * July 9 ** Tomaso Catullo, Italian noblemen, geologist, paleontologist and zoologist (d.

) ** Lancelot-Théodore Turpin de Crissé, French painter and writer (d. 1859) * July 10 – Moses Elias Levy, Jewish-American businessman and reformer (d.

) * July 12 – Étienne Marc Quatremère, French orientalist (d.

) * July 13 ** Thomas William Taylor (British Army officer), Thomas William Taylor, British Army officer (d.

) ** Charlotte White, American missionary (d.

) * July 14 ** Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este, Austrian archduke (d.

) ** Jesse Elliott, United States Navy officer (d.

) *

** Sophie Ørsted, Danish muse (d. 1818) ** Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, German banker and patron of the arts (d.

) * July 17 – James Cockle (surgeon), James Cockle, British surgeon (d.

) * July 18 – Mariano Enrique Calvo, president and vice president of Bolivia (d.

) * July 19 ** Jonathan Blewitt, English composer (d.

) ** Charles Gardiner, 1st Earl of Blessington, Irish Earl (d. 1829) ** Iinuma Yokusai, Japanese botanist and physician (d.

) * July 23 – Johann Heinrich Rosenplänter, Baltic German parish priest and linguist (d.

) * July 24 ** John Fox Burgoyne, British Army officer (d.

) ** William Temple Thomson Mason, American businessman (d.

) * July 25 ** Mariano Boedo, Argentine politician (d.

) ** Lincoln Goodale, American doctor (d.

) ** Michael Rohde (botanist), Michael Rohde, German botanist (d. 1812) ** Sir David Scott, 2nd Baronet, Member of the United Kingdom Parliament (d. 1851) * July 26 – John Field (composer), John Field, Irish pianist, composer and teacher (d.

) * July 27 – Basilio Puoti, Italian lexicographer and literary critic (d. 1847) * July 28 ** Aristaces Azaria, Armenian Catholic abbot and archbishop (d.

) ** Thomas Burnside, American politician (d. 1851) * July 29 ** François Liénard de la Mivoye, French zoologist and botanist (d.

) ** Jesse Wharton, American politician (d.

) * July 31 – Oliver H. Prince, American politician (d.

)

August

* August 1 ** Johann Casimir Benicken, German jurist and judge (d. 1838) ** Eugène de Mazenod, French bishop and saint (d.

) * August 2 – Johannes van Hooydonk, Dutch Roman Catholic clergyman and bishop (d.

) * August 4 – John Kerr (Virginia politician), John Kerr, member of the US House of Representatives (d.

) * August 6 – William Spencer (judge), William Spencer, American judge and politician (d.

) * August 10 ** Vicente Guerrero, 2nd President of Mexico (d.

) ** Matsudaira Muneakira, Japanese daimyo (d. 1840) ** Charles James Napier, Governor of Sindh, Commander-in-Chief in British India (d.

) * August 12 – Ole Johansen Winstrup, Danish engineer and inventor (d.

) * August 13 – Conrad Ten Eyck, American politician (d. 1847) * August 15 ** Carlo Brioschi (astronomer), Carlo Brioschi, Italian astronomer (d.

) ** James Smith of Jordanhill, Scottish merchant, geologist and biblical critic (d.

) ** Charles Lowell (minister), Charles Lowell, United States Unitarian minister (d.

) ** Henri de Merode, member of the Belgian Senate and writer (d. 1847) ** Faustin Soulouque, President and emperor of Haiti (d.

) * August 16 – Elderkin Potter, American politician and lawyer (d.

) * August 17 ** Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri, French stage designer (d.

) ** Pavel Martynov, Russian Lieutenant General (d. 1838) * August 18 ** Jean-Louis Boisselot, French composer and piano manufacturer (d. 1847) ** Marcellin Marbot, French general (d.

) * August 20 ** Nicolas-Philibert Adelon, French physician (d.

) ** Charles Fraser (artist), Charles Fraser, American painter (d.

) ** Juliana de Almeida e Oyenhausen, Russian noble (d.

) * August 23 – David Hudson (New York politician), David Hudson, American politician (d.

) * August 25 ** Charles Comte, French lawyer, journalist and political writer (d.

) ** Joseph Heinrich Gügler, Swiss theologian (d. 1827) ** Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland, Swedish prince (d. 1783) ** Sylvester Pattie, American frontiersman (d. 1828) * August 28 ** Antoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout, French politician (d.

) ** John Wray (civil servant), John Wray, barrister and the first Receiver of the London Metropolitan Police (d.

) *

** John Bowman (New York politician), John Bowman, American lawyer, banker and politician from New York (d.

) ** Louis Antoine François de Marchangy, French advocate general, poet and politician (d.

) ** John Augustine Smith, President of the College of William & Mary (d.

) * August 30 – Christian of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken (1782–1859), Christian of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken, Bavarian general (d. 1859) * August 31 ** Joseph H. Crane, American politician (d. 1851) ** Edward Russell (Maine politician), Edward Russell, American politician (d.

)

September

* September 1 ** Frances Alsop, English actor (d. 1816) ** Thomas Reade (British Army officer), Thomas Reade, English army officer and consul in Tunis (d.

) * September 2 – Myndert Van Schaick, American politician (d.

) * September 3 ** Benedict Joseph Fenwick, American Catholic bishop (d.

) ** Christian Ludwig Nitzsch, German zoologist and botanist (d.

) * September 5 ** Charles Malcolm, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1851) ** Maeda Narinaga, Japanese samurai and daimyo (d. 1824) * September 6 – Doxachi Hurmuzachi, ethnic Romanian boyar from the Duchy of Bukovina (d.

) * September 7 ** Princess Marie of Baden (1782–1808), Princess Marie of Baden, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel & Brunswick-Oels (d. 1808) ** Clark Bissell, American judge and politician (d.

) ** Susan Edmonstone Ferrier, Scottish novelist (d.

) ** Crown Prince Munhyo, Crown prince of the Kingdom of Korea (d. 1786) * September 8 ** Johan Gørbitz, Norwegian painter (d.

) ** Mariano Montilla, Venezuelan politician (d. 1851) * September 9 ** Andreas Andersen Feldborg, Danish writer (d. 1838) ** Charles-François Painchaud, Quebec priest (d. 1838) * September 10 – John Ketcham (Indiana surveyor), John Ketcham, American politician (d.

) * September 11 ** Fisher A. Blocksom, American politician and lawyer from Ohio (d.

) ** Daniel Gaskell, British politician (d. 1875) * September 13 – William Wood (Scottish surgeon), William Wood, Scottish surgeon (d.

) * September 14 – Christian Magnus Falsen, jurist, father of the Constitution of Norway and member of Stortinget (d.

) * September 16 ** Daoguang Emperor, Qing-dynasty Chinese emperor (d.

) ** Hans Nilsen Gubberud, Norwegian politician (d.

) * September 17 – Christoph Hawich, German lithographer and painter (d.

) * September 18 – José Tomás Boves, Spanish general (d. 1815) * September 19 ** Karl von Fischer, German architect (d. 1820) ** Vicente Genaro de Quesada, Spanish general (d. 1836) ** Robert Sale, British Army general (d.

) ** John Wroe, British evangelist (d.

) * September 20 ** Richard Dunning, 2nd Baron Ashburton, British noble (d.

) ** Edward John Eliot, English cavalry officer (d.

) * September 22 ** Pierre-Dominique Debartzch, Canadian politician (d.

) ** Fredric Westin, Swedish painter (d.

) * September 23 ** Jacques Féréol Mazas, French musician (d.

) ** Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied, German explorer, ethnologist and naturalist (d.

) * September 24 – William Symonds, British Royal Navy admiral (d.

) * September 25 ** Charles Maturin, Irish writer (d. 1824) ** Stephen Price (theatre manager), Stephen Price, theatre manager from New York City (d. 1840) * September 27 – Thomas M. Nelson, American politician (d.

) * September 28 – George Smith (architect), George Smith, English architect and surveyor (d.

) * September 29 – Windham Quin, 2nd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, British politician (d.

)

October

* October 3 ** Charles Jared Ingersoll, American politician and writer (d.

) ** David Johnson (governor), David Johnson, Governor of South Carolina (d.

) ** Richard Peek, English philanthropist (d.

) * October 4 – James Wadmore, English art collector (d.

) * October 6 ** Isidro Barrada, Spanish military personnel (d.

) ** James Gordon (Royal Navy officer), James Gordon, British Royal Navy officer (d.

) * October 7 ** John Duer, American jurist (d.

) ** Charles Maclaren, Scottish journalist and geologist (d.

) ** James Lucas Yeo, British naval commander (d. 1818) * October 8 – Robert Lucas Chance, British glass maker (d.

) * October 9 ** Lewis Cass, American military officer, politician, statesman (d.

) ** Tilly Lynde, American politician (d.

) ** William Holland Wilmer, American episcopal priest (d. 1827) * October 11 ** Steen Steensen Blicher, Danish writer (d.

) ** Christian Heinrich Bünger, German anatomist and surgeon (d.

) ** Georg Andreas von Rosen, Russian army general (d. 1841) ** Pierre-Antoine Tabeau, Canadian missionary (d.

) * October 12 ** Henry Dodge, American politician and general (d.

) ** Jared Groce, American planter, slaveowner and settler (d. 1836) * October 13 – Joseph Nigg, Austrian artist (d.

) * October 14 – James Gilmour (Miramichi lumber baron), James Gilmour, Canadian businessman (d.

) * October 15 – James Elmes, English writer and architect (d.

) * October 16 ** Alois Pichl, Austrian architect (d.

) ** Hamelin Trelawny, British politician (d.

) *

** Joseph M. Street, Iowa pioneer, trader and US Indian Agent (d. 1840) ** Karl Friedrich Eusebius Trahndorff, German philosopher (d.

) * October 19 – J. T. Wedgwood, British engraver (d.

) * October 20 – Christian Blom, Norwegian composer (d.

) * October 24 – William Norton Shinn, American politician (d.

) * October 25 ** Iosif Ivanovich Charlemagne, Russian architect (d.

) ** Levi Lincoln Jr., Massachusetts Governor and Congressman (d.

) ** Sir William Verner, 1st Baronet, British politician (d.

) * October 26 ** Carlo Tancredi Falletti di Barolo, Italian politician and mayor (d. 1838) ** Charles Goodall (cricketer), Charles Goodall, English cricketer (d. 1872) * October 27 – Niccolò Paganini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1840) * October 28 – Henry Meigs, American politician (d.

) * October 30 – Lorenzo Maria of Saint Francis Xavier, Italian saint (d.

)

November

* November 1 ** Joseph von Blumenthal, Austrian musician (d.

) ** F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1859) ** Adam Ditlev Wedell-Wedellsborg, Dano-Norwegian government official (d. 1827) * November 2 – Eustoquio Díaz Vélez, Spanish-Argentine general (d.

) * November 3 – Lewis Warrington (United States Navy officer), Lewis Warrington, United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1851) *

** John Branch, American politician (d.

) ** Nanbu Toshitaka, Japanese samurai, 10th daimyō of Morioka Domain, northern Japan (d. 1820) * November 6 – Maha Bandula, Burmese general (d. 1825) * November 7 ** Friedrich Karl Gustav, Baron von Langenau, Austrian field marshal (d. 1840) ** Edward Hawker, Royal Navy officer during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars (d.

) ** John Pye, English landscape engraver (d. 1874) * November 11 ** Francis Blackburne, Lord Chancellor of Ireland (d.

) ** Nathan Dunn, American collector (d. 1844) ** Elihu Embree, American abolitionist and newspaper editor (d. 1820) * November 12 ** William Hendricks, American politician (d.

) ** Granville Proby, 3rd Earl of Carysfort, British naval commander and Whig politician (d.

) ** James Wedderburn (judge), James Wedderburn, Solicitor General for Scotland (d.

) * November 13 ** Sir Alexander Grant, 8th Baronet, British politician (d.

) ** Joseph Kornhäusel, Austrian architect (d.

) ** Esaias Tegnér, Swedish poet, professor and bishop (d.

) * November 16 ** Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 2nd Earl of Minto, British politician (d. 1859) ** Thomas Whitmore (1782–1846), Thomas Whitmore, English politician (d.

) * November 17 – Conrad Graf, German piano maker (d. 1851) * November 19 – John McCarty (born 1782), John McCarty, American politician (d. 1851) * November 20 ** Alexander Macdonell of Greenfield, Canadian politician and businessman (d.

) ** Georgius Jacobus Johannes van Os, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d.

) * November 21 – William Tippet, Anglo-Indian Judge and Magistrate (d. 1824) * November 22 ** Richard Bagot (bishop), Richard Bagot, Bishop of Oxford, Dean of Canterbury (d.

) ** Sophie Swetchine, Russian salon-holder (d.

) * November 25 ** George Tillson, American industrialist (d.

) ** Thomas Contee Worthington, American politician (d. 1847) * November 26 ** Karl Johann Bernhard Karsten, German mineralogist (d.

) ** Johan Christopher Ræder (1782–1853), Johan Christopher Ræder, Norwegian politician (d.

) * November 28 – John R. Drake (New York politician), John R. Drake, American politician (d.

) * November 29 – Henry Walton Ellis, British Army officer (d. 1815) *

– Giuseppe Moretti (botanist), Giuseppe Moretti, Italian botanist (d.

)

December

* December 2 – Gerard Thomas Noel, British cleric (d. 1851) * December 3 ** John E. Coffee, American politician (d. 1836) ** Henry William Pickersgill, British artist (d. 1875) * December 5 ** Martin Van Buren, 8th president of the United States (d.

) ** Sir George Warrender, 4th Baronet, British politician (d.

) * December 7 ** James Earickson, American politician (d. 1844) ** Nicolaus Michael Oppel, German naturalist (d. 1820) ** Joseph Trumbull (governor), Joseph Trumbull, American politician and lawyer (d.

) * December 9 – Waleria Tarnowska, Polish painter and art collector (d.

) * December 10 ** Thomas William Brotherton, British general (d.

) ** Charles Nicolas Fabvier, French military personnel, politician and diplomat (d.

) ** Friedrich Konrad Griepenkerl, German philosopher, educationist, musicologist and musician (d.

) * December 11 ** George Barnes (priest), George Barnes, English archdeacon (d. 1847) ** Johann Friedrich Müller, German copperplate engraver (d. 1816) *

– Marie-Victoire Baudry, Canadian superior general (d.

) * December 13 – John Clitherow, British Army general (d.

) *

** Hans Jakob Oeri, Swiss painter (d.

) ** Louis-Barthélémy Pradher, French composer, pianist and music educator (d.

) ** Diego Bautista Urbaneja, Venezuelan politician (d.

) * December 17 – James Fullarton, Scottish soldier who fought in the Kandyan Wars (d.

) * December 19 – Julius Vincenz von Krombholz, Czech botanist, surgeon, doctor and mycologist (d.

) * December 21 ** Benoit Tranquille Berbiguier, French composer (d. 1838) ** Randolph Isham Routh, British commissariat officer (d.

) * December 22 – Jean Bélanger, Canadian politician (d. 1827) * December 23 ** William Armstrong (Virginia politician), William Armstrong, American lawyer, civil servant, politician, businessperson (d.

) ** Johann Anton Weinmann, German botanist (d.

) * December 24 ** Therese Brunetti, Austrian actress (d.

) ** Charles Hubert Millevoye, poet from France (d. 1816) * December 25 ** Victory Birdseye, American politician (d.

) ** Nathaniel Fish Moore, American university administrator (d. 1872) * December 26 – Philaret Drozdov, Russian bishop (d.

) * December 27 ** Samuel Hood (priest), Samuel Hood, Anglican Dean of Argyll and The Isles (d. 1872) ** Henry Vail, American politician (d.

) * December 28 ** Joseph Arnold, English naval surgeon and naturalist (d. 1818) ** Matthias Joseph de Noël, German writer and art collector (d.

) ** Cajetan von Textor, German physician (d.

) * December 29 ** François-Joseph Grille, French librarian (d.

) ** William Lloyd (mountaineer), William Lloyd, British army officer (d.

) ** Benjamin Woodworth, American politician (d. 1874) * December 30 ** John Freeman Milward Dovaston, British poet and naturalist (d.

) ** Jonas Anton Hielm, Norwegian politician (d.

) * December 31 ** Konstantin Bulgakov, Russian diplomat and postal director (d.

) ** Jean-Pierre Sylvestre de Grateloup, French naturalist (d.

)

Deaths

– Johann Christian Bach, German composer (b. 1735) * January 4 – Ange-Jacques Gabriel, French architect (b. 1698) *

– John Pringle (physician), John Pringle, Scottish physician (b. 1707) * January 28 — Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, French geographer and cartographer (b. 1697) *

– Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky, Russian general (b. 1722) *

– Giuseppe Luigi Assemani, Syrian orientalist (b. 1710) *

– Friedrich Christoph Oetinger, German theologian (b. 1702) * March 1 – John A. Treutlen, Governor of Province of Georgia, Georgia (b. 1734) * March 2 – Sophie of France, French princess (b.1734) * March 9 – Sava II Petrović-Njegoš, Metropolitan of Cetinje (b. 1702) * March 17 – Daniel Bernoulli, Dutch-born mathematical physicist (b. 1700) * April 7 – Taksin the Great, King of Siam (Thonburi Kingdom) (b. 1734) * April 13 – Metastasio, Italian poet, librettist (b. 1698) * April 17 – Baal Shem of London, British Kabbalist (b. 1708) * April 22 – Josef Seger, Czech composer and organist (b. 1716) * April 28 – William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (b. 1710) * May 8 – Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, Portuguese statesman (b. 1699) * May 15 – Richard Wilson (painter), Richard Wilson, British painter (b. 1714) * May 16 – Daniel Solander, Swedish botanist (b. 1736) * May 20 – William Emerson (mathematician), William Emerson, English mathematician (b. 1701) * May 20 – Axel Lagerbielke, Swedish admiral and statesman (b. 1703) * May 22 – Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1752) * June 11 – William Crawford (soldier), William Crawford, American soldier and surveyor (burned at the stake by Native Americans) (b. 1732) *

– John Wood, the Younger, English architect (b. 1728) * June 21 – Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt, German prince (b. 1722) *

–

, British statesman, 2-time

(b. 1730) * July 15 – Farinelli, Italian castrato (b. 1705) * August 27 – John Laurens, American soldier (b. 1754) * August 31 – George Croghan, American colonist (b. c. 1718) * September 5 – Bartolina Sisa, Bolivian indigenous Aymara heroine, rebel leader (b. c. 1750) * September 6 ** Gregoria Apaza, Bolivian indigenous leader (b. 1751) ** Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, wife of Thomas Jefferson (b. 1748) * September 14 – Nicholas Cooke, first Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1717) * October 2 – Charles Lee (general), Charles Lee, Continental Army general during the American War of Independence (b. 1732) * November 5 – James Burrow, British scholar (b. 1701) * November 21 – Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor (b. 1709) * December 7 – Hyder Ali, Indian general, Sultan of Mysore (b. 1720) * December 11–William Beadle, Anglo-American merchant (b. 1730) *

– William Cole (antiquary), British antiquarian (b. 1714) * December 27 – Henry Home, Lord Kames, Scottish advocate and philosopher (b. 1697) * ''date unknown'' ** Christine Kirch, German astronomer (b. 1696) ** Sabina Aufenwerth, German potter (b. 1706) ** Elisabeth Christina von Linné, Swedish botanist (b. 1743)

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Births

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Deaths

References

Further reading