Ṇamōkāra Mantra

The Ṇamōkāra mantra is the most significant mantra in Jainism, and one of the oldest mantras in continuous practice. This is the first prayer recited by the Jains while meditating. The mantra is also variously referred to as the ''Pancha Namaskāra Mantra'', ''Namaskāra Mantra'', ''Navakāra Mantra'', ''Namaskāra Mangala'' or ''Paramesthi Mantra''. It is dedicated to the Panch-Parmeshthi, namely the arihant, the siddhas, the acharyas, the upadhyaya and all the ascetics.

History

A short inscription (dated 200 BCE to 100 BCE) found in Pale Caves in Maharashtra mentions () or (), only the first line of Namokara Mantra. In Kushana and Shaka periods of 1st century CE to the first quarter of 2nd century, only the first line was prevalent. The Hathigumpha inscription dated between 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE starts with () and (), the first two lines of Namokar Mantra. The rest of the lines are not there. It was inscribed by the Jain monarch Kharavela of Kalinga kingdom. According to historian M. A. Dhaky, these two lines were originally used as ''mangala'' (auspicious opening lines) in written works and rituals then.

The Namaskara Mantra with all Pañca-Parameṣṭhi (five supreme souls) was first mentioned in the auspicious opening lines in the condensed edition of ''Vyākhyāprajñapti''. This version also replaces Ardhamagadhi with Maharashtrian Prakrit .
In condensed edition of ''Avashyakasutra'' (dated circa last quarter of 5th century), the is also replaced with as well as (Arahant) with (Arihant). Shatkandagam (circa 475–525 CE) and later ''Visheshavashyakbhashyavritti'' (circa 725 CE) and ''Anuyogadwarasuchi'' shows (Namo) replaced with more Prakit (Namo). However, most Śvetāmbaras still use (Namo) as the Śvetāmbara canon states that Tirthankaras' sermons are in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, so they prefer the version with (Namo) as they consider it to be the original form of the ''mantra''. Digambaras, on the other hand, believe that Tirthankaras do not speak after attaining Kevala jnana and that there is no specific language in their sermons. Most Digambaras, therefore, prefer reciting the newer version of the ''mantra'' written in Maharashtri Prakrit with (Namo).

Composed around the beginning of the Common Era, ''Chattarimangalam Stotra'' mentions only Arhat, Siddha, Sadhu and Kevalipragnapti Dharma (''Dharma'' as prescribed by Omniscients) as four chief auspicious. So the three lines regarding Acharya, Upadhyaya and Sadhu must have been added later. The last four lines about ''phala-prashashti'' (benefits of chanting) are not older than 6th century CE and are not found in any older works, according to Dhaky. The importance of it as a mantra in texts, traditions, rituals and meditation arose thereafter.

The Ṇamōkāra Mantra

Abbreviations

The Namokar Mantra may abbreviated to ' (6 syllables), ''Om Nhi'' (2 syllables), or just ''Om'' (1 syllable) in Jain literature.

Meaning

Below is the meaning of the Namokar Mantra line by line, wherein the devotee first bows to the five supreme souls or Pañca-Parameṣṭhi:
*'' Arihant'' — Those who have destroyed the four inimical ''karmas''
*''Siddha'' — The persons who have achieved "Siddhi"
*''Acharyas'' — The teachers who teach how to behave / live one's life
*'' Upadhyaya'' — Preceptor of less advanced ascetics
*'' Sādhu'' — The monks or sages in the world practicing Samyak Charitra (right conduct)
*The practitioner also says that by bowing to all these five supreme souls
*All of his or her karmas can get destroyed and
*Wishes for well-being of each and every living entity
*The practitioner finally says that this mantra is the most auspicious one

There is no mention of any particular names of the gods or any specific person. The prayer is done towards the guṇa do not ask for any favors or material benefits from the tirthankaras or monastics. This mantra simply serves as a gesture of deep respect towards beings whom they believe are spiritually evolved, as well as to remind the people of their ultimate goal i.e. ''moksha'' (liberation).

Meditation

According to '' Dravyasaṃgraha'', a major Jain text:

See also

* Siddhachakra
* God in Jainism
* Bhaktamara Stotra
* Jain meditation
* Mul Mantar

References

Sources

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{{Jainism topics

Jain mantras
Jain texts