Kastamonu Province
Kastamonu Province () is a Provinces of Turkey, province of Turkey, in the Black Sea Region, Turkey, Black Sea region in the north of the country. It is surrounded by Sinop Province, Sinop to the east, Bartın Province, Bartın, Karabük Province ...
in the
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...
region of Turkey. It is from
Istanbul
Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
by road and north of
Kastamonu
Kastamonu, formerly Kastamone/Castamone () and Kastamon/Castamon (), is a city in northern Turkey. It is the seat of Kastamonu Province and Kastamonu District.
. It is a typical
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...
port town with many fine examples of traditional domestic architecture. It is the seat of
İnebolu District
İnebolu District is a district of the Kastamonu Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town of İnebolu.İlçe Belediyesi Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023. Its population is 10,594 (2021).
History
:''See
Abonoteichos
Abonoteichos (, demonym: , ), later Ionopolis (, ; ), was an ancient city in Asia Minor, on the site of modern İnebolu (in Asian Turkey), and remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
History
Abonoteichos was a town on the coast of Paphlagonia, me ...
/Ionopolis for Ancient and ecclesiastical history''
The exact founding date of İnebolu is unknown. İnebolu was initially called
Abonoteichos
Abonoteichos (, demonym: , ), later Ionopolis (, ; ), was an ancient city in Asia Minor, on the site of modern İnebolu (in Asian Turkey), and remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
History
Abonoteichos was a town on the coast of Paphlagonia, me ...
greek
Greek may refer to:
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
, meaning "city of Iones")in the middle of the 2nd century CE. Over time, the name "Ionopolis" metamorphosed to "Inepolis", and then to "İnebolu", though sometimes spelled "Ineboli" by foreign travellers.
By 1834, İnebolu was considered a sub-district of today's city of Küre (approx. inland), but it became a district in its own right in 1867. In the late 19th and early 20th century, İnebolu was part of the Kastamonu Vilayet of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
.
Visiting in August 1893, British parliamentarian and explorer
H. F. B. Lynch
Henry Finnis Blosse Lynch, Master of Arts, MA, FRGS (18 April 1862 – 24 November 1913) was a British traveller, businessman, and Liberal Party (UK), Liberal Parliament of the United Kingdom, Member of Parliament.
Biography
Lynch was the only ...
noted how little then remained of the old Greek cities of the 'Argonautic shore'. At "Ineboli" he reports finding a fragment of ancient sculpted marble near the shore, and describes the town as ''a line of white-faced houses with roofs of red tiles
hat
A hat is a Headgear, head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory. Hats which incorpor ...
nestles beneath the mountain wall. The
Greeks
Greeks or Hellenes (; , ) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Greek Cypriots, Cyprus, Greeks in Albania, southern Albania, Greeks in Turkey#History, Anatolia, parts of Greeks in Italy, Italy and Egyptian Greeks, Egypt, and to a l ...
live on one side, the Turks on the other: and the intelligent man to whom you naturally address yourself is an
Armenian
Armenian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent
** Armenian diaspora, Armenian communities around the ...
in European dress.'' Lynch also reports that "carriageable roads" had recently been constructed inland to Kastamuni.
During the
Turkish War of Independence
, strength1 = May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225August 1922: 271,000Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarih ...
, arms and ammunition were transferred to Anatolia through İnebolu. The town was attacked and defended itself with determination, for which it was honoured with the Independence Medal by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
Atatürk initiated a campaign in İnebolu to reform personal appearance and "civilize" garments; Atatürk made a well-known speech about hats there.
As of 1920, İnebolu was populated mainly by Turks, and was estimated at having a population of around 9,000. The port exported
mohair
Mohair (pronounced ) originated from the Arabic word هيرand it is a fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat (not Angora wool from the fur of the Angora rabbit). Both durable and resilient, mohair is lustrous with high shee ...
, animal hide,
wool
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other mammals, especially goats, rabbits, and camelids. The term may also refer to inorganic materials, such as mineral wool and glass wool, that have some properties similar to animal w ...
, and
hemp
Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a plant in the botanical class of ''Cannabis sativa'' cultivars grown specifically for industrial and consumable use. It can be used to make a wide range of products. Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest ...
. They imported mainly manufactured products.
In accordance with the
population exchange between Greece and Turkey
The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey stemmed from the "Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations" signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey. It involv ...
in 1923, the town's Greek inhabitants were exiled to Greece. Many of these emigrants settled in a neighborhood called ''Inepolis'' in the
Athenian
Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...
suburb of
Nea Ionia
Nea Ionia (, meaning New Ionia) is a town and a northern suburb of the Athens agglomeration, Greece, and a municipality of the Attica region. It was named after Ionia, the region in Anatolia from which many Greeks migrated in the 1920s as a part ...
.
Archaeology
There is little left of archaeological note in İnebolu, other than the ruins of its first, second and third fortifications.
The ruins of the first castle, most of which has been destroyed and upon which much has been built, are located in Boyran. The east wall of the castle extends from the İnebolu River, over the Abas hill, and up to the quarter called Avara. The ruins of the fortress walls are located around the cemeteries on the Abas hills. A part of the north wall of the interior castle, which is 6 meters high and 3 meters wide, still stands.
The second castle stood where today's Karadeniz primary school is. A few parts of the walls can still be seen.
The third castle is on Gerisch hill, from where the whole region of İnebolu can be seen. It is located south of the town and is of considerable height. There are also the undated ruins of a monastery, which have been heavily pillaged by artifact-seekers. Only some parts of the walls, large main entrance stairs, the baptismal basin and well remain. Greeks who live in İnebolu celebrate the 15th of August here by holding a feast.
Geography
There are many small towns scattered around İnebolu. To the east lie Abana and Bozkurt. To the west is Cide and to the south lie Devrekani and Küre. The town consists of 14 quarters: Aşağıhatipbağı, Avrara, Boyran, Camikebir, Cünüriye, Karadeniz, Y.Hatipbağı, Yenimahalle, Çamlıca, Musaköy, Karaca, Kızılkara, Yakaboyu and Yeşilöz.
Küre Mountains (formerly Isfendiyar Mountains) rise above the coastline, which is narrow and steep, with few sandy beaches.
The sea around İnebolu is approximately 200 meters deep.
The town is surrounded by many hills of varying height. The most well-known are the Geriş hill (Geriş Tepesi), which is 495 meters high, and the Islam hill to the southwest, which is 589 metres high.
Other hills are :
# To the east,
Darıca
Darıca (, from the Byzantine Greek, Byzantine τὰ Ῥίτζιον) is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. The town was previously known as Aretsou (Αρετσού) in by its native Greek population. Its ...
hill,
Manastır
Bitola (; ) is a city in the southwestern part of North Macedonia. It is located in the southern part of the Pelagonia valley, surrounded by the Baba (North Macedonia), Baba, Nidže, and Kajmakčalan mountain ranges, north of the Medžitlija-N ...
hill (789 m)
# To the west, Abas hill (1261 m), Keleştiren hill (1260 m)
# To the southwest, Çuha hill
# To the southeast, Yukarı Bozu hill (389 m)
Climate
İnebolu has an
humid subtropical climate
A humid subtropical climate is a subtropical -temperate climate type, characterized by long and hot summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between ...
(
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...
: Cfa).
Vegetation
The region is thickly wooded.
Economy
Historically, the port of İnebolu was a bustling merchant city, long considered the gateway to east. Its
Chamber of Commerce
A chamber of commerce, or board of trade, is a form of business network. For example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to a ...
was founded in 1887; at the time, records indicate that İnebolu was home to 2500 registered merchants and 1000 independent craftsmen. However, traffic was eventually routed around Kastamonu and İnebolu lost its commercial importance, leaving only the timber industry viable.
As of 1920, İnebolu was the location of a small
shipbuilding
Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other Watercraft, floating vessels. In modern times, it normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation th ...
industry at the Inebolu Shipyard. The boats built were described as being of "primitive design but sound workmanship." They were generally exported to
Istanbul
Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
.
Land use
Soil conditions make most agriculture difficult, but fruit, wheat and corn are cultivated. Inland, there are thick forests and grasslands where cattle is farmed.
Fruit and vegetables
Tomatoes, beans, zucchini and paprika are the most popular vegetables grown in İnebolu. Chestnuts, pears, mulberries, figs, walnuts, cranberry and hazelnuts are also grown in the region.
Mushrooms and wild strawberries are famous in this region and can be found in the woods easily.
Beekeeping
İnebolu is known for its thriving apiary industry.
Fishery
A fishing co-operative was established in 1986. Depending on the season, one can find the following fish species in İnebolu:
anchovy
An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the Family (biology), family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water.
More than 140 speci ...
,
turbot
The turbot ( ) ''Scophthalmus maximus'' is a relatively large species of flatfish in the family Scophthalmidae. It is a demersal fish native to marine or brackish waters of the Northeast Atlantic, Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It is a ...
bluefish
The bluefish (''Pomatomus saltatrix'') is the only extant species of the family Pomatomidae. It is a marine pelagic fish found around the world in temperate and subtropical waters, except for the northern Pacific Ocean. Bluefish are known as ta ...
, ''çinekop'' ("young of the bluefish"),
bonito
Bonitos are a tribe of medium-sized, ray-finned, predatory fish in the family Scombridae, which it shares with the mackerel, tuna, and Spanish mackerel tribes, and also the butterfly kingfish. Also called the tribe Sardini, it consists of ...
,
mackerel
Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of pelagic fish, mostly from the family Scombridae. They are found in both temperate and tropical seas, mostly living along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.
...
garfish
The garfish (''Belone belone''), also known as the garpike, needlefish or sea needle, is a pelagic, oceanodromous needlefish found in brackish and marine waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, Caribbean, Black, and Baltic Seas.
De ...
and so on.
Forestry
Forestry is important in İnebolu. There are 672.10 square kilometres of forest. are mixed woodland, where beech, black fir, oak, birch tree and pine can all be found. are wild forest. are controlled forest and trees.
The export of timber products increased from 1985 to 1996 by 250%. In 1986, the town had 20 timber processing enterprises.
Hunting
This region is home to wild boars and bears.
Architecture
İnebolu has several examples of traditional Turkish architecture in the Ottoman style. By the end of the 19th century many wealthy inhabitants İnebolu built large houses along the banks of the İkiçay river that divides the town. By 1890, the town had hundreds of houses built in this special style:
The ground floor is built of stone and contains a cellar and pantry. Above it are one or two stories, each containing four bedrooms, one antechamber, a kitchen and toilet. Each of the floors is built so that it can easily be converted into one independent flat by closing a single door. This feature allows the married children of families to continue living in the same ancestral home they grew up in. Each floor also has its own separate street access.
The rooms have many windows and each room has a corbel and framework which enables the women to look out onto the street without being seen. The ceilings of the rooms are high and covered in carved art. Hand-rails in the houses are carved from a single piece of wood.
Most of the houses have roofs that are tiled with a special sea-stone called ''marla'' . The tiles are wide, thin and heavy, and protect the houses from the strong northeast winds that blow across the Black Sea. The stone also provides an excellent insulation against heat.
Each house has an orchard garden, where fruits such as plums, mulberries, apples, pears, hazelnuts and walnuts are grown. Each garden has a well, which is used to refrigerate foodstuffs during the hot summer days.
The houses are painted with a special claret mineral pigment known as ''aşı boyası'', which is highly resistant to sunlight and weathering.
Transport
There is no passenger boat service to İnebolu. However, motorways and highways are sufficient and in good condition. There are several private bus companies which have scheduled bus service to and from Istanbul, Ankara and the provincial capital of Kastamonu. Nearby towns such Kure, Cide, Abana and Bozkurt can be travelled to by mini-buses which run many times a day.
In popular culture
In the early summer of 2015, the movie ''
Mustang
The mustang is a free-roaming horse of the Western United States, descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish conquistadors. Mustangs are often referred to as wild horses, but because they are descended from once-domesticate ...
'' was filmed in and around the town, the geography of which was featured prominently.