Émile Pouget
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Émile Pouget (; 12 October 1860 – 21 July 1931) was a French journalist,
anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy and Political movement, movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or Social hierarchy, hierarchy, primarily targeting the state (polity), state and capitalism. A ...
pamphleteer and trade unionist, known for his pivotal role in the development of revolutionary syndicalism in France. His iconic newspaper, '' Le Père Peinard'', stood out from previous anarchist publications with its inventive use of vernacular and urban slang. Notably, Pouget introduced the term "
sabotage Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, government, effort, or organization through subversion, obstruction, demoralization (warfare), demoralization, destabilization, divide and rule, division, social disruption, disrupti ...
" as a tactical approach, a concept later adopted by the General Confederation of Labour (CGT) at its
Toulouse Toulouse (, ; ; ) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Haute-Garonne department and of the Occitania (administrative region), Occitania region. The city is on the banks of the Garonne, River Garonne, from ...
Congress in 1897. Pouget's combination of anarchist political theory and revolutionary syndicalist tactics has led several authors to identify him as an early
anarcho-syndicalist Anarcho-syndicalism is an anarchist organisational model that centres trade unions as a vehicle for class conflict. Drawing from the theory of libertarian socialism and the practice of syndicalism, anarcho-syndicalism sees trade unions as both ...
. Having been introduced to radical politics through his stepfather's involvement in political journalism, Pouget emerged as a prominent figure in the anarchist movement. In 1883, Pouget and
Louise Michel Louise Michel (; 29 May 1830 – 9 January 1905) was a teacher and prominent figure during the Paris Commune. Following her penal transportation to New Caledonia she began to embrace anarchism, and upon her return to France she emerged as an im ...
were jailed after they led a protest at
Les Invalides The Hôtel des Invalides (; ), commonly called (; ), is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and an old soldi ...
, where the emblematic anarchist black flag is said to have been flown for the first time. The enactment of the '' Lois scélérates'', which sought to suppress anarchist activities, forced Pouget into exile in
London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...
from 1894 to 1895. There, he was exposed to international anarchist militants like
Errico Malatesta Errico Malatesta (4 December 1853 – 22 July 1932) was an Italian anarchist propagandist, theorist and revolutionary socialist. He edited several radical newspapers and spent much of his life exiled and imprisoned, having been jailed and expel ...
, as well as the British trade unionist movement, which inspired his contributions to revolutionary syndicalism. Returning to France, Pouget resumed his political activities, starting the newspaper ''La Sociale'' in 1895 and collaborating closely with Fernand Pelloutier to promote revolutionary syndicalist ideas within the French labor movement. By 1902, he had become an integral part of the revolutionary faction within CGT leadership, and was arrested with other leaders of the CGT in 1908 following violent strikes in Draveil and Villeneuve-Saint-Georges. After his release, Pouget began to distance himself from activism, a trend that accelerated following the collapse of his final newspaper, ''La Révolution'', in 1909. He lived quietly outside Paris until his death in 1931.


Early life

Émile Pouget was born on 12 October 1860 in Pont-de-Salars in the department of
Aveyron Aveyron (; ) is a Departments of France, department in the Regions of France, region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania, Southern France. It was named after the river Aveyron (river), Aveyron. Its inhabitants are known as ''Aveyro ...
. His father, a notary, died at an early age in 1863. Shortly after his father's death, Pouget's mother remarried. He grew up in a middle-class household with Republican and left-wing tendencies. Pouget's stepfather Philippe Vergely lost his position as a petty official because of his political writings in a small-scale journal that he had established titled ''L'Aveyron Republicain'' (The Aveyron Republican). Vergely took the young Pouget to attend the trial of several members of the Narbonne Commune in nearby
Rodez Rodez (, , ; , ) is a small city and commune in the South of France, about 150 km northeast of Toulouse. It is the prefecture of the department of Aveyron, region of Occitania (formerly Midi-Pyrénées). Rodez is the seat of the communau ...
, which played a pivotal role in sparking Pouget's interest in politics. Studying high school in Rodez, Pouget developed a passion for journalism. In 1875, he launched his first newspaper, ''Le Lycéen républicain'' (The Republican High Schooler). That same year, his stepfather died and Pouget was forced to move to
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
in search of work. In 1877, he began working at Le Bon Marché, a department store in the city. While employed there, he started following political gatherings and attended meetings of progressive groups in his free time. In 1879, Pouget was a founder of the first shop assistants' union in Paris, through which he published his earliest antimilitarist texts.


Anarchist movement

During the 1880s, before
anarchists Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or hierarchy, primarily targeting the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state w ...
began to enter the organized labor movement in large numbers, they typically agitated among the unemployed. In March 1883, the chamber of the carpenters' union summoned the unemployed to protest at
Les Invalides The Hôtel des Invalides (; ), commonly called (; ), is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and an old soldi ...
. The protest split into two groups, with around 500 protesters, led by Pouget and former Communard
Louise Michel Louise Michel (; 29 May 1830 – 9 January 1905) was a teacher and prominent figure during the Paris Commune. Following her penal transportation to New Caledonia she began to embrace anarchism, and upon her return to France she emerged as an im ...
, proceeding to march toward the
Boulevard Saint-Germain The Boulevard Saint-Germain () is a major street in Paris on the Rive Gauche of the Seine. It curves in a 3.5-kilometre (2.1 miles) arc from the Pont de Sully in the east (the bridge at the edge of ÃŽle Saint-Louis) to the Pont de la Concord ...
. It was at this protest that the emblematic anarchist black flag was flown for the first time. The protesters pillaged three bakeries before being confronted by police at Place Maubert. Michel and Pouget were arrested and sentenced to six and eight years in prison respectively. Pouget's case was complicated by the fact that revolutionary antimilitarist leaflets advocating mutiny were found in his room. Public opinion towards the trial was somewhat negative, leading to both activists' early release. Pouget was granted amnesty after serving only three years of his sentence, thanks to pressure from
Henri Rochefort Henri is the French form of the masculine given name Henry, also in Estonian, Finnish, German and Luxembourgish. Bearers of the given name include: People French nobles * Henri I de Montmorency (1534–1614), Marshal and Constable of France * ...
. After his release from prison, Pouget edited the anarchist bimonthly '' Ça ira'' from 27 May 1888 to 13 January 1889, in collaboration with former Communard Constant Martin. He became a regular at meetings of the Cercle Anarchiste International, which gathered in Paris' 15th arrondissement to discuss tactics including the
general strike A general strike is a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal. They are organised by large coalitions ...
and a potential alliance with the Bourse du Travail labor councils. On 24 February 1889, he established his iconic newspaper, '' Le Père Peinard''. Reminiscent of Rochefort's ''La Lanterne'' (The Lantern), the paper was published in small pamphlet form. It was written in working-class French slang and was inspired in tone by
Jacques Hébert Jacques René Hébert (; 15 November 1757 – 24 March 1794) was a French journalist and leader of the French Revolution. As the founder and editor of the radical newspaper ''Le Père Duchesne'', he had thousands of followers known as ''the ...
's ''
Le Père Duchesne ''Le Père Duchesne'' (; "Old Man Duchesne" or "Father Duchesne") was an extreme radical newspaper during the French Revolution, edited by Jacques Hébert, who published 385 issues from September 1790 until eleven days before his death by gu ...
'', popular during the
Reign of Terror The Reign of Terror (French: ''La Terreur'', literally "The Terror") was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the French First Republic, First Republic, a series of massacres and Capital punishment in France, nu ...
. In a September 1889 edition of ''Le Père Peinard'', Pouget praised the London dock strike, marking the first step in his evolution into
syndicalism Syndicalism is a labour movement within society that, through industrial unionism, seeks to unionize workers according to industry and advance their demands through Strike action, strikes and other forms of direct action, with the eventual goa ...
. However, at this time, he criticized the British workers' formal association into labor unions and especially the unions' parliamentary orientation and reformism. Following the promulgation of the '' Lois scélérates'', a set of press laws outlawing the advocacy of any crime, in December 1893, the anarchist movement started a series of political assassinations. This in turn led to a series of arrests of prominent anarchists, and on 21 February 1894, Pouget published his final issue of ''Le Père Peinard'' and went into exile. Upon reaching London via
Algiers Algiers is the capital city of Algeria as well as the capital of the Algiers Province; it extends over many Communes of Algeria, communes without having its own separate governing body. With 2,988,145 residents in 2008Census 14 April 2008: Offi ...
, Pouget stayed at Giovanni Defendi's delicatessen, accompanied by his partner Marie. Pouget's period of exile in London led to a cross-pollination of ideas between anarchist militants from several countries around Europe. During this time, he avoided the anarchist circle Club Autonomie, composed mainly of French immigrants in London, but maintained contact with Louise Michel, Augustin Hamon and Fernand Pelloutier. Crucially, Pouget's tactical approach became heavily influenced by an international group of militants including
Errico Malatesta Errico Malatesta (4 December 1853 – 22 July 1932) was an Italian anarchist propagandist, theorist and revolutionary socialist. He edited several radical newspapers and spent much of his life exiled and imprisoned, having been jailed and expel ...
and
Olivia Rossetti Agresti Olivia Rossetti Agresti (1875–1960) was a British activist, author, editor, and interpreter. A member of one of England's most prominent artistic and literary families, her unconventional political trajectory began with anarchism, continued ...
, all of whom were contributors to the anarchist newspaper '' The Torch of Anarchy''. In August 1894, Pouget was charged ''in absentia'' during the Trial of the Thirty, but was ultimately acquitted. During his exile, he planned to start a newspaper called ''Le Droit à l’Aisance'' (The Right to Comfort) with the help of Malatesta, but in the end relaunched ''Le Père Peinard'' in September 1894 from London. The London-based newspaper ran for six months and printed a total of eight issues. In October 1894, the newspaper argued in favor of anarchists participating within the trade union movement, as a space in which to make contact with the wider working class outside of anarchist affinity groups and subcultures. Pouget had been in contact with Malatesta since 1893, but was influenced by him even more profoundly during his time in London; at some point they even shared dwellings at Defendi's delicatessen. Pouget's period in London led to his adoption of syndicalist tactics which would, together with Pelloutier's similar trajectory, prove instrumental in the eventual rise to dominance of revolutionary syndicalism in the French labor movement. His combination of anarchist political theory and revolutionary syndicalist tactics has led several authors to identify Pouget as an early
anarcho-syndicalist Anarcho-syndicalism is an anarchist organisational model that centres trade unions as a vehicle for class conflict. Drawing from the theory of libertarian socialism and the practice of syndicalism, anarcho-syndicalism sees trade unions as both ...
.


Syndicalism and the CGT

After returning to France in 1895, Pouget resumed his political activities. On 11 May 1895, he started the newspaper ''La Sociale'', through which he started promoting a more strategic and concrete form of anarchism which would work to influence the labor union movement from within. During the publishing of ''La Sociale'', Pouget collaborated closely with Fernand Pelloutier and Bernard Lazare, advocating for revolutionary syndicalist ideas within the French labor movement and seeking to unite anarchists with antiparliamentarian socialists across Europe. In July 1896, Pouget attended the fourth congress of the
Second International The Second International, also called the Socialist International, was a political international of Labour movement, socialist and labour parties and Trade union, trade unions which existed from 1889 to 1916. It included representatives from mo ...
in London. At this congress, the antiparliamentarian delegates, the majority of whom were anarchists, were expelled from the international. This marked the culmination of the process which started with the exclusion of the anarchists at the Zürich Congress three years prior. The antiparliamentarians set up a debate in margin to the London Congress where, concurring with Malatesta's views, Pouget criticized the Marxists' economic determinism and argued against forcibly collectivizing agricultural land, as well as the notion of waiting in anticipation for the ostensibly inevitable
proletarianization In Marxism, proletarianization is the social process whereby people move from being either an employer, unemployed or self-employed, to being employed as wage labor by an employer. Marx's concept For Marx, the process of proletarianization was th ...
of the peasant class. In ''La Sociale'', Pouget first argued for the tactic of "sabottage", as it was initially spelled. This tactic was inspired by the concept of "ca'canny", meaning
slowdown A slowdown ( UK: go-slow) is an industrial action in which employees perform their duties but seek to reduce productivity or efficiency in their performance of these duties. A slowdown may be used as either a prelude or an alternative to a stri ...
, which he came into contact with in the British trade union movement. This was the first mention of the term "
sabotage Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, government, effort, or organization through subversion, obstruction, demoralization (warfare), demoralization, destabilization, divide and rule, division, social disruption, disrupti ...
" in this context. The newspaper continued until October 1896, when Pouget started publishing a renewed ''Le Père Peinard'' in which his views became increasingly internationalist and militant. He passionately argued for sabotage as a tactic of the labor movement, leading to its adoption by the General Confederation of Labour (CGT) at its
Toulouse Toulouse (, ; ; ) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Haute-Garonne department and of the Occitania (administrative region), Occitania region. The city is on the banks of the Garonne, River Garonne, from ...
Congress in September 1897. His views on sabotage, as well as a nod to its origins in the British movement, were outlined in greater detail in his 1898 pamphlet "Le Sabotage". For Pouget, sabotage would entail "poor work for poor pay", as well as physical damage against machines and property, but not persons. During the mid-1890s, the Dreyfus affair, stemming from accusations of espionage against the French Jewish Captain
Alfred Dreyfus Alfred Dreyfus (9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French Army officer best known for his central role in the Dreyfus affair. In 1894, Dreyfus fell victim to a judicial conspiracy that eventually sparked a major political crisis in the Fre ...
, intensified into a major political and judicial scandal. French society became deeply polarized, with supporters of Dreyfus known as Dreyfusards and opponents labeled anti-Dreyfusards, reflecting underlying tensions of antisemitism. Pouget was initially reluctant to support the Dreyfusard cause, proclaiming his lack of interest in defending a capitalist and even going so far as to employ antisemitic stereotypes. However, during 1898 his views began to shift. He used the instability to organize a campaign in favor of anarchists condemned to forced labour, and in October co-signed a manifesto of a Revolutionary Coalition Committee which brought together various libertarian factions in opposition to anti-Dreyfusard nationalism. In February 1899, Pouget became a contributor to
Sébastien Faure Sébastien Faure (; 6 January 1858 – 14 July 1942) was a French anarchist, convicted sex offender, freethought and secularist activist and a principal proponent of synthesis anarchism. Biography Before becoming a free-thinker, Faure w ...
's Dreyfusard '' Journal du peuple'' (The People's Journal), where he argued for a revolutionary defense of Dreyfus against the reactionary forces of the army and
Catholic Church The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
, and against relying on the impartiality of the legal system. In 1900, ''Le Père Peinard'' was discontinued and Pouget became the editor of the CGT's daily newspaper '' La Voix du peuple'' (Voice of the People), its title a reference to
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (, ; ; 1809 – 19 January 1865) was a French anarchist, socialist, philosopher, and economist who founded mutualist philosophy and is considered by many to be the "father of anarchism". He was the first person to ca ...
. The first issue was published on 1 December 1900. The year 1902 marked the culmination of the anarchist permeation of trade unions, with the merger of the CGT and the Fédération des Bourses de travail, a federation of local labor exchanges. The Fédération had been headed by anarchist Georges Yvetot from March 1901, following the death of Fernand Pelloutier. The now enlarged CGT elected former Blanquist Victor Griffuelhes as general secretary, while Yvetot and his former assistant Paul Delesalle headed the section of Bourses du Travail and Pouget headed the section of national federations as vice-secretary and remained the editor of ''La Voix du peuple''. Pouget, Griffuelhes, Yvetot and Delesalle thus became the effective leaders of the syndicalist movement in France in the following decade, forming the revolutionary faction of the union's leadership. Tensions came to the fore between reformist and revolutionary wings of the CGT in 1903. Pouget emerged as the leading polemicist in defense of the leading revolutionary faction, opposed by the reformist Auguste Keufer. The two exchanged views in two articles regarding the theme of reform or revolution in 1903, where Pouget argued that their methods were not necessarily opposed to one another. His position was that the struggle for immediate reforms, if done through
direct action Direct action is a term for economic and political behavior in which participants use agency—for example economic or physical power—to achieve their goals. The aim of direct action is to either obstruct a certain practice (such as a governm ...
, was not only an end in itself, but also an evolutionary moment in a process of social change which would gradually intensify to the point of revolution and the overthrow of
wage labor Wage labour (also wage labor in American English), usually referred to as paid work, paid employment, or paid labour, refers to the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker sells their labour power under ...
. Therefore, he argued, individual reforms served to build a mass social movement with sufficient strength and consciousness to challenge and ultimately end capitalism. For Pouget, direct action meant the activity of trade unions, undertaken without reliance on political actors. Another major point of contention was the method of selection and representation within the CGT, with Keufer advocating for proportional representation, which favored larger unions, while Pouget argued for equal representation regardless of a union's size. Pouget's stance reflected his broader disdain for
representative democracy Representative democracy, also known as indirect democracy or electoral democracy, is a type of democracy where elected delegates represent a group of people, in contrast to direct democracy. Nearly all modern Western-style democracies func ...
, the adoption of which within the CGT he feared would suppress the "conscious minority". Keufer's proposals were in the end heavily defeated at the 1904 Congress of Bourges and the incumbent CGT leadership secured an easy victory. The issue reappeared at the Congress of
Amiens Amiens (English: or ; ; , or ) is a city and Communes of France, commune in northern France, located north of Paris and south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme (department), Somme Departments of France, department in the region ...
in October 1906. Here, the two factions agreed on the Charter of Amiens, co-drafted by Pouget, which codified the union's revolutionary syndicalism. The charter announced the complete autonomy of the syndicalist movement and denied all political allegiances, and was the result of a political compromise that both factions could interpret to their advantage. Namely, for the revolutionary faction, this affirmed its stance against compromise with political parties and thus against
parliamentarism A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a form of government where the head of government (chief executive) derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of the legisl ...
, whereas for the reformist faction, this meant an aversion to all forms of politics including anarchism. In May 1908, strikes erupted in Draveil and Villeneuve-Saint-Georges with the CGT eagerly sending recruiters in support of the striking quarry workers. After a month of demonstrations, the strikers clashed with the police who opened fire leaving two workers dead and ten wounded. Following the strikes, the leaders of the CGT, including Pouget, were arrested. The union convened in
Marseille Marseille (; ; see #Name, below) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regions of France, region. Situated in the ...
and reaffirmed its tactical position, however the reformist faction started blaming the leadership for the deaths due to their "reckless tactics". On 2 February 1909, Griffuelhes resigned and the CGT elected reformist Louis Niel to the position of general secretary. After his release from prison, Pouget did not return to his position in the CGT or in ''La Voix du peuple''. According to
Pierre Monatte Pierre Monatte (15 January 188127 June 1960) was a French trade unionist, a founder of the '' Confédération générale du travail'' (CGT, General Confederation of Labour) at the beginning of the 20th century, and founder of its journal '' La V ...
, this decision might have been influenced by a growing personal antipathy towards Griffuelhes, which became apparent in Pouget's vehement rejection of the proposal for Griffuelhes to assume an administrative role in the new newspaper he was preparing. In February 1909, Pouget and other members of the revolutionary faction launched the newspaper ''La Révolution''. It was badly financed and a commercial failure, and ran only until March of that same year. After the failure of this newspaper, Pouget became disillusioned and ceased his participation in the syndicalist movement.


Later years and death

Following the failure of ''La Révolution'' in March of the same year, Pouget transitioned to become a regular columnist in Gustave Hervé's insurrectionist ''La Guerre sociale'' in late 1909, signaling a shift away from his involvement in syndicalism. Nonetheless, he maintained his advocacy for syndicalist tactics such as the general strike and sabotage until the outbreak of
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
. Additionally, he authored several stories in
Jean Jaurès Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès (3 September 185931 July 1914), commonly referred to as Jean Jaurès (; ), was a French socialist leader. Initially a Moderate Republican, he later became a social democrat and one of the first possibi ...
' ''
L'Humanité (; ) is a French daily newspaper. It was previously an organisation of the SFIO, ''de facto'', and thereafter of the French Communist Party (PCF), and maintains links to the party. Its slogan is "In an ideal world, would not exist." History ...
'' in 1913. From July until 6 September 1914, Pouget unexpectedly lent his unequivocal support to France against Germany. The following year, he authored a daily serial in ''L'Humanité'' titled ''Vieille Alsace'' (Old
Alsace Alsace (, ; ) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in the Grand Est administrative region of northeastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine, next to Germany and Switzerland. In January 2021, it had a population of 1,9 ...
), a patriotic story concerning the lives of French Alsatians living under German rule. By 1920, Pouget was no longer involved in activism. He spent his final years living a quiet life in the southern outskirts of Paris with his wife, earning a modest living compiling artists' catalogues. Pouget died on 21 July 1931, in Lozère, a neighborhood of
Palaiseau Palaiseau () is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris. Palaiseau is a sub-prefecture of the Essonne department and the seat of the Arrondissement of Palaiseau. Palaiseau was a royal doma ...
. He was interred at the cemetery of Palaiseau.


Works


Articles

* (12 January 1890) '' French Barbarity'', ''Le Père Peinard'', n°45, Paris () * (3 August 1890) '' The Socialist little Rats'', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris () * (10 August 1890) '' A pig'', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris () * (25 April 1891) ''May 1st'', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris () * (24 January 1892) '' At the Palace of Injustice'', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris () * (26 February 1892) ''The big Scare!'', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris () * (26 February 1892) '' Anarcho villains'', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris () * (24 April 1892)
The trial of the dynamiters
', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris () * (25 September 1892) '' The La Villette Refinery Women'', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris () * (4 June 1893)
Patron assassin
', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris () * (1894)

', ''Almanach du Père Peinard'' () * (1894)

', ''Almanach du Père Peinard'', Paris () * (January 1895 - London series) '' A Judas!'', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris () * (1896)
Faramineuse consultation sur l'avenir
', ''Almanach du Père Peinard'', Paris () * (1896)

', ''Almanach du Père Peinard'', Paris () * (1897)

', ''Almanach du Père Peinard'', Paris () * (1897)

', ''Almanach du Père Peinard'', Paris () * (1897)

', ''Almanach du Père Peinard'', Paris () * (1897)

', ''Almanach du Père Peinard'', Paris () * (1898)

', ''Almanach du Père Peinard'', Paris () * (1899)

', ''Le Père Peinard'', Paris ()


Almanacs

* (1894
''Almanach du Père Peinard''
Paris () * (1896
''Almanach du Père Peinard''
Paris * (1897
''Almanach du Père Peinard''
Paris * (1898
''Almanach du Père Peinard''
Paris


Brochures

* (1899
''Les lois scélérates de 1893-1894''
in collaboration with Francis de Pressensé, Paris: La Revue blanche () * (1902) ''Le Parti du Travail'', Paris () * (1904
''L'action directe''
Nancy: Le Réveil ouvrier () * (1910
''La Confédération générale du travail''
Paris: Marcel Rivière () * (1911

Paris ()


Novels

* (1909
''Comment nous ferons la Révolution''
in collaboration with Émile Pataud, Paris: Jules Tallandier ()


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


Further reading

* François Bott, « Le Père Peinard, ce drôle de Sioux », ''
Le Monde (; ) is a mass media in France, French daily afternoon list of newspapers in France, newspaper. It is the main publication of Le Monde Group and reported an average print circulation, circulation of 480,000 copies per issue in 2022, including ...
'', 30 January 1976. * Dominique Grisoni, « Le Père Peinard de la révolution », '' Le Magazine Littéraire'', n°111, April 1976, 42-43. * Emmanuel de Waresquiel, ''Le Siècle rebelle, dictionnaire de la contestation au XXe siècle'', Larousse, coll. « In Extenso », 1999. * Xose Ulla Quiben, ''Émile Pouget, la plume rouge et noire du Père Peinard'', Éditions Libertaires, 2006. * Emile Pouget, ''Le Père Peinard, Journal espatrouillant. Articles choisis (1889–1900)''. Les Nuits rouges, 2006.


External links


Émile Pouget Archive
at marxists.org
fondation-besnard.org

"Emile Pouget: a biography"
by Renée Lamberet {{DEFAULTSORT:Pouget, Emile 1860 births 1931 deaths 19th-century French male writers 19th-century French non-fiction writers 20th-century anarchists 20th-century French male writers 20th-century French non-fiction writers Anarchist writers Anarcho-syndicalists Anti-imperialists Decolonial artists Dreyfusards French anarchists French male non-fiction writers French newspaper founders French syndicalists Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France) People from Aveyron Revolutionary Syndicalism Trade unionists from Paris Vietnamese independence activists