Ã…ke Senning
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Ã…ke Senning (14 December 1915 in
Rättvik Rättvik is a locality on the eastern shore of the lake Siljan and the seat of Rättvik Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden, with 4,686 inhabitants in 2010. Its bandy club IFK Rättvik has reached the highest division Elitserien and has bu ...
,
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...
– 21 July 2000 in
Zurich Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. , the municipality had 448,664 inhabitants. The ...
,
Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
) was a Swedish cardiac surgeon who worked at
University Hospital of Zürich The University Hospital of Zürich (, USZ) is one of five university hospitals in Switzerland. The first hospital in Zürich, from which the current hospital derives, is recorded as having existed as early as 1204. The name, location and build ...
from 1961 until his retirement in 1985.


Biography

Åke Senning was born to the Swedish veterinarian David Senning and the nurse Elly Senning, née Säfström. He finished his schooling in Uppsala with the baccalaureate. He actually wanted to become an
engineer Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who Invention, invent, design, build, maintain and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials. They aim to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while ...
. However, as a nurse in World War 1, his mother persuaded him to study medicine. He subsequently completed the pre-clinical part of his studies in Uppsala, the clinical part and his state examination in Stockholm in 1948. His subsequent further training in Stockholm included general surgery, orthopaedics and thoracic and neurosurgery. Clarence Crafoord introduced him to the field of cardiac surgery in 1948. The influence of this eminent surgeon, who had a major impact on thoracic and cardiac surgery, sparked Senning's love of cardiac surgery and thus helped determine the direction of his work throughout his life. Ã…ke Senning has always thanked his academic teacher for this and held him in high esteem. With his work on electrically induced ventricular fibrillation to prevent air embolisms in cardiac surgery, he significantly reduced the risk of complications in cardiac surgery. With this, Senning became a private lecturer in Experimental Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery in Stockholm in 1952 and was appointed Extraordinary Professor of Surgery in 1956. In 1957 he was elected senior physician in the Department of Thoracic Surgery at the Karolinska University Hospital ( Karolinska Sjukhuset). In 1961, he followed the call to the chair of surgery at the
University of Zurich The University of Zurich (UZH, ) is a public university, public research university in Zurich, Switzerland. It is the largest university in Switzerland, with its 28,000 enrolled students. It was founded in 1833 from the existing colleges of the ...
and thus succeeded
Theodor Billroth Christian Albert Theodor Billroth (26 April 18296 February 1894) was a German surgeon and amateur musician. As a surgeon, he is generally regarded as the founding father of modern abdominal surgery. As a musician, he was a close friend and conf ...
, Rudolf U. Krönlein,
Ferdinand Sauerbruch Ernst Ferdinand Sauerbruch (; 3 July 1875 – 2 July 1951) was a German surgeon. His major work was on the use of negative-pressure chambers for surgery. Biography Sauerbruch was born in Barmen (now a district of Wuppertal), Germany. He st ...
, and Alfred Brunner. As Alfred Brunner's direct successor, he took up his post on 16 April 1961 as director of the Surgical University Clinic A in Zurich - with over 120 beds and 18 intensive care beds - where he worked with great dedication and energy until his retirement a quarter of a century later on 15 April 1985. In the first nine months of his tenure, 108 heart operations were performed, two years later 264 and in his last year in office 937. In 1969, he performed the first two heart transplantss in Switzerland. At the beginning of his Zurich days, the lethality rate of patients operated on by heart-lung machine was over 50 per cent and the age limit for such an operation was 35. Ten years later (1979), the lethality rate was less than one per cent, and the age limit was no longer the calendar age, but the biological age of the patients. After his retirement, he continued to live in Zurich. Together with some of his former colleagues, he was instrumental in setting up the Zurich Hirslanden Heart Centre. All over the world he assisted appointed surgeons and guided them in his heart operations, which are now considered classic. He used the golf club to keep his hands supple, because he had never learned to sit still. With an unusual vitality he survived several operations he had to undergo. It was characteristic of him, for example, that after a serious skiing accident with a broken knee, he operated again the very next day with his leg in plaster. During his career he published 350 articles in the fields of medical technology, thoracic, cardiovascular and general surgery, kidney and heart transplantation, treatment of vertebral tumours and renal artery stenosis.Brunckhorst C, Candinas R, Furman S. Ã…ke Senning 1915-2000. Journal of Pacing & Clinical Electrophysiology, 2000;23(11):1710 He was buried at the
Fluntern Cemetery Also known as Friedhof Fluntern, the Fluntern Cemetery is located in the Zürichberg district of Zürich. Notable interments * Emil Abderhalden (1877–1950), Swiss biochemist and physiologist * Johann Ludwig Aberli (1723–1786), Swiss artist ...
in Zurich.


Scientific achievements

Heart-lung-machine It was Clarence Crafoord who put him in a windowless basement room at the
Karolinska University Hospital The Karolinska University Hospital () is a teaching hospital affiliated with Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden, with two major sites in the municipalities of Solna and Huddinge. The hospital network is the second largest in Sweden, after ...
in Stockholm and gave him the task of developing a heart-lung machine, which he succeeded in doing in a relatively short time. This achievement by Senning shows that external working conditions are never general prerequisites for the success of a work. Often - as here - the opposite is the case: external restriction leads to inward concentration. This is how the first
heart-lung machine Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or heart-lung machine, also called the pump or CPB pump, is a machine that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during open-heart surgery by maintaining the circulation of blood and oxygen throu ...
with the roller oxygenator and the associated hypothermia came into being. Roll Oxygenator Senning's personal contributions to the development of cardiac, vascular and thoracic surgery begin as early as 1949 with the development of a Roller Oxygenator, which was successful in animal experiments in 1951 and successfully used in the world's second operation on humans and the first in Europe in 1953. Open-heart surgery on humans Together with Clarence Crafoord, he performed the first successful open-heart surgery on humans in Europe using the heart-lung machine in 1953. Implantable heart pacemaker Together with the electrical engineer
Rune Elmqvist Rune Elmqvist (1 December 1906 – 15 December 1996) was a Swedish physician turned engineer who developed the first implantable pacemaker in 1958, working under the direction of Åke Senning, senior physician and cardiac surgeon at the Karolinsk ...
, Ã…ke Senning developed the first implantable
pacemaker A pacemaker, also known as an artificial cardiac pacemaker, is an implanted medical device that generates electrical pulses delivered by electrodes to one or more of the chambers of the heart. Each pulse causes the targeted chamber(s) to co ...
in 1958, consisting of two externally rechargeable NiCd cells and a blocking oscillator (pulse amplitude 2.5 V, duration 2 ms, frequency 70 Hz) with two germanium transistors. The components of the first device were placed in a shoe polish box and this was filled with epoxy resin. PacemakerAnno1958 Original.jpg, Original of the worldwide first implantable heart pacemaker, 1958 Pace02.png, Copy of the first implantable heart pacemaker Pacemaker EM 137.jpg, First commercial heart pacemaker (Elema-Schönander), 1960–61 Pacemaker EM 139.jpg, Commercial heart pacemaker (Elema-Schönander), 1965–66 Senning implanted the first implantable pacemaker in the 43-year-old patient Arne Larsson on 8 October 1958 and subsequently developed this invention further. He was asked on several occasions to patent his research results. Senning was opposed to any medical patent on the grounds that valuable time would be lost and that the suffering people would only benefit from his idea much later. He repeatedly said: "Medical discoveries belong to the patients and not to the inventor. If we hadn't invented it, someone else would have done it tomorrow". Arne Larsson, the first pacemaker patient, outlived his surgeon after having to replace 26 pacemakers due to battery exhaustion over the past almost 43 years. He died a year after Senning's death from metastatic melanoma. Transposition of the great vessels The so-called
transposition of the great vessels Transposition of the great vessels (TGV) is a group of congenital heart defects involving an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the great vessels: superior and/or inferior venae cavae, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and aorta. Congen ...
is a congenital malformation in which the aorta is connected to the right and the pulmonary artery to the left ventricle of the heart. In the absence of other malformations, such as an open atrial septal defect or an open ductus arteriosus botalli, the children die shortly after birth. In Senning's neighbour's house in Sweden, a child died of a transposition of the great vessels. Inspired by this sad case, Senning spent all night scribbling drawings on paper that only he could read. With his enormous three-dimensional imagination, Senning's surgical method for correcting transposition of the great vessels was created that night, which was to make history as the ''Senning operation''. The ingenious technical execution could have occurred to someone else, but much more important was Senning's realisation that the right ventricle could also generate systemic pressure. Besides curing numerous children with transposition of the great vessels, this idea also paved the way for many other heart operations. Electrically induced ventricular fibrillation As early as 1951, he completed the extracorporeal circuit technique, using electrically induced ventricular fibrillation during cardiac arrest to prevent air embolism and hypothermia to reduce oxygen consumption. Decades later, when asked what was the most important of his inventions, he replied: ''Electrically induced ventricular fibrillation to prevent air embolism; that saved the most lives!'' Later it was replaced by drug-induced cardioplegia. Correction of defective confluence of pulmonary veins with left atriumSenning Ã…. Complete correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Annals of Surgery 1958; 148: 99-103 Two years later (1956) he performed the first total correction of a congenital malposition of the junction of the pulmonary veins with the left atrium, and in 1958 the first total correction of a complete transposition of the great vessels mentioned above. World's first operation on the coronaries using the strip graft technique Since 1955, long before the first bypass operation by
René Favaloro René Gerónimo Favaloro (July 12, 1923 – July 29, 2000) was an Argentine Cardiothoracic surgery, cardiac surgeon and Teacher, educator best known for his pioneering work on coronary artery bypass surgery using the great saphenous vein. Ear ...
in Cleveland in 1968, Senning had been experimentally and later clinically involved in coronary surgery. In 1958, he successfully performed the first coronary operation worldwide using the strip-graft technique, i.e. the first endarterectomy of the coronary arteries, which was completed with a vena saphena graft. In the same year, he inserted an implantable pacemaker for the first time, a step that would later save the lives of millions. Correction of an atrial septal defect In 1959, he closed an atrial septal defect. Surgical technique left atrial bypass In 1963 followed the first successful use of a left heart bypass, the first step for the LVAD (
left ventricular assist device A ventricular assist device (VAD) is an electromechanical device that provides support for cardiac pump function, which is used either to partially or to completely replace the function of a failing heart. VADs can be used in patients with acute ...
), the artificial left heart, so common today. Development of an aortic valve replacement Together with Donald N. Ross in London, Senning also opened the way for anticoagulation-free follow-up of heart valve patients. Independently and without knowledge of D. Ross' autografting of the
pulmonary valve The pulmonary valve (sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) is a valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, and has three cusps. It is one of the four valves of the heart and one of the two semiluna ...
, he developed the technique of aortic valve replacement by free autografts of the
fascia lata The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. It encloses the thigh muscles and forms the outer limit of the fascial compartments of thigh, which are internally separated by the medial intermuscular septum and the lateral intermuscular sept ...
two months after Ross in October 1962. Together with Martin Rothlin, he was then able to report, in 1971, 141 cases that he had corrected the aortic valve with this surgical method, as well as over 100 cases of mitral valve reconstruction. Again, this was one of his early Zurich achievements that was adopted throughout the world. Kidney transplants Having barely arrived in Switzerland, Senning performed the first
kidney transplantation Kidney transplant or renal transplant is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). Kidney transplant is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantat ...
in Switzerland on 17 December 1964 and shortly afterwards published the first major series of over 30 kidney transplants with cadaveric kidneys. Although the typing and organ reservation possibilities as well as the internal post-treatment therapy with
immunosuppression Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse react ...
were not yet sufficiently developed, his results of the first kidney transplants hardly differed from those of today. It is worth mentioning here that Senning's first kidney transplant series was the first to be published worldwide and that it was groundbreaking for the subsequent Largiadèr era. Heart transplants On 14 April 1969, Senning performed the first
heart transplantation A heart transplant, or a cardiac transplant, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure when other medical or surgical treatments have failed. , the most common procedure is to take a functioning heart ...
in Switzerland, and shortly afterwards the second. He refrained from further heart transplants, stating that a heart transplant was not a surgical problem but a pharmaceutical one. Thus, regular heart transplants were not performed in Züriche until ten years later, when cyclosporine, which brought the clinical breakthrough of heart transplantation, was available. Correction of a Budd-Chiari syndrome A milestone was the ingenious correction of a Budd-Chiari syndrome, crowned with success in 1981, in which he surgically removed the outflow stenosis of the hepatic veins through the right heart. This opened up a new path for liver surgery. This idea was in turn so groundbreaking that the banal liver puncture, a routine method, has nowadays been replaced by the transvenous, transatrial liver biopsy. This eliminated the risk of intra-abdominal haemorrhage. Balloon dilatationGeroulanos S. Åke Senning in Memoriam. Intern. J. Artific. Organs 2001; 24 (2): 57-62 Andreas Grüntzig, who first performed the now widely used coronary balloon dilatation in Zurich on 16 December 1977, needed Senning's assistance because the delicate coronary vessel could rupture during dilatation and the patient could die shortly afterwards. This first balloon dilatation in humans was performed in the animal laboratory of cardiac surgery, which not only had more modern equipment than cardiology, but also the neighbouring animal operating room could be converted at short notice for open-heart surgery in humans. Åke Senning and Marco Turina were standing by next to Grüntzig so that, in the event of a rupture of the coronary artery, they could intervene immediately with the surgical team standing by in the animal experimental laboratory. Further developments Similar small and larger advances were also the development of the intra-arterial vascular coil, a precursor of intra-arterial vascular prostheses, together with Dierk Maas, the various pacemaker electrodes together with Istvan Babotai, the baby heart-lung machine together with Babotai and Marco Turina, the left diaphragm replacement with pedicled pericardial valves together with Paul Hahnloser, the technique of
kidney transplantation Kidney transplant or renal transplant is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). Kidney transplant is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantat ...
together with Felix Largiadèr and the removal of renal artery stenoses together with Georg Mayor and Ernst Zingg. But also Martin Rothlin, Willy Meier, Ruth Gattiker, O. Läpple, Markus Jenny and many other collaborators contributed ideas which he then put into practice. The small Senning Bulldog clamp, the Senning suction cup, the Senning/Babotai valve of the Siemens respirator, the numerous modifications of the pacemaker electrodes, which finally led to the Babotai Helix electrode. Furthermore, the Björck's thoracoplasty, which was first performed by Senning while still in Stockholm, and the funnel chest correction according to Senning-Johansson, which was first performed in 1951. First intensive care unit in Central Europe The first intensive care unit in Central Europe was installed on 17 April 1961 in three offices of the Surgical Clinic A and that the world's first cardiac surgery intensive care unit, then called the Cardiac Awake Room, was set up in an aft room of the same clinic. Already in the first nine months of his tenure (1961), 108 heart operations were performed and treated post-operatively in this intensive care unit. Two years later there were already 264 and in his last full year in office in 1984 there were 937. With this, too, Senning wrote medical history. His concept of intensive medicine differed from that of intensive care physicians and anaesthesiologists. Senning was far ahead of his time, because he demanded and enforced that each discipline should have its own intensive care unit. Surgeons, internists, paediatricians and other specialists should continue to look after their patients together with the anaesthetist, as is the case in the operating theatre. For Senning, it was unthinkable to hand over responsibility for his patients for a few hours or days to a third party who had not previously seen the patient. He retained responsibility for his patients throughout the entire period of hospitalisation. Thus, several intensive care units with separate management were established in Zurich, such as the cardiac, general and thoracic surgery, medical, traumatology, neurosurgery, gynaecology-obstetrics, urology, paediatrics, neonatology intensive care units and the intensive care unit for burn patients. A concept that is not always readily recognised as a much better one for the highly specialised university hospitals or other tertiary centres. Senning's principle has stood the test of time for tertiary centres. Worldwide, the Haematological, Neonatological, Paediatric, Cardiac, Coronary, Neurosurgical, Traumatological and Burn Intensive Care Units are already self-sufficient in tertiary centres.


Honors and awards

* 1965 Clement Price Thomas Award des Royal College of Surgeons of England * 1965 Olof af Acrel-Preis der Schwedischen Chirurgengesellschaft * 1976 Aachener und Münchener Preis für Technik und angewandte Naturwissenschaften * 1977 René Lériche-Preis der Societé Internationale de Chirurgie * 1978 Nessim-Habif World Prize, University of Geneva * 1979 Ernst Jung-Preis für Medizin The Swedish King honoured Prof. Senning with the Royal Order of the Seraphine (Swedish Kungliga Serafimerorden) as well as the Royal Order of the
North Star Polaris is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor. It is designated α Ursae Minoris ( Latinized to ''Alpha Ursae Minoris'') and is commonly called the North Star or Pole Star. With an apparent magnitude t ...
(Swedish Kungliga Nordstjärneorden).


Memberships

* 1968 Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina * 1970 Honorary Member of the American College of Surgeons * 1970 Corresponding Member of the American, Chilean and Italian Societies of Surgeons * 1971 Honorary Member of International College for Angiology * 1971 Honorary Member of the British and Irish Society for Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery * 1974 Honorary Member of the Rinnovamento Medico in Roma * 1974 Honorary member of the Panhellenic Society of Surgeons in Athens * 1975 Honorary Member of the Royal College of Edinburgh * 1976 Honorary Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England * 1976 Honorary Member of the Polish Socitety of Surgeons * 1981 Honorary Member of the Egyptic Cardiovascular Socitety * 1982 Honorary Member of the European Cardiovascular Society * 1984 Honorary Member of the German Surgeon Society


Papers (Excerpt)

* Senning Å., Johansson, L. Korrektur einer Trichterbrust 1951 * Senning Å. Thorakoplastik 1951 * Senning Å. Kammerflimmern während der extrakorporalen Zirkulation als Methode zur Verhinderung von Luftembolien und zur Erleichterung von intrakardialen Operationen. * Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1952; 171: 1-79 * Senning, Å. Kammerflimmern als Methode zur Erleichterung intrakardialer Operationen. Acta Chir Scand. 1952 (suppl), 172 * Senning, Å. Extrakorporale Zirkulation in Kombination mit Hypothermie. Acta Chir. Scand. 1954; 107: 516-24 * Senning Å. Eine Modifikation der Technik zum Verschluss von Vorhofseptumdefekten. Acta Chir. Scand. 1955; 109: 299 * Crafoord C. Norberg B, Senning Å. Klinische Studien zur extrakorporalen Zirkulation mit einer Herz-Lungen-Maschine. Acta chir. Scand. 1957; 112: 220-45 * Crafoord C. Operationen am offenen Herzen mit Herz-Lungen Maschine. Langenbecks Archiv Klin. Chir. 1958; 289: 257-66 * Senning Å. Vollständige Korrektur des anomalen pulmonalen Venenrückflusses. Annals of Surgery 1958; 148: 99-103 * Senning Å. Vollständige Korrektur einer Transposition der großen Arterien. Opuscula medica 1958; * Senning Å. Operativ behandling av angina pectoris; kirurgiska synpunkter. (Chirurgische Behandlung der Angina pectoris; chirurgische Aspekte). Nord Med. 1958; 60: * 1455-9 * Senning Å. Chirurgische Korrektur der Transposition der großen Gefäße. Chirurgie 1959; 45: 966-80 * Senning Å. Experimentelle Studien zur Chirurgie der Koronararterien, Strip-Graft-Technik (1955) Acta Chir. Scand. 1959; 118: 81-5 * Senning Å., Elmquist R. Konstruktion und Implantation eines Herzschrittmachers (8.10.1958), Second International Conference of Medical Electronics, 1959. * Senning Å. Chirurgische Korrektur der Transposition der großen Gefäße. Chirurgie. 1959;45(6):966-980. * Elmqvist R, Senning Å. Implantierbarer Schrittmacher für das Herz. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Medical Electronics, Paris, France, June 24–27, 1959. London: Iliffe & Son; 1960. * Elmquist R., Senning Å. Implantierbarer Schrittmacher für das Herz. In: Smyth CN. Ed. Medizinische Elektronik. Springfield, Illinois. Charles C. Thomas, 1960, S. * 250. * Senning Å. Strip Grafting in Koronararterien. J. Thoracic Cardiovasc. Surg. 1961; 41: 542-9 * Senning Å. The Senning-Crafoord heart-lung mashine, zitiert von Galletti P.P., Brecher G. A. Heart-Lung Bypass. New York & London, Grune & Stratton, 1962 * Senning Å. Linksventrikulärer Bypass (1953 ??). Ann. of Surgery 1963; 156: 263-..... * Senning Å. Fascia lata-Ersatz von Aortenklappen. J. Cardiovasc. Surg.1967; 54: 465-70 * Senning Å. Aktueller Stand der klinischen Herztransplantation. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1971; 329: 799-805. * Geroulanos S., Hahnloser P., Senning A. Trichterbrustkorrektur: Indikation, chirurgisches Vorgehen und Ergebnisse einer vereinfachten und modifizierten Methode. Helv. Chir. Acta 1974; 41: 101-8 * Senning Å. Transcavale posterokranielle Resektion der Leber zur Behandlung des Budd-Chiari-Syndroms. World J. Surg. 1983; 7: 632-40 * Senning Å, Largiadèr F, Linder E, Scheitlin W. omologe Leichennieren 1-3 Jahre nach Transplantation Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1968; 322: 528-32. * Senning Å. Aktueller Stand der klinischen Herztransplantation. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1971; 329: 799-805. * Turina M., Babotai I., Gattiker R., Senning Å. Eine Herz-Lungen-Maschine für Neugeborene und Säuglinge. Thoraxchir. Vasc. Chir. 1973; 21: 57-67 * Senning Å. Transcavale posterokraniale Resektion der Leber zur Behandlung des Budd-Chiari-Syndroms. World J. Surg. 1983; 7: 632-40 * Larsson B, Elmqvist H, Ryden L, Schuller H. Lessons from the first patient with an implanted pacemaker: 1958-2001. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003;26(Pt 1): 114-124.


Obituaries

* Cooley DA. In memoriam. Tribute to Ake Senning, pioneering cardiovascular surgeon. Tex Heart Inst J. 2000;27(3):234-235. * Geroulanos S. Åke Senning Nachruf Neue Zürcher Zeitung 24.7.2000 * Geroulanos S. Åke Senning in memoriam. Intern. J. Artific. Organs 2001; 24 (2): 57-62 * Turina M. Åke Senning (1915-2000). Cardiol Young. 2000;11:247. * Largiader F. Professor Åke Senning. 1915-2000. Schweizerische Arztezeitung. 2000;81(36):2030–2031. * Brunckhorst C, Candinas R, Furman S. Åke Senning 1915-2000. Journal of Pacing & Clinical Electrophysiology, 2000;23(11):1710.


References


External links


a biography and interviews from the Heart Rhythm Society
*
Professor Ã…ke Senning (1915-2000)
on the web site of the University Hospital inZürich
Hans A. Säuberli: Åke Senning - Pionier der Schweizer Herzchirurgie in Zürich
(PDF; 281 kB) * D. A. Cooley: In memoriam. Tribute to Ã…ke Senning, pioneering cardiovascular surgeon.'' In: ''Texas Heart Institute journal. Band 27, Nummer 3, 2000, S. 234-235, PMID 11225587. * Stephanos Geroulanos: ''100-jähriges Jubiläum Ã…ke Senning'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Senning, Ake 1915 births 2000 deaths Swedish cardiac surgeons 20th-century surgeons People from Rättvik Municipality