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Zaścianek
Zaścianek (, literally: "[place] beyond the wall") was historically a village or a part of a village where petty nobility (''drobna szlachta'') lived, who did not own peasants and cultivated their land by the hands of their own family. The derived adjective ''wikt:zaściankowy, zaściankowy'' may mean "unsophisticated", "narrow-minded", or "out-of-the-way" and the word itself may be used in the meaning "backwater place". In historical Poland the term referred to the undistributed land in nonconvenient places, usually separated from the arable land by some natural boundaries: forest, swamp, etc. Peasants were allowed to ameliorate these lands and rent it from the landowner. Many settlements of this type arose in Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a result of the 16th century Volok Reform when the state land was consolidated and redistributed in a uniform way. The parts of the land outside the standard plots was placed into common use or leased, e.g., for manors of petty nobility.In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petty Nobility
The minor or petty nobility is the lower nobility classes. Finland Petty nobility in Finland is dated at least back to the 13th century and was formed by nobles around their strategic interests. The idea was more capable peasants with leader roles in the local community that were given tax exemption for taking care of services like guard duties of local strongholds. Cavalry service was not required from these petty noble families. Later on, many of these petty noble families gained full nobility ranking. Finnish '' Vehkalahti'' is particularly noted in literature for having been an example of such petty nobility (Finnish: ''knaappiaateli''). Georgia The ''aznauri'' (აზნაური) were the untitled nobility of medieval and early modern Georgia, ranked below the ''didebuli'' (grandees), '' eristavi'' (dukes), ''tavadi'' (princes), and '' mtavari'' (dynastic princes), with the ruling Bagrationi dynasty being at the top. They were further divided into the ''mamaseulni'' (� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Szlachta
The ''szlachta'' (; ; ) were the nobility, noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Depending on the definition, they were either a warrior "caste" or a social class, and they dominated those states by exercising szlachta's privileges, political rights and power. Szlachta as a class differed significantly from the Feudalism, feudal nobility of Western Europe. The estate was officially abolished in 1921 by the March Constitution (Poland), March Constitution."Szlachta. Szlachta w Polsce" ''Encyklopedia PWN'' The origins of the ''szlachta'' are obscure and the subject of several theories. The ''szlachta'' secured Golden Liberty, substantial and increasing political power and rights throughout its history, begin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giełny
Gelnai (formerly , ) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 47 people. It is located from Vandžiogala, by the Mėkla river and its tributary the Klampis, next to the A8 highway, nearby the Labūnava Forest. There is an agroservice, a wayside chapel (cultural heritage object), a cemetery and many wooden sculptures made by local wood carver. History In the beginning of the 20th century, there was Gelnai village and ''zaścianek Zaścianek (, literally: "lace Lace is a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open weblike pattern, made by machine or by hand. Generally, lace is split into two main categories, needlelace and bobbin lace, although there are other types of lace, such as knitted o ...beyond the wall") was historically a village or a part of a village where petty nobility (''drobna szlachta'') lived, who did not own peasants and cultivated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kołodziszcze
Kalodzishchy (; ) is an agrotown in Minsk District, Minsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Kalodzishchy rural council. As of 2023, it has a population of 19,898. History Kołodziszcze, as it was known in Polish, was a zaścianek. Following the Second Partition of Poland (1793), it was annexed by Russia. On 31 October 2023, an explosion was reported at a military base near Kalodzishchy. The Ministry of Defence A ministry of defence or defense (see American and British English spelling differences#-ce.2C -se, spelling differences), also known as a department of defence or defense, is the part of a government responsible for matters of defence and Mi ... claimed that the explosion had been deliberately orchestrated. References {{Belarus-geo-stub Populated places in Minsk region Agrotowns in Belarus Minsk district ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wallach Reform
The Volok Reform (; ; ) was a 16th-century land reform in parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuania proper, Duchy of Samogitia and parts of White Ruthenia). The reform was started by Grand Duchess Bona Sforza in her possessions to increase the revenues of the state treasury but soon was expanded statewide and was copied by other nobles and the Church. The reform increased effectiveness of agriculture by establishing a strict three-field system for crop rotation. The land was measured, registered in a cadastre, and divided into voloks (land unit of about ). Volok became the measurement of feudal services. The reform was a success in terms of the annual state revenue that quadrupled from 20,000 to 82,000 kopas of Lithuanian groschens. In social terms, the reform and the accompanying Third Statute of Lithuania (1588), promoted development of manorialism and fully established serfdom in Lithuania which existed until the emancipation reform of 1861. The nobility was clearly sep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 Partitions of Poland, partitions of Poland–Lithuania. The state was founded by Lithuanians (tribe), Lithuanians, who were at the time a Lithuanian mythology, polytheistic nation of several united Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija. By 1440 the grand duchy had become the largest European state, controlling an area from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south. The grand duchy expanded to include large portions of the former Kievan Rus' and other neighbouring states, including what is now Belarus, Lithuania, most of Ukraine as well as parts of Latvia, Moldova, Poland and Russia. At its greatest extent, in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe. It was a multinational state, multi-ethnic and multiconfessionalism, multiconfessional sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volok Reform
The Volok Reform (; ; ) was a 16th-century land reform in parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuania proper, Duchy of Samogitia and parts of White Ruthenia). The reform was started by Grand Duchess Bona Sforza in her possessions to increase the revenues of the state treasury but soon was expanded statewide and was copied by other nobles and the Church. The reform increased effectiveness of agriculture by establishing a strict three-field system for crop rotation. The land was measured, registered in a cadastre, and divided into volok (unit), voloks (land unit of about ). Volok became the measurement of feudal services. The reform was a success in terms of the annual state revenue that quadrupled from 20,000 to 82,000 kopa (number), kopas of Lithuanian groschens. In social terms, the reform and the accompanying Third Statute of Lithuania (1588), promoted development of manorialism and fully established serfdom in Lithuania which existed until the emancipation reform of 1861. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rezgiuki
Rezgiukai (formerly ) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village was uninhabited. It is located from Krakės, by the Šušvė Šušvė () is a river in central Lithuania, a right (the longest) tributary of the Nevėžis river. It begins in Kelmė district municipality, 6 km (4 mi) southeast from Tytuvėnai. The 134.6 km (83.6 mi) long river passes through Tytuv ... river. History At the end of the 19th century there were two Rezgiukai '' zaścianki'', one of them belonged to the Jelenskiai, another to the Gailiavičiai. Demography References Villages in Kaunas County Kėdainiai District Municipality {{KaunasCounty-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khutor
A khutor ( ; rus, хутор, p=ˈxutər) or khutir (, ) is a type of rural locality in some countries of Eastern Europe; in the past the term mostly referred to a single- homestead settlement.Khutor from the Khutor from the [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barefoot Szlachta
In the history of Poland, barefoot szlachta () was the landless szlachta, who neither owned or rented land; the poorest szlachta, considered the "lowest of the high."Maciej A. PieńkowskGołota – hołota? Jak żyła uboga szlachta March 25, 2019, citing Anna Laszczuk, "Szlachta województwa krakowskiego w świetle rejestrów pogłównego z 1662 roku", ', vol. 79, no. 3, 1988, 425–456 In legal documents they were called (""). Until the end of the 16th century landless ''szlachta'' had limited rights, in particular they could not hold an office and were subject to some restrictions in court, in particular, the nobles' right '' neminem captivabimus'' (a form of personal immunity) was questioned. During 16th-18th centuries they formally had full rights. Since they had no income they sought to be clients of magnates, in particular they sold them their voices in sejmiks and served in their private armies. The Constitution of 3 May 1791 deprived them of the right to vote in sejmiks, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
