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Viguerie
In Southern France, a ''viguerie'' (; ) was a mediaeval administrative court. A ''viguerie'' is named for the place it serves or is found in, that is, the main town of the borough, which need not be its (administrative capital). Appearing during the Carolingian dynasty, the started as the seat of civil and criminal justice, taking its name from the Count or Viscount. With the decline of feudal power and its transfer to Royal jurisdiction, the became the lowest court, dealing only with day-to-day affairs. It was administered by a , a judge whose remit varied, over time and space, from that of a judge of a Court of Assize to that of a judge of a Court of Common Pleas. largely disappeared after 1749, following an edict suppressing the lower courts. Even so, in many regions such as Provence, they survived until the French Revolution. In Languedoc, Rouergue and Carladés, they transformed into the lowest Courts of Appeal. In other regions similar courts were named for the ti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vegueria
A ''vegueria'' (), plural ', is the highest-level Subdivisions of Catalonia, regional division of Catalonia. Each vegueria is further divided into ''Comarques of Catalonia, comarques'' and Municipality, municipalities. As of 2025, the divides the territory into eight vegueries. The autonomous Val d'Aran, Aran Valley, considered a "unique territorial entity", is not part of any of vegueria. The vegueries system is based on the feudalism, feudal administrative territorial jurisdiction of the :wikt:veguería, vegueríes "vicariates" of the Principality of Catalonia, which was abolished with the Nueva Planta decrees of 1716. Preceding the vegueries is the division into ‘functional territorial areas’ in 1995, now mostly identical to the vegueries, except for the merger of the Val d'Aran and Alt Pirineu into a single ''Alt Pirineu i Aran'' region for statistical purposes. The current administrative division was established by the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006 with two fu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chef-lieu
An administrative centre is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune, is located. In countries with French as the administrative language, such as Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland and many African countries, a (, , ) is a town or city that is important from an administrative perspective. Algeria The capitals of Algerian provinces, districts, and communes are called . Belgium The in Belgium is the administrative centre of each of the ten provinces of Belgium. Three of these cities also give their name to their province (Antwerp, Liège and Namur). France The of a French department is known as the prefecture (). This is the town or city where the prefect of the department (and all services under their control) are situated, in a building also known as the prefecture. In every French region, one of the departments has preeminence over the others, and the prefect carries the title of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court Of Appeal
An appellate court, commonly called a court of appeal(s), appeal court, court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to Hearing (law), hear a Legal case, case upon appeal from a trial court or other lower tribunal. Appellate courts other than supreme courts are sometimes named as Intermediate appellate court. In much of the world, Judiciary, court systems are divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and considers factual Evidence (law), evidence and testimony relevant to the case; at least one intermediate appellate court; and a supreme court (or court of last resort) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts, often on a Discretionary review, discretionary basis. A particular court system's supreme court is its highest appellate court. Appellate courts nationwide can operate under varying rules. Under its standard of review, an appellate court determines the extent of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vicar
A vicar (; Latin: '' vicarius'') is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior (compare "vicarious" in the sense of "at second hand"). Linguistically, ''vicar'' is cognate with the English prefix "vice", similarly meaning "deputy". It also refers to a senior priest in the Church of England. The title appears in a number of Christian ecclesiastical contexts, but also as an administrative title, or title modifier, in the Roman Empire. In addition, in the Holy Roman Empire, a local representative of the emperor, such as an archduke, could be styled " vicar". Catholic Church The Pope bears the title vicar of Christ (Latin: ''Vicarius Christi''). In Catholic canon law, ''a vicar is the representative of any ecclesiastic'' entity. The Romans had used the term to describe officials subordinate to the praetorian prefects. In the early Christian churches, bishops likewise had their vicars, such as the archdeacons and archpriests, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magistrate
The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a '' magistratus'' was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judicial and executive powers. In other parts of the world, such as China, magistrate is a word applied to a person responsible for administration over a particular geographic area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court, and typically deals with more minor or preliminary matters. In other jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales), magistrates are typically trained volunteers appointed to deal with criminal and civil matters in their local areas. Original meaning In ancient Rome, the word '' magistratus'' referred to one of the highest offices of state. Analogous offices in the local authorities, such as '' municipium'', were subordinate only to the legislature of which they generally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bailiff (France)
A bailiff (, ) was the king's administrative representative during the ''ancien régime'' in northern France, where the bailiff was responsible for the application of justice and control of the administration and local finances in his bailiwick ('). Name ''Bailli'' is first noted in the 12th century and comes the same word in Old French which means to govern or administer. One 17th Century author credits the Old French word as meaning at the time "guardian" or "protector." This word derives from the Vulgar Latin term ''bajulivus'' meaning "official in charge of a castle" (i.e., a royal castellan or "porter." History In the late 12th and early 13th century, Philip II Augustus of France, King Philip II, an able and ingenious administrator who founded the central institutions on which the French monarchy's system of power would be based, prepared the expansion of the royal demesne through his appointment of bailiffs in the king's northern lands (the ''Crown lands of France, do ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viscount
A viscount ( , for male) or viscountess (, for female) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status. The status and any domain held by a viscount is a viscounty. In the case of French viscounts, the title is sometimes left untranslated as ''vicomte'' . Etymology The word ''viscount'' comes from Old French ( Modern French: ), itself from French language">Modern French: ), itself from Late Latin "deputy" + Latin">Vulgar_Latin.html" ;"title="Medieval Latin , accusative case">accusative of , from Vulgar Latin">Late Latin "deputy" + Latin (originally "companion"; later Roman imperial courtier or trusted appointee, ultimately count). History During the Carolingian Empire, the kings appointed counts to administer Government of the Carolingian Empire#subdivision, provinces and other smaller regions, as governors and military commanders. Viscounts were appointed to assist the counts in their running of the province, and often took on judicial r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prévôt
A ''prévôt'' () was a governmental position of varying importance during the Ancien Régime in France. Typically referred to a civil officer, magistrate, head of cathedral or church, it is often anglicised as ''provost''. A unit of justice or court overseen by a ''prévôt'' was known as a '. The title is still used on the island of Sark, part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, to refer to the executive officer of the court. Etymology ''Prévôt'' is a Middle French term that comes from the Classical Latin '' praepositus'', meaning "person placed in charge" (literally "positioned at the front"). History The word ''prévôt'' (provost) applied to a number of different persons in during the Ancien Régime in France. The term referred to a seignorial officer in charge of managing burgh affairs and rural estates and, on a local level, customarily administered justice. Therefore, in Paris, for example, there existed both the "Lord Provost of Paris" who presided a lower royal court, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Châtelain
Châtelain was originally the French title for the keeper of a castle.Abraham Rees Ebers, "CASTELLAIN", in: The Cyclopædia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature' (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1819), vol. 6. History With the growth of the feudal system, the title gained in France a special significance which it never acquired in England since the Norman conquest, as implying the jurisdiction of which the castle became the centre. The ''châtelain'' was originally, in Carolingian times, an official of the ''comte'' (count); with the development of feudalism the office became a fief, and so ultimately hereditary. In this as in other respects the ''châtelain'' was the equivalent of the viscount. Sometimes the two titles were combined, but more usually there were no viscounts in provinces where ''châtelains'' existed and no ''châtelains'' in those with viscounts. The title ''châtelain'' continued also to be applied to the inferior officer, or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rouergue
Rouergue (; ) is a former province of France, corresponding roughly with the modern department of Aveyron. Its historical capital is Rodez. It is bounded on the north by Auvergne, on the south and southwest by Languedoc, on the east by Gévaudan and on the west by Quercy. During the Middle Ages Rouergue changed hands a number of times; its rulers included England (due to the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360), Armagnac and Languedoc. Rouergue became a department in 1790, and was renamed Aveyron after the principal river flowing through it. Upon creation of the department of Tarn-et-Garonne in 1808, the canton of Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val was detached from the western extremity of Aveyron and transferred to the new department. The province of Rouergue had a land area of . At the 1999 census there were 269,774 inhabitants on the territory of the province of Rouergue, for a density of only . The largest urban areas are Rodez, with 38,458 inhabitants in 1999; Millau, with 22,840 inh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carolingian Dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty ( ; known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Franks, Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Pippinids, Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The dynasty consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and ''dux et princeps Francorum'' hereditary, and becoming the ''de facto'' rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the Merovingian throne. In 751 the Merovingian dynasty which had ruled the Franks was overthrown with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy, and Pepin the Short, son of Martel, was crowned King of the Franks. The Carolingian dynasty reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Romans in the West in over three centuries. Nearly every monarch of France from Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious until the pen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Languedoc
The Province of Languedoc (, , ; ) is a former province of France. Most of its territory is now contained in the modern-day region of Occitanie in Southern France. Its capital city was Toulouse. It had an area of approximately . History The Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis fell to the Visigothic Kingdom from the 5th to the 8th centuries. Occupied briefly by the Emirate of Córdoba between 719 and 759, it was conquered and incorporated into the Kingdom of the Franks by Pepin the Short in 759 following the Siege of Narbonne. The term Languedoc originated to describe a cultural region that was not necessarily politically unified. After the decline of the Carolingian Empire political rule fragmented into small territorial divisions. King John of England lost his holdings in northern Languedoc to Philip II of France. He visited the region in 1214 seeking the restoration of those lands. In the 13th century, the See of Rome challenged the area's spiritual beliefs, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
