A viscount ( , for male) or viscountess (, for female) is a title used in certain

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

an countries for a noble of varying status. The status and any domain held by a viscount is a viscounty. In the case of French viscounts, the title is sometimes left untranslated as ''vicomte'' .

Etymology

The word ''viscount'' comes from

Old French Old French (, , ; ) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th Modern French: ), itself from French language">Modern French: ), itself from accusative of , from Vulgar Latin">Late Latin "deputy" + Latin">Vulgar_Latin.html" ;"title="Medieval Latin , accusative case">accusative of , from Vulgar Latin">Late Latin "deputy" + Latin (originally "companion"; later Roman imperial courtier or trusted appointee, ultimately count).

History

During the Carolingian Empire, the kings appointed counts to administer Government of the Carolingian Empire#subdivision, provinces and other smaller regions, as governors and military commanders. Viscounts were appointed to assist the counts in their running of the province, and often took on judicial responsibility. The kings strictly prevented the offices of their counts and viscounts from becoming hereditary, in order to consolidate their position and limit chance of rebellion. The title was in use in

Normandy Normandy (; or ) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy. Normandy comprises Normandy (administrative region), mainland Normandy (a part of France) and insular N ...

by at least the early 11th century. Similar to the Carolingian use of the title, the Norman viscounts were local administrators, working on behalf of the Duke. Their role was to administer justice and to collect taxes and revenues, often being castellan of the local

castle A castle is a type of fortification, fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by Military order (monastic society), military orders. Scholars usually consider a ''castle'' to be the private ...

. Under the Normans, the position developed into a hereditary one, an example of such being the viscounts in

Bessin Bessin () is an area in Normandy Normandy (; or ) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy. Normandy comprises Normandy (administrative region), mainland Norman ...

. The viscount was eventually replaced by bailiffs, and provosts. As a rank of the British peerage, it was first recorded in 1440, when John Beaumont was created Viscount Beaumont by King Henry VI. The word ''viscount'' corresponds in the UK to the Anglo-Saxon ''shire reeve'' (root of the non-nobiliary, royal-appointed office of

sheriff A sheriff is a government official, with varying duties, existing in some countries with historical ties to England where the office originated. There is an analogous, although independently developed, office in Iceland, the , which is common ...

). Thus, early viscounts originally received their titles from the monarch, and not hereditarily; they eventually tended to establish hereditary principalities in the wider sense. The rank is a relatively late introduction to the British system, and on the evening of her coronation in 1838, Queen Victoria recorded in her diary an explanation for this by then- Prime Minister Lord Melbourne (himself a viscount):

I spoke to Ld M. about the numbers of Peers present at the Coronation, & he said it was quite unprecedented. I observed that there were very few Viscounts, to which he replied "There are very few Viscounts," that they were an old sort of title & not really English; that they came from Vice-Comites; that Dukes & Barons were the only real English titles;—that Marquises were likewise not English, & that people were mere made Marquises, when it was not wished that they should be made Dukes.

Early modern and contemporary usage

Belgium

In Belgium a few families are recognised as Viscounts: * Viscount of Audenaerde * Viscount of Hombeke * Viscount de Spoelberch * Viscount Eyskens * Viscount Savoir * Viscount Poullet * Viscount Frimout * Viscount De Winne

United Kingdom

Viscounts are the fourth rank in the British peerage, standing directly below an earl and above a baron ( Lord of Parliament in

Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...

). There are approximately 270 viscountcies extant in the peerages of the British Isles, though most are secondary titles. In British practice, the title of a viscount may be a place name, a surname, or a combination: examples include Viscount Falmouth, Viscount Hardinge and Viscount Colville of Culross. Some viscounts in the peerage of Scotland were traditionally styled "The Viscount ''of'' , such as the Viscount of Arbuthnott. In practice, however, very few maintain this style, instead using the more common version "Viscount in general parlance, for example Viscount of Falkland who is referred to as Viscount Falkland. A British viscount is addressed in speech as ''Lord ', while his wife is ''Lady ', and he is formally styled "

The Right Honourable ''The Right Honourable'' (abbreviation: The Rt Hon. or variations) is an honorific Style (form of address), style traditionally applied to certain persons and collective bodies in the United Kingdom, the former British Empire, and the Commonwealt ...

The Viscount . The children of a viscount are known as ''

The Honourable ''The Honourable'' (Commonwealth English) or ''The Honorable'' (American English; American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, see spelling differences) (abbreviation: ''Hon.'', ''Hon'ble'', or variations) is an honorific Style ...

orename urname', with the exception of a Scottish viscount, whose eldest child may be styled as "

Master of .

Ireland

The title of viscount () was introduced to the Peerage of Ireland in 1478 with the creation of the title of Viscount Gormanston, the premier viscountcy of Britain and Ireland, held today by Nicholas Preston, 17th Viscount Gormanston. Other early Irish viscountcies were Viscount Baltinglass (1541), Viscount Clontarf (1541), Viscount Mountgarret (1550) and Viscount Decies (1569).

Use as a courtesy title

A specifically British custom is the use of viscount as a courtesy title for the heir of an earl or marquess. The peer's heir apparent will sometimes be referred to as a viscount, if the second most senior title held by the head of the family is a viscountcy. For example, the eldest son of the Earl Howe is Viscount Curzon, because this is the second most senior title held by the Earl. However, the son of a marquess or an earl can be referred to as a viscount when the title of viscount is not the second most senior if those above it share their name with the substantive title. For example, the second most senior title of the Marquess of Salisbury is the Earl of Salisbury, so his heir uses the lower title of Viscount Cranborne. Sometimes, the son of a peer is referred to as a viscount even when he could use a more senior courtesy title which differs in name from the substantive title. Family tradition plays a role in this. For example, the eldest son of the Marquess of Londonderry is Viscount Castlereagh, even though the Marquess is also the Earl Vane. On occasion, the title of viscount may be the courtesy title used for the grandson of a duke, provided that he is the eldest son of the duke's eldest son. This is because the eldest son of the duke will be given the second-highest title of his father (marquess or earl), and so the third-highest is left for his eldest son. It is possible for the great-grandson of a duke to hold the courtesy title of viscount if the duke's eldest son has the courtesy title marquess and his eldest son, in turn, uses the title of earl.

Coronet

A viscount's coronet of rank bears 16 silver balls around the rim. Like all heraldic coronets, it is mostly worn at the Coronation of the British monarch, but a viscount has the right to bear his coronet of rank on his

coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldry, heraldic communication design, visual design on an escutcheon (heraldry), escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the last two being outer garments), originating in Europe. The coat of arms on an escutcheon f ...

, above the shield. In this guise, the coronet is shown face-on, featuring 9 silver balls.

Jersey

The island of Jersey (a British Crown Dependency) still retains an officer whose function is purely to administer orders of the island's judiciary, and whose position remains non-hereditary. The role of the Viscount of Jersey ( French: ''Vicomte de Jersey'') involves managing fines, bail monies, seizures, confiscations, evictions, service of process, arrests for non-appearance in court and other enforcement procedures, as well acting as coroner for sudden or unexpected deaths and managing jury selection.

France

In France until the end of the Second French Empire, the title of ''vicomte'' was below ''comte'' and above ''baron'' in precedence.

Portugal

In the former kingdom of

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...

a ''visconde'' ranks above a ''barão'' (baron) and below a ''conde'' (count). The first Portuguese viscountcy, that of D. Leonel de Lima, visconde de Vila Nova de Cerveira, dates from the reign of Afonso V. A flood of viscountcies, some 86 new titles, were awarded in Portugal between 1848 and 1880.

Spain

The Spanish title of ''vizconde'' is ranked between the title ''conde'' (count/earl) and the relatively rare title of ''barón''. In Spain, nobles are classified as either Grandee of Spain (Grandes de España), as titled nobles, or as untitled nobles. A grandee of any rank outranks a non-grandee, even if that non-grandee's title is of a higher degree, thus, a viscount-grandee enjoys higher precedence than a marquis who is not a grandee. In the kingdom of Spain the title was awarded from the reign of Felipe IV (1621–65; Habsburg dynasty) until 1846.

Equivalent titles

Western counterparts

There are non-etymological equivalents to the title of viscount (''i.e.'', 'vice-count') in several languages, including German. However, in such case titles of the etymological Burgrave family (not in countries with a viscount-form, such as Italian alongside ) bearers of the title could establish themselves at the same gap, thus at generally the same level. Consequently, a (or Baron) ranks not immediately below a , but below a . Thus in Dutch, is the rank above Baron, below (''i.e.'', Count) in the kingdoms of the Netherlands and of Belgium (by Belgian law, its equivalents in the other official languages are in German and in French).

Non-Western counterparts

Like other major Western noble titles, viscount is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions. Even though they are considered 'equivalent' in relative rank, they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. The Japanese cognate () () was the fourth of the five peerage ranks established in the Meiji period (1868–1911). The Japanese system of nobility, , which existed between 1884 and 1947, was based heavily on the British peerage. At the creation of the system, viscounts were the most numerous of all the ranks, with 324 being created compared to 11 non-imperial princes or dukes, 24 marquesses, 76 counts and 74 barons, for a total of 509 peers. Other equivalent titles existed, such as: * the Chinese () or () (), hereditary title of nobility first established in the Zhou dynasty * the Korean cognate or * the Vietnamese cognate * the Manchu

In fiction

Viscounts and viscountesses appear in fiction, notably in Julia Quinn's ''Bridgerton'' series where Anthony, Viscount Bridgerton is the eldest son and head of the eponymous family. He is also the focus of the second novel of the series, the #1 ''The New York Times'' Bestseller '' The Viscount Who Loved Me'', published in 2000''.'' The viscount is portrayed by Jonathan Bailey in the Netflix television adaptation '' Bridgerton'' released in 2020. Another prominent fictional viscount is Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny, one of the love interests in Gaston Leroux's classic novel '' Le Fantôme de l'Opéra''. He is a notable viscount in France and a patron of the Opera Populaire, the fictional opera house based on the real Palais Garnier. When Raoul marries Christine Daaé she becomes the Vicomtesse de Chagny.

References

Sources

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