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Vaisheshika
Vaisheshika (IAST: Vaiśeṣika; ; ) is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy from ancient India. In its early stages, Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical procedures, ethical conclusions and soteriology to the Nyāya school of Hinduism, but retained its difference in epistemology and metaphysics. The epistemology of the Vaiśeṣika school of Hinduism, like Buddhism, accepted only two reliable means to knowledge: direct observation and inference.DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony J.Marsella), Springer, , page 172* Eliot Deutsch (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, , pages 245-248; * John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, , page 238 The Vaiśeṣ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaṇāda
Kaṇāda (, ), also known as Ulūka, Kashyapa, Kaṇabhaksha, Kaṇabhuj was an ancient Indian natural scientist and philosopher who founded the Vaisheshika school of Indian philosophy that also represents the earliest Indian physics. Estimated to have lived sometime between 6th century to 2nd century BCE, little is known about his life. His traditional name "Kaṇāda" means "atom eater", and he is known for developing the foundations of an atomistic approach to physics and philosophy in the Sanskrit text ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra''. His text is also known as ''Kaṇāda Sutras'', or "Aphorism, Aphorisms of Kaṇāda".Kak, S. 'Matter and Mind: The Vaisheshika Sutra of Kanada' (2016), Mount Meru Publishing, Mississauga, Ontario, . The school founded by Kaṇāda explains the creation and existence of the universe by proposing an atomistic theory, applying logic and realism, and is one of the earliest known systematic realist ontology in human history. Kaṇāda suggested that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaisheshika Sutra
Vaisheshika (IAST: Vaiśeṣika; ; ) is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy from ancient India. In its early stages, Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical procedures, ethical conclusions and soteriology to the Nyāya school of Hinduism, but retained its difference in epistemology and metaphysics. The epistemology of the Vaiśeṣika school of Hinduism, like Buddhism, accepted only two reliable means to knowledge: direct observation and inference.DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony J.Marsella), Springer, , page 172* Eliot Deutsch (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, , pages 245-248; * John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, , page 238 The Vaiśeṣ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gurutva
Gurutva (Sanskrit: गुरुत्व) is one of the twenty four gunas mentioned in the joint school of Nyaya - Vaisheshika system in the Indian philosophy. The Indian philosopher '' Praśastapāda'' had mentioned the term ''gurutva'' for the cause of the act of falling, in his commentary text ''Praśastapādabhāṣya'' on the Vaisheshika Sutra of Maharshi Kanada. According to him, gurutva is the quality of the paramanus of ''prithvi'' and ''ap'' (water). Etymology Gurutva is a Sanskrit word made from two terms ''guru'' and ''tva''. The term ''guru'' has meaning of weight or heaviness. And the term ''tva'' is a Sanskrit affix to convert an adjective word into an abstract noun. When the affix term ''tva'' is added after the term ''guru'', then the compound word ''gurutva'' takes the form of an abstract noun. Description According to the joint school of Nyaya-Vaisheshika system, gurutva is the twelfth quality among the twenty four gunas accepted in the system. Praśasta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindu Philosophy
Hindu philosophy or Vedic philosophy is the set of philosophical systems that developed in tandem with the first Hinduism, Hindu religious traditions during the Iron Age in India, iron and Classical India, classical ages of India. In Indian philosophy, of which Hindu philosophy is a prominent subset, the word used for philosophy is ''Darshana'' (Sanskrit: दर्शन; meaning: "viewpoint or perspective"), from the Sanskrit root 'दृश' () meaning 'to see, to experience'. The schools of thought or ''Darshanas'' within Hindu philosophy largely equate to the six ancient orthodox schools: the ''Āstika and nāstika, āstika'' (Sanskrit: आस्तिक) schools, defined by their acceptance of the Vedas, the oldest collection of Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit texts, as an authoritative source of knowledge. Of these six, Samkhya (सांख्य) is the earliest school of Dualism (Indian philosophy), dualism; Yoga (philosophy), Yoga (योग) combines the metaphysics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upaskara
Upaskara (Sanskrit: उपस्कर) (Romanised: Upaskāra) is a commentary on the Kanada's Vaisheshika Sutra of the Indian philosophy. It was written in the Sanskrit language by the Indian philosopher Sankara Mishra of Mithila. Background Sankara Mishra learnt the Vaisheshika Sutra from his father ''Bhavanatha Mishra'' also known as Ayachi Mishra orally. Then he composed a Sanskrit commentary text on the Vaisheshika Sutra of the ancient Vedic sage Kanada. This commentary text is known as ''Upaskara''. Description The Sanskrit Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ... commentary text Upaskara was composed in the 15th century CE. It is said that the text Upaskara might had been composed before 1462 AD by the Indian philosopher Sankara Mishra. The expressions of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sankara Mishra
Sankara Mishra (Sanskrit: शंकर मिश्र), also known as Shankara Mishra, was an Indian Vedic scholar during the 15th century in Mithila. He was a scholar of Vaisheshika school of thought in the Indian philosophy. Vaisheshika philosophy is one of the six schools of the Indian Philosophy. Early life Sankara Mishra was born in a Maithil Brahmin family at Sarisab Pahi village of the Madhubani district in the Mithila region of Bihar, India. He was the son of the scholar Ayachi Mishra ( Bhavanatha Mishra) of the Nyaya Shastra. According to legend, it is said that Lord Shiva himself was incarnated as the son of the scholar ''Ayachi Mishra'' in the form of Sankara Mishra. It is said that Sankara Mishra introduced his self in ''Sanskrit Shloka'' at the court of the king Bhairavasimha of Mithila, when he was only five years old by age. The Sanskrit Shloka was, The king was influenced by the prodigious poetic talent of the little boy. Then the king imparted a gold ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyaya
Nyāya (Sanskrit: न्यायः, IAST: nyāyaḥ), literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment", is one of the six orthodox (Āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy. Nyāya's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were the systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, and its treatises on epistemology. Nyāya epistemology accepts four out of six ''pramanas'' as reliable means of gaining knowledge – ''pratyakṣa'' (perception), ''anumāṇa'' (inference), ''upamāna'' (comparison and analogy) and ''śabda'' (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, , page 238DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer, , page 172Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, , page 225 In its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Padārtha
is a Sanskrit word for "categories" in Vaisheshika and Nyaya schools of Indian philosophy.Padārtha Jonardon Ganeri (2014), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Etymology The term is a of , "word" and , "meaning" or "referent", and so the term indicates "the meaning or referent of words".Philosophical significance Almost all of India's philosophical systems accept liberation as life's ultimate goal; it is the ''summum bonum
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Atomism
Atomism () is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms. References to the concept of atomism and its Atom, atoms appeared in both Ancient Greek philosophy, ancient Greek and Ancient Indian philosophy, ancient Indian philosophical traditions. Leucippus is the earliest figure whose commitment to atomism is well attested and he is usually credited with inventing atomism. He and other ancient Greek atomists theorized that nature consists of two fundamental Principle (philosophy), principles: ''atom'' and Void (philosophy), ''void''. Clusters of different shapes, arrangements, and positions give rise to the various macroscopic Substance (philosophy), substances in the world.Berryman, Sylvia, "Ancient Atomism", ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)online/ref> Indian Buddhists, such as Dharmakirti ( 6th or 7th century) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prashastapada
() was an ancient Indian philosopher. He wrote the ''Padārtha-dharma-saṅgraha'' (Collection of Properties of Matter) and a commentary, titled ''Praśastapāda Bhāṣya'', on the Vaisheshika Sutras of Kanada (circa 2nd century BCE); both texts are comprehensive books in physics. In these texts Prashastapada discusses the properties of motion. Ganganath Jha had translated ''Praśastapāda Bhāṣya'' which was published in 1916. ''Prashasta'' or ''Praśasta'' (Sanskrit: प्रशस्त) means praised or praiseworthy, lauded or laudable, commended or commendable or eulogized. Dayananda Saraswati writes that the Sutras of Kanāda and ''Padārthadharmasaṅgraha'' of Praśastapāda do not show much influence of the Nyaya System. ''Praśastapāda Bhāṣya'' is actually not a commentary but an independent compendium of the tenets of the Vaisheshika School. Udayanacharya of the Navya-Nyāya School, the author of ''Lakṣaṇāvalī'' which gives the definitions of Vaiśe� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paramanu
Paramanu is a Sanskrit word used in the Vaisheshika school of thought in the Indian Philosophy to denote that part of a ''bhuta'', which is indivisible, indestructible and eternal. In other words, the nitya (eternal) form of the four ''dravyas'' ''prithvi, jal, tejas'' and ''vayu'' is called as ''Paramanu''. Etymology Paramanu is a Sanskrit compound word having two terms ''Parama'' and ''Anu''. The literal meaning of the Sanskrit term Parama is ultimate. Similarly the literal meaning of the term Anu is smallest particle. Anu is the Sanskrit term used for denoting atom. Thus the literal meaning of the compound Sanskrit word paramanu is ''ultimate atom''. Description In the Vaisheshika school, all the substances of the universe are categorised into seven '' padarthas''. They are ''dravya'', ''guna'', ''karma'', ''samanya'', ''vishesha'', ''samvaaya'' and ''abhava''. The synthesis of action is called ''dravya''. There are nine dravyas. They are ''prithvi'', ''jal'', ''tej ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ājīvika
''Ajivika'' (, IAST: ) is one of the Āstika and nāstika, ''nāstika'' or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy.Natalia Isaeva (1993), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, , pages 20-23James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. , page 22 Believed to have been founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosala, Makkhali Gosāla, it was a ''Śramaṇa'' movement and a major rival of Historical Vedic religion, Vedic religion, Pre-sectarian Buddhism, early Buddhism, and Jainism. Ājīvikas were organized renunciates who formed discrete communities. The precise identity of the Ājīvikas is not well known, and it is even unclear if they were a divergent sect of the Buddhists or the Jains. Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ājīvikas in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
