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Kāwanatanga
''Kāwanatanga'' is a word in the Māori language of New Zealand, derived from the English word "governor". ''Kāwanatanga'' was first used in the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand, 1835. ''Kāwanatanga'' reappeared in 1840 in Article 1 of the Treaty of Waitangi, where the Māori text "''te Kawanatanga katoa''" corresponds to the English text "''all the rights and powers of Sovereignty''". ''Kāwanatanga'' is often translated today as governance or government. Origin and etymology The first part of the word, ''Kāwana'', is a transliteration into Māori of the English word ''governor''. The suffix ''-tanga'' is very similar in meaning and use to the English suffix ''-ship'', for example '' rangatiratanga'' (chieftainship) and '' kīngitanga'' (kingship). So a literal translation of the word would be ''governorship''. This word had little meaning to the chiefs signing the treaty, since the concept of being governed by an overseeing authority was alien to Māori. What ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
New Zealand Government
The New Zealand Government () is the central government through which political authority is exercised in New Zealand. As in most other parliamentary democracies, the term "Government" refers chiefly to the executive branch, and more specifically to the Ministry (collective executive), collective ministry directing the executive. Based on the principle of responsible government, it operates within the framework that "the reigns, but the government rules, so long as it has the support of the New Zealand House of Representatives, House of Representatives".Sir Kenneth Keith, quoted in the Cabinet Manual'. The ''Cabinet Manual (New Zealand), Cabinet Manual'' describes the main laws, rules and Constitutional convention (political custom), conventions affecting the conduct and operation of the Government. Executive power is exercised by Ministers in the New Zealand Government, ministers, all of whom are sworn into the Executive Council of New Zealand, Executive Council and accounta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Principles Of The Treaty Of Waitangi
The principles of the Treaty of Waitangi () are principles derived from both language versions of Treaty of Waitangi, signed in New Zealand in 1840. The phrase "principles of the Treaty of Waitangi" was first used in the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975, and the principles were first expressed in mainstream law (but not codified) in 1987 after nearly a decade of development by the Waitangi Tribunal. The Tribunal was established by the Treaty of Waitangi Act, and their articulation of principles in accordance with the Tribunal's statutory role has been remarkably consistent, and principles continue to emerge and evolve rather than being static, or a code. In this way they represent a normative body of jurisprudence on western law. Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 The Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 introduced the phrase "the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi". Reference to the principles occurred in the long title, the preamble, and sections 6(1) and 8(1), as it was enacted. Section 6(1) pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Treaty Of Waitangi
The Treaty of Waitangi (), sometimes referred to as ''Te Tiriti'', is a document of central importance to the history of New Zealand, Constitution of New Zealand, its constitution, and its national mythos. It has played a major role in the treatment of the Māori people in New Zealand by successive governments and the wider population, something that has been especially prominent from the late 20th century. The treaty document is an agreement, not a treaty as recognised in international law. It was first signed on 6 February 1840 by Captain William Hobson as Administrative consul, consul for the British Crown and by Māori chiefs () from the North Island of New Zealand. The treaty's quasi-legal status satisfies the demands of biculturalism in contemporary New Zealand society. In general terms, it is interpreted today as having established a partnership between equals in a way the Crown likely did not intend it to in 1840. Specifically, the treaty is seen, first, as entitling M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Māori Language
Māori (; endonym: 'the Māori language', commonly shortened to ) is an Eastern Polynesian languages, Eastern Polynesian language and the language of the Māori people, the indigenous population of mainland New Zealand. The southernmost member of the Austronesian language family, it is related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan language, Tuamotuan, and Tahitian language, Tahitian. The Māori Language Act 1987 gave the language recognition as one of New Zealand's official languages. There are regional dialects of the Māori language. Prior to contact with Europeans, Māori lacked a written language or script. Written Māori now uses the Latin script, which was adopted and the spelling standardised by Northern Māori in collaboration with English Protestant clergy in the 19th century. In the second half of the 19th century, European children in rural areas spoke Māori with Māori children. It was common for prominent parents of these children, such as government officials, to us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Mana (Oceanian Mythology)
In Melanesian and Polynesian cultures, ''mana'' is a supernatural force that permeates the universe. Anyone or anything can have ''mana''. They believed it to be a cultivation or possession of energy and power, rather than being a source of power. It is an intentional force. ''Mana'' has been discussed mostly in relation to cultures of Polynesia, but also of Melanesia, notably the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. In the 19th century, scholars compared ''mana'' to similar concepts such as the '' orenda'' of the Iroquois Indians and theorized that ''mana'' was a universal phenomenon that explained the origin of religions. Etymology The reconstructed Proto-Oceanic word *mana is thought to have referred to "powerful forces of nature such as thunder and storm winds" rather than supernatural power. As the Oceanic-speaking peoples spread eastward, the word started to refer instead to unseen supernatural powers. Polynesian culture ''Mana'' is a foundation of Polynesian theology, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Māori Politics
Māori politics () is the politics of the Māori people, who were the original inhabitants of New Zealand and who are now the country's largest minority. Before the arrival of Pākehā (Europeans) in New Zealand, Māori society was based largely around tribal units, and chiefs (') provided political leadership. With the British settlers of the 19th century came a new British-style government. From the outset, Māori sought representation within this government, seeing it as a vital way to promote their people's rights and improve living standards. Modern Māori politics can be seen as a subset of New Zealand politics in general, but has a number of distinguishing features, including advocacy for indigenous rights and Māori sovereignty. Many Māori politicians are members of major, historically European-dominated political parties, while others have formed separate Māori parties. For example, Te Pāti Māori, holding six of seven Māori electorates, is one such party. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Constitution Of New Zealand
The constitution of New Zealand is the sum of law of New Zealand, laws and principles that determine the political governance of New Zealand. Unlike many other nations, New Zealand has no single constitutional document. It is an uncodified constitution, sometimes referred to as an "unwritten constitution", although the New Zealand constitution is in fact an amalgamation of codification (law), written and unwritten sources. The Constitution Act 1986 has a central role, alongside a collection of other Lists of statutes of New Zealand, statutes, orders in Council, Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand, letters patent, decisions of the Judiciary of New Zealand, courts, principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, and unwritten traditions and Constitutional convention (political custom), conventions. There is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and law considered "constitutional law"; no law is accorded basic norm, higher status. In most cases ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
List Of English Words Of Māori Origin
The following English language, English words are loanwords from the Māori language. Many of them concern native New Zealand flora and fauna that were known prior to the arrival of Europeans in New Zealand. Other terms relate to Māori customs. All of these words are commonly encountered in New Zealand English, and several (such as ''Kiwi (bird), kiwi'') are widely used across other varieties of English, and in other languages. The Māori alphabet includes both long and short vowels, which change the meaning of words. For most of the 20th century, these were not indicated by spelling, except sometimes as double vowels (''paaua''). Since the 1980s, the standard way to indicate long vowels is with a Macron (diacritic), macron (''pāua''). Since about 2015, macrons have rapidly become standard usage for Māori loanwords in New Zealand English in media, law, government, and education. Recently some anglicised words have been replaced with spellings that better reflect the original Māo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
The Crown
The Crown is a political concept used in Commonwealth realms. Depending on the context used, it generally refers to the entirety of the State (polity), state (or in federal realms, the relevant level of government in that state), the executive government specifically or only to the monarch and their Viceroy, direct representatives. The term can be used to refer to the rule of law; or to the functions of executive (government), executive (the Crown-King-in-Council, in-council), legislative (the Crown-in-parliament), and judicial (the Crown on the bench) governance and the civil service. The concept of the Crown as a corporation sole developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the physical crown and property of the kingdom from the person and personal property of the monarch. It spread through English and later British colonisation and developed into an imperial crown, which rooted it in the legal lexicon of all 15 Commonwealth realms, their various dependencies, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Moana Jackson
Moana Jackson (10 October 1945 – 31 March 2022) was a New Zealand lawyer specialising in constitutional law, the Treaty of Waitangi and international indigenous issues. He was an advocate and activist for Māori rights, arguing that the New Zealand criminal justice system was discriminatory and leading work on constitutional reforms. In 1987 he co-founded Ngā Kaiwhakamarama i Ngā Ture (the Māori Legal Service). He also supported the rights of indigenous people internationally – for example, through leading the working group that drafted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and sitting as a judge on the International Tribunal of Indigenous Rights in the 1990s. Biography Jackson was born in Hastings, and was one of six children of Everard Jackson, an All Black rugby player, and Hineaka (Janey) Cunningham. His older brother was activist Syd Jackson. He was affiliated with the iwi of Ngāti Kahungunu on his mother's side and Ngāti Porou o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ranginui Walker
Ranginui Joseph Isaac Walker (1 March 1932 – 29 February 2016) was a New Zealand academic, author, and activist of Māori and Lebanese descent. Walker wrote about Māori land rights and cultural identity in his books and columns for the weekly ''New Zealand Listener'' and the monthly ''Metro'' magazine throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Early life Walker was born in 1932 into a farming family on the tribal lands of Whakatōhea, near Ōpōtiki in the Bay of Plenty. He credited his aunt Wairata, a foster mother, for helping him to learn Māori language and culture at a young age. In his own history of Whakatōhea (2007) Walker explained that at this time Māori language and culture were unfashionable, and that his generation was expected to assimilate. Education Walker was sent to St Peter's Maori College Auckland at the age of twelve. He went on to attend Auckland Teachers' Training College, and worked as a primary school teacher for 10 years. He gained a Bachelor of Arts a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ruth Ross
Ruth Miriam Ross (née Guscott; 1 January 1920 – 30 August 1982) was a New Zealand historian. She was part of the 1970s movement that sought to revise academic understandings of the Treaty of Waitangi and educate the public on its translations and significance. Biography Ross was born in Whanganui, New Zealand, in 1920. She was educated at Clifton House and Wanganui Girls' College where she was head prefect. At Victoria University College, she studied european and colonial history along with english literature. New Zealand history was not taught at universities at this time but through her teachers, Frederick Wood and J. C. Beaglehole, her interest in the subject was sparked. In 1942, she started work as a research assistant at the Centennial branch of the Department of Internal Affairs. As staff left for war service she was given the project of creating a centennial atlas of New Zealand. She studied pre-1840 trade and settlement maps, furthering her interest in New ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
