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Exisotes
''Exisōtēs'' ( el, ἐξισώτης) was a fiscal official in the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire. Its functions were similar to those of the earlier '' epoptes'', along with whom it is often mentioned in the 11th centuries: the ''exisōsis'' (ἐξίσωσις, "equalization"), i.e. the fiscal survey and revision of the amount of tax owed by individuals. The distinction between the ''exisōtēs'' and the ''apographeus'' is likewise unclear, although the two functions are often documented as being held in tandem, and tax officials are recorded as carrying out both ''exisōsis'' and ''apographē''. References Sources * {{cite encyclopedia , editor-last=Kazhdan , editor-first=Alexander , editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan , encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium The ''Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'' (ODB) is a three-volume historical dictionary published by the English Oxford University Press. With more than 5,000 entries, it contains comprehensive informa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians prefer to differentiate the Byzantine Empire from Ancient Rome ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apographeus
''Apographeus'' ( el, ἀπογραφεύς) was a fiscal official in the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire. The office first appears in the Komnenian period, either under Alexios I Komnenos () or at any rate by the third quarter of the 12th century, and apparently replaced the ''anagrapheus''. The office continued in existence until the end of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. The ''apographeus'' was in charge of the land survey (''apographē'') that served as the basis for the tax assessment owed by individuals, as well for the purpose of redivision of lands (''merismos'') and the assessment of imperial grants of revenue (''posotēs'') of an estate to ''pronoia'' holders or to establishments such as monasteries and other pious foundations. The post of ''apographeus'' was often held in tandem by the governor ('' doux'', '' kephalē'') of a province. References Sources * {{cite encyclopedia , last=Kazhdan , first=Alexander , author-link=Alexander Kazhdan , tit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Oxford Dictionary Of Byzantium
The ''Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'' (ODB) is a three-volume historical dictionary published by the English Oxford University Press. With more than 5,000 entries, it contains comprehensive information in English on topics relating to the Byzantine Empire. It was edited by Alexander Kazhdan, and was first published in 1991.''The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'', Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1991. Kazhdan was a professor at Princeton University who became a Senior Research Associate at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, before his death. He contributed to many of the articles in the Dictionary and always signed his initials ''A.K.'' at the end of the article to indicate his contribution. Description The dictionary is available in printed and e-reference text versions from Oxford Reference Online. It covers the main historical events of Byzantium, as well as important social and religious events. It also includes biographies of eminent political and literary personal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byzantine Fiscal Offices
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians prefer to differentiate the Byzantine Empire from Ancient Rome a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
