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Blue Stain Fungus
Blue stain fungi (also known as sap stain fungi) is a vague term including various fungi that cause dark staining in sapwood. The staining is most often blue, but could also be grey or black. Because the grouping is based solely on symptomatics, it is not a monophyletic grouping. Included species Depending on the author, the group can include between 100–250 species of ascomycetes and so-called deuteromycetes. They are usually divided into three different groups: # Ascomycete fungi from the genera ''Ceratocystis'', ''Ophiostoma'', ''Ceratocystiopsis'', ''Grosmannia''. These are usually transmitted between trees by bark beetles of the subfamily Scolytinae. # Several black yeasts including ''Hormonema dematioides'', ''Aureobasidium pullulans'', ''Rhinocladiella atrovirens'', and '' Phialophora'' species. # Several dark molds such as ''Alternaria alternata'', '' Cladosporium sphaerospermum'' and '' C. cladosporioides''. Importance of the symbiotic relationship between blue stain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhinocladiella Atrovirens
''Rhinocladiella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae. It has 17 species. The genus was circumscribed by Swedish botanist John Axel Nannfeldt in 1934 with '' R. atrovirens'' as the type species. Species *'' Rhinocladiella amoena'' *'' Rhinocladiella aquaspersa'' *'' Rhinocladiella atrovirens'' *'' Rhinocladiella basitona'' *'' Rhinocladiella compacta'' *'' Rhinocladiella coryli'' *''Rhinocladiella cristaspora'' *'' Rhinocladiella fasciculata'' *'' Rhinocladiella indica'' *''Rhinocladiella mackenziei'' *''Rhinocladiella phaeophora'' – Colombia *''Rhinocladiella pyriformis'' *''Rhinocladiella quercus'' *''Rhinocladiella selenoides'' *''Rhinocladiella similis'' *''Rhinocladiella tibetensis'' – China *''Rhinocladiella vesiculosa ''Rhinocladiella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae. It has 17 species. The genus was circumscribed by Swedish botanist John Axel Nannfeldt in 1934 with '' R. atrovirens'' as the type s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascomycota
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the " ascus" (), a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of the Ascomycota are asexual, meaning that they do not have a sexual cycle and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewers' and bakers' yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as ''Cladonia'' belong to the Ascomycota. Ascomycota is a monophyletic group (it contains all descendants of one common ancestor). Previously placed in the Deuteromycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or anamorphic) ascomyce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytopathology
Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by eating plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases. Overview Control of plant diseases is crucial to the reliable production of food, and it provides significant problems in agricultural use of land, water, fuel and other inputs. Plants in both natural and cultivated populatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spalting
Spalting is any form of wood coloration caused by fungi. Although primarily found in dead trees, spalting can also occur in living trees under stress. Although spalting can cause weight loss and strength loss in the wood, the unique coloration and patterns of spalted wood are sought by woodworkers. Types Spalting is divided into three main types: pigmentation, white rot, and zone lines. Spalted wood may exhibit one or all of these types in varying degrees. Both hardwoods (deciduous) and softwoods (coniferous) can spalt, but zone lines and white rot are more commonly found on hardwoods due to enzymatic differences in white rotting fungi. Brown rots are more common to conifers, although one brown rot, ''Fistulina hepatica'' (beefsteak fungus), is known to cause spalting among deciduous trees. Pigmentation Pigmentation is caused when fungi produce extracellular pigments ''inside'' wood. Bluestain is also a form of pigmentation; however, bluestain pigments are generally bound ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Rot And Zone Lines
White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue). It is the color of objects such as snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. White on television and computer screens is created by a mixture of red, blue, and green light. The color white can be given with white pigments, especially titanium dioxide. In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, and Romans wore white togas as symbols of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity. It was the royal color of the kings of France, and of the monarchist movement that opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (1917–1922). Greek and Roman temples were faced with white marble, and beginning in the 18th century, with the advent of neoclassical architecture, white became the most common color of new churches ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladosporium Cladosporioides
''Cladosporium cladosporioides'' is a darkly pigmented mold that occurs world-wide on a wide range of materials both outdoors and indoors. It is one of the most common fungi in outdoor air where its spores are important in seasonal allergic disease. While this species rarely causes invasive disease in animals, it is an important agent of plant disease, attacking both the leaves and fruits of many plants. This species produces asexual spores in delicate, branched chains that break apart readily and drift in the air. It is able to grow under low water conditions and at very low temperatures. History and classification Georg Fresenius first described ''Cladosporium cladosporioides'' in 1850, classifying it in the genus ''Penicillium'' as ''Penicillium cladosporioides''. In 1880 Pier Andrea Saccardo renamed the species, ''Hormodendrum cladosporioides''. Other early names for this taxon included ''Cladosporium hypophyllum'', ''Monilia humicola'' and ''Cladosporium pisicola''. In 1952 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
