Yurúna Language

	Yurúna Language The Yuruna languages (or Jurúna languages) of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family. They are Jurúna, Maritsauá, and Xipaya. Varieties Below is a list of Yuruna language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. Yuruna / Paru-podeari - spoken on the middle course of the Xingú River. Arupai / Urupaya - once spoken on the Xingú River south of the Yuruna tribe. (Unattested.) Shipaya / Achipaya / Jacipoya - once spoken on the Iriri River The Iriri River ( ; ) is a large tributary of the Xingu River in Brazil, in the state of Pará. It is long making it the 116th longest river in the world (with Krishna River, India) and the 15th longest in the Amazon basin. The headwaters are th ... and Curua River, now probably extinct. Manitsauá / Mantizula - spoken in a single village on the Manissauá-Miçu River, tributary of the Xingú River. The lists Yudja and the extinct Arupaia (Arupai), Xipaia, Peapaia, Aoku (not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population, seventh-largest by population, with over 212 million people. The country is a federation composed of 26 Federative units of Brazil, states and a Federal District (Brazil), Federal District, which hosts the capital, Brasília. List of cities in Brazil by population, Its most populous city is São Paulo, followed by Rio de Janeiro. Brazil has the most Portuguese-speaking countries, Portuguese speakers in the world and is the only country in the Americas where Portuguese language, Portuguese is an Portuguese-speaking world, official language. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a Coastline of Brazil, coastline of . Covering roughly half of South America's land area, it Borders of Brazil, borders all other countries and ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tupian Languages The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani. Homeland and ''urheimat'' Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian urheimat to be somewhere between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin. Much of this area corresponds to the modern-day state of Rondônia, Brazil. Five of the ten Tupian branches are found in this area, as well as some Tupi–Guarani languages (especially Kawahíb), making it the probable urheimat of these languages and maybe of its speaking peoples. Rodrigues believes the Proto-Tupian language dates back to around 3,000 BC. Language contact Tupian languages have extensively influenced many language families in South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guato, Irantxe, Jivaro, Karib, Kayuvava, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Trumai, Yanomami, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Jurúna Language The Juruna language, also known as Yudjá, is spoken in Brazil. It is spoken in the Xingu Indigenous Park of Mato Grosso Mato Grosso ( – ) is one of the states of Brazil, the List of Brazilian states by area, third largest by area, located in the Central-West Region, Brazil, Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible ... state. In 2001 there were 278 native speakers. It is the last survivor of the Yuruna languages. Phonology Vowels Consonants References Further reading WALS Online Resources for Juruna. Haspelmath, Martin (editor); Dryer, Matthew S. (editor); Gil, David (editor); Comrie, Bernard (editor). 2008-05-01. Max Planck Digital Library (http://mpdl.mpg.de/). oai:wals.info:languoid/jrn Endangered Tupian languages Languages of Xingu Indigenous Park {{tupian-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Maritsauá Language Maritsauá (Manitsawá) is an extinct Tupian language of the state of Mato Grosso, in the Amazon region of Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population .... Vocabulary References Tupian languages Extinct languages of South America {{tupian-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Xipaya Language Xipaya (or Shipaja or Xipaia) is an endangered language spoken in the Pará region of Brazil. It is one of the approximately 70 Tupian languages of South America. At last count, Xipaya was only spoken by two elderly women in Altamira, Pará Altamira is one of one hundred and forty-four municipalities in the state of Pará, in northern Brazil. It has an area of , making it the largest municipality by area both in Pará state and Brazil, and until 2009 it was the world's largest muni .... Phonology References External links * ELAR archive oDocumentation of Urgently Endangered Tupian Languages (including Xipaya) Tupian languages Endangered Tupian languages {{tupian-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Čestmír Loukotka Čestmír Loukotka (12 November 1895 – 13 April 1966) was a Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak linguist and ethnologist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková. Career Loukotka proposed a Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Loukotka (1968), classification for the languages of South America based on several previous works. This classification contained many unpublished materials and therefore greatly improved upon previous classifications. He divided the languages of South America and the Caribbean into 77 different families, based upon similarities of vocabulary and available lists. His classification of 1968 is the most influential and was based upon two previous schemes (1935, 1944), which were similar to those proposed by Paul Rivet (whom he was a student of), although the number of families was increased to 94 and 114. reviewed in References 1895 births 1958 deaths Linguists from Czechoslovakia Historical linguists Linguists of Indigenous lang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Xingú River The Xingu River ( ; ; ) is a river in north Brazil. It is a southeast tributary of the Amazon River and one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon basin, accounting for about 5% of its water. __TOC__ Description and history The first Indigenous Park in Brazil was created in the river basin by the Brazilian government in the early 1960s. This park marks the first indigenous territory recognized by the Brazilian government and it was the world's largest indigenous preserve on the date of its creation. Currently, fourteen tribes live within Xingu Indigenous Park, surviving on natural resources and extracting from the river most of what they need for food and water. The Brazilian government built the Belo Monte Dam on the Lower Xingu, which began operations in 2019 and is the world's fifth-largest hydroelectric dam. Construction of this dam was under legal challenge by environment and indigenous groups, who assert the dam would have negative environmental and social imp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Iriri River The Iriri River ( ; ) is a large tributary of the Xingu River in Brazil, in the state of Pará. It is long making it the 116th longest river in the world (with Krishna River, India) and the 15th longest in the Amazon basin. The headwaters are the traditional home of the Panará people. Course The river rises in the Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit established in 2005 in the Serra do Cachimbo. It is one of the headwaters of the Xingu River. It flows for before joining the Xingu, running through the Terra do Meio Ecological Station. The river varies greatly in volume depending on the season, and in the dry season includes waterfalls, rocks and rapids. The Iriri River flows through the Tapajós–Xingu moist forests ecoregion. The river is rich in fish, including many species found only there and in the Xingu. Large sections remain unexplored due to its remoteness in a region surrounded by Amazon rainforest The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Curuá River (Amazon River) There are several rivers named Curuá River in Brazil: * Curuá River (Amazon River tributary) * Curuá River (Iriri River tributary) * Curuá River (Mato Grosso) * Curuá Una River * Curuá do Sul River See also * Curuá Curuá is a municipality in the state of Pará in the Northern region of Brazil. See also List of municipalities in Pará This is a list of the municipalities in the state of Pará (PA), located in the North Region of Brazil Brazil, o ... , a municipality in the state of Pará, Brazil {{DEFAULTSORT:Curua River ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Manissauá-Miçu River The Manissauá-Miçu River is a river of Mato Grosso state in western Brazil. See also List of rivers of Mato Grosso List of rivers in Mato Grosso (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name and ordered from downstream to upstream. Mato Grosso is divided by those streams that fl ... ReferencesBrazilian Ministry of Transport Rivers of Mato Grosso {{MatoGrosso-river-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]