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Y-chromosome Haplogroups In Populations Of The World
The following articles are lists of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in populations around the world. * Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group *Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe * Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East *Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa * Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa * Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus *Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia *Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia * Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia *Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania * Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas * List of haplogroups of historic people See also *Recent African origin of modern humans *Genetic history of the Middle East *Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia * Genetic history of Europe *Genetic history of Italy *Genetic history of North Africa * Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas *Genet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroups
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The human Y-chromosome accumulates roughly two mutations per generation. "one mutation in every 30 million base pairs" Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree that share hundreds or even thousands of mutations unique to each haplogroup. The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living humans are descended patrilineally. Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived roughly 236,000 years ago in Africa. By examining other bottlenecks most Eurasian men (men from populations outside of Afri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Recent African Origin Of Modern Humans
In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA), recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), replacement hypothesis, or recent African origin model (RAO), is the dominant model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans (''Homo sapiens''). It follows the early expansions of hominins out of Africa, accomplished by ''Homo erectus'' and then ''Homo neanderthalensis''. The model proposes a "single origin" of ''Homo sapiens'' in the taxonomic sense, precluding parallel evolution in other regions of traits considered anatomically modern, but not precluding multiple admixture between ''H. sapiens'' and archaic humans in Europe and Asia. ''H. sapiens'' most likely developed in the Horn of Africa between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago, although an alternative hypothesis argues that diverse morphological features of ''H. sapiens'' appeared locally in different parts of Africa and converged due t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Y-DNA Haplogroups
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, and language. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. Social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which bolster human society. Its intelligence and its desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena have motivated humanity's development of science, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other fields of study. Although some scientists equate the term ''humans'' with all members of the genus ''Homo'', in common usage, it generally refers to ''Homo sapiens'', the only extant member. Anatomically mode ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Studies On Jews
Genetic studies on Jews are part of the population genetics Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as Adaptation (biology), adaptation, ... discipline and are used to analyze the chronology of Jewish migration accompanied by research in other fields, such as Jewish history, history, Jewish languages, linguistics, archaeology, and paleontology. These studies investigate the origins of various Jewish ethnic divisions. In particular, they examine whether there is a common genetic heritage among them. Genealogical DNA test, Studies of Autosome, autosomal DNA, which look at the entire DNA mixture, show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities with most in a community sharing significant ancestry. For populations of the Jewish diaspora, the genetic com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic History Of The British Isles
The genetic history of the British Isles is the subject of research within the larger field of human population genetics. It has developed in parallel with DNA testing technologies capable of identifying genetic similarities and differences between both modern and ancient populations. The conclusions of population genetics regarding the British Isles in turn draw upon and contribute to the larger field of understanding the history of the human occupation of the area, complementing work in linguistics, archaeology, history and genealogy. Research concerning the most important routes of migration into the British Isles is the subject of debate. Apart from the most obvious route across the narrowest point of the English Channel into Kent, other routes may have been important over the millennia, including a land bridge in the Mesolithic period, as well as maritime connections along the Atlantic coasts. The periods of the most important migrations are contested. The Neolithic introduct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic History Of The Iberian Peninsula
The ancestry of modern Iberians (comprising the Spanish and Portuguese) is consistent with the geographical situation of the Iberian Peninsula in the south-west corner of Europe. As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are Early European Farmers who arrived during the Neolithic. The large predominance of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b, common throughout Western Europe, is testimony to a considerable input from various waves of (predominantly male) Western Steppe Herders from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe during the Bronze Age. The Iberian people's genetic pool largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula: * Pre-Indo-European and Indo-European speaking pre-Celtic groups: (Iberians, Lusitani, Vettones, Turdetani, Aquitani, Conii). * Celts (Gallaecians, Celtiberians, Turduli and Celtici), who were Romanization (cultural), Romanized after the conquest of the region by the ancient Romans. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic History Of North Africa
The genetic history of North Africa has been heavily influenced by geography. The Sahara desert to the south and the Mediterranean Sea to the North were important barriers to gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa and Europe in prehistoric times. However, North Africa is connected to Western Asia via the Isthmus of Suez and the Sinai peninsula, while at the Straits of Gibraltar North Africa and Europe are separated by only , similarly Malta, Sicily and Crete are close to the coasts of North Africa. Although North Africa has experienced gene flows from the surrounding regions, it has also experienced long periods of genetic isolation, allowing a distinctive genetic "Berber marker" to evolve in the native Berber people, as well as the "Coptic marker" among Egyptian Copts. Today, this genetic "Berber marker" is consistently found in the regions and populations that still predominantly speak the Berber languages, as well as in the Atlantic Canary Islands. Similarly, the "Coptic marker" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic History Of Italy
The genetic history of Italy is greatly influenced by geography and history. The ancestors of Italians are mostly Indo-European speakers (Italic peoples such as Latins, Falisci, Picentes, Umbrians, Samnites, Oscans, Sicels and Adriatic Veneti, as well as Celts, Iapygians and Greeks) and pre-Indo-European speakers (Etruscans, Ligures, Rhaetians and Camunni in mainland Italy, Sicani and Elymians in Sicily and the Nuragic people in Sardinia). During the imperial period of Ancient Rome, the city of Rome was also home to people from various regions throughout the Mediterranean basin, including Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Based on DNA analysis, there is evidence of ancient regional genetic substructure and continuity within modern Italy dating to the pre-Roman and Roman periods. Overview In their admixture ratios, Italians are similar to other Southern Europeans, and that is being of primarily Neolithic Early European Farmer ancestry, along with smaller, but s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic History Of Europe
The Genetic history of Europe deals with the formation, ethnogenesis, and other DNA-specific information about populations indigenous, or living in Europe. The most significant recent dispersal of modern humans from Africa gave rise to an undifferentiated " non-African" lineage by some 70–50 ka (70-50,000 years ago). By about 50–40 ka a West Eurasian lineage had emerged, as had a separate East Eurasian lineage. Both East and West Eurasians acquired Neanderthal admixture in Europe and Asia. European early modern humans (EEMH) lineages between 40 and 26 ka ( Aurignacian) were still part of a large Western Eurasian "meta-population", related to Central and Western Asian populations. Divergence into genetically distinct sub-populations within Western Eurasia is a result of increased selection pressure and founder effects during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, Gravettian). By the end of the LGM, after 20 ka, A Western European lineage, dubbed West European Hunter-Gatherer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetics And Archaeogenetics Of South Asia
Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia is the study of the genetics and archaeogenetics of the ethnic groups of South Asia. It aims at uncovering these groups' genetic history. The geographic position of South Asia makes its biodiversity important for the study of the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans across Asia. Based on Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations, genetic unity across various South Asian sub–populations have shown that most of the ancestral nodes of the phylogenetic tree of all the mtDNA types originated in South Asia. Conclusions of studies based on Y Chromosome variation and Autosomal DNA variation have been varied. South Asians are descendants of an indigenous South Asian component (termed ''Ancient Ancestral South Indians'', short "AASI"), closest to modern isolated tribal groups from South India, as well as Andamanese peoples, and more distantly related to Aboriginal Australians and East Asians and later-arriving West-Eurasian (European/Middle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic History Of The Middle East
The genetic history of the Middle East is the subject of research within the fields of human population genomics, archaeogenetics and Middle Eastern studies. Researchers use Y-DNA, mtDNA, and other autosomal DNAs to identify the genetic history of ancient and modern populations of Egypt, Persia, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Arabia, the Levant, and other areas. History Developments in DNA sequencing in the 1970s and 1980s provided researchers with the tools needed to study human genetic variation and the genetics of human populations to discover founder populations of modern people groups and human migrations. In 2005, National Geographic launched The Genographic Project, led by 12 prominent scientists and researchers, to study and map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from hundreds of thousands of people from around the world. Egypt Various DNA studies have found that the genetic variant frequencies of North African populations are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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