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X-SAMPA
The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at University College London. It is designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the 1993 version of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired remapping of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII. SAMPA was devised as a Kludge#Computer science, hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols. Later, as Unicode support for IPA symbols became more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreased. However, X-SAMPA is still useful as the basis for an input method for true IPA. Summary Notes * The IPA symbols that are ordinary lower case letters have the same value in X-SAMPA as they do in the IPA. * X-SAMPA uses backslashes as modifying suffixes to create new ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiceless Palatal Plosive
The voiceless palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c. Voiceless palato-alveolar and post-palatal plosives If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed as (advanced ) or ( retracted and palatalized ), but these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_+ and t_-' or t_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter ; ("t", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), which is used especially in sinological circles. It is common for the phonetic symbol to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SAMPA
The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters, based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It was originally developed in the late 1980s for six European languages by the EEC ESPRIT information technology research and development program. As many symbols as possible have been taken over from the IPA; where this is not possible, other signs that are available are used, e.g. @">code>@for schwa (IPA ), 2">code>2for the vowel sound found in French (IPA ), and 9">code>9for the vowel sound found in French (IPA ). The characters "s{mp@">code>"s{mp@represent the pronunciation of the name SAMPA in English, with the initial symbol indicating primary stress (in IPA, ). Like IPA, SAMPA is usually enclosed in square brackets or slashes, which are not part of the alphabet proper and merely signify that it is phonetic as opposed to regular text. Languages Today, officially, SAMPA has b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech. The IPA is used by linguists, lexicography, lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, speech–language pathology, speech–language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators. The IPA is designed to represent those qualities of speech that are part of lexical item, lexical (and, to a limited extent, prosodic) sounds in oral language: phone (phonetics), phones, Intonation (linguistics), intonation and the separation of syllables. To represent additional qualities of speechsuch as tooth wikt:gnash, gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft lip and cleft palate, cleft palatean extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet, extended set of symbols may be used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiced Bilabial Plosive
The voiced bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b. The voiced bilabial stop occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the letter in ''obey'' . Features Features of the voiced bilabial stop: Varieties Occurrence See also * Betacism * List of phonetics topics A * Acoustic phonetics * Active articulator * Affricate * Airstream mechanism * Alexander John Ellis * Alexander Melville Bell * Alfred C. Gimson * Allophone * Alveolar approximant () * Alveolar click () * Alveolar consonant * Alveolar e ... Notes References * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * {{DEFAULTSORT:Voiced Bilabial stop Voiced oral consonants Bilabial stops Pulmonic consonants Labial–coronal consonants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiced Bilabial Implosive
The voiced bilabial implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b_<. Features Features of the voiced bilabial implosive: Occurrence See also * Index of phonetics articles * Voiceless bilabial implosive The voiceless bilabial implosive is a rare consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is or . A dedicated IPA letter, , was withdrawn in 1993. Features Featur ... * B̤ē Notes References * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * {{IPA navigation Bilabial consonants Implosives Voiced oral consonants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiced Alveolar Plosive
The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is (although the symbol can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d. There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops, among them Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects. Features Features of the voiced alveolar stop: * There are three specific variants of : ** Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively '' apical'' and ''laminal''. ** Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth. ** Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ASCII
ASCII ( ), an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for representing a particular set of 95 (English language focused) printable character, printable and 33 control character, control characters a total of 128 code points. The set of available punctuation had significant impact on the syntax of computer languages and text markup. ASCII hugely influenced the design of character sets used by modern computers; for example, the first 128 code points of Unicode are the same as ASCII. ASCII encodes each code-point as a value from 0 to 127 storable as a seven-bit integer. Ninety-five code-points are printable, including digits ''0'' to ''9'', lowercase letters ''a'' to ''z'', uppercase letters ''A'' to ''Z'', and commonly used punctuation symbols. For example, the letter is represented as 105 (decimal). Also, ASCII specifies 33 non-printing control codes which originated with ; most of which are now obsolete. The control cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kludge
A kludge or kluge () is a workaround or makeshift solution that is clumsy, inelegant, inefficient, difficult to extend, and hard to maintain. This term is used in diverse fields such as computer science, aerospace engineering, Internet slang, evolutionary neuroscience, animation and government. It is similar in meaning to the naval term '' jury rig''. Etymology The word has alternate spellings ('' kludge'' and '' kluge''), pronunciations ( and , rhyming with ''judge'' and ''stooge'', respectively), and several proposed etymologies. Jackson W. Granholm The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (2nd ed., 1989), cites Jackson W. Granholm's 1962 "How to Design a Kludge" article in the American computer magazine ''Datamation''. ''OED'' defines these two ''kludge'' cognates as: ''bodge'' 'to patch or mend clumsily' and ''fudge'' 'to fit together or adjust in a clumsy, makeshift, or dishonest manner'. The ''OED'' entry also includes the verb ''kludge'' ('to improvise with a kludge o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tie (typography)
The tie is a symbol in the shape of an arc similar to a large breve, used in Greek, phonetic alphabets, and Z notation. It can be used between two characters with spacing as punctuation, non-spacing as a diacritic, or (underneath) as a proofreading mark. It can be above or below, and reversed. Its forms are called tie, double breve, enotikon or papyrological hyphen, ligature tie, and undertie. Uses Cyrillic transliteration In the ALA-LC romanization for Russian, a tie symbol is placed over some combinations of Latin letters that are represented by a single letter in the Cyrillic alphabet, e.g., T͡S for Ц and i͡a for Я. This is not uniformly applied, however; some letters corresponding to common digraphs in English, such as SH for Ш and KH for Х do not employ the tie. In practice, the tie ligature is often omitted. Greek The enotikon (, ''henōtikón'', "uniter", from "a serving to unite or unify"), papyrological hyphen, or Greek hyphen was a low tie mark ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IPA Unicode 0x0064
IPA commonly refers to: * International Phonetic Alphabet, a system of phonetic notation ** International Phonetic Association The International Phonetic Association (IPA; , API) is an organization that promotes the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. The IPA's major contribution to phonetics is the International Phoneti ..., the organization behind the alphabet * India pale ale, a style of beer * Isopropyl alcohol, a chemical compound IPA may also refer to: Organizations International * Insolvency Practitioners Association, of the UK and Ireland * Institute of Public Administration (other) * International Peoples' Assembly * International Permafrost Association * International Play Association * International Police Association * International Polka Association * International Presentation Association, network of Presentation Sisters#International Presentation Association (IPA), Presentation Sisters * International P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds or, in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign. Linguists who specialize in studying the physical properties of speech are phoneticians. The field of phonetics is traditionally divided into three sub-disciplines on questions involved such as how humans plan and execute movements to produce speech (articulatory phonetics), how various movements affect the properties of the resulting sound (acoustic phonetics) or how humans convert sound waves to linguistic information (auditory phonetics). Traditionally, the minimal linguistic unit of phonetics is the phone (phonetics), phone—a speech sound in a language which differs from the phonological unit of phoneme; the phoneme is an abstract categorization of phones and it is also defined as the smallest unit that discerns meaning between sounds in any given language. Phonetics deals with two aspects of human speech: production ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IPA Unicode 0x0063
IPA commonly refers to: * International Phonetic Alphabet, a system of phonetic notation ** International Phonetic Association, the organization behind the alphabet * India pale ale, a style of beer * Isopropyl alcohol, a chemical compound IPA may also refer to: Organizations International * Insolvency Practitioners Association, of the UK and Ireland * Institute of Public Administration (other) * International Peoples' Assembly * International Permafrost Association * International Play Association * International Police Association * International Polka Association * International Presentation Association, network of Presentation Sisters * International Psychoanalytical Association * International Publishers Association, representing book and journal publishing Australia * Institute of Public Accountants * Institute of Public Affairs India * Indian Pharmacist Association * Indian Polo Association United Kingdom * Infrastructure and Projects Authority * Institute o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
