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Władysław Grabski
Władysław Dominik Grabski (; 7 July 1874 – 1 March 1938) was a Polish National Democratic politician, economist and historian. He was the main author of the currency reform in the Second Polish Republic and served as Prime Minister of Poland in 1920 and from 1923 to 1925. He was the brother of Stanisław Grabski and Zofia Kirkor-Kiedroniowa. He was responsible for the creation of the Bank of Poland and implementing the zloty. Grabski's cabinet became the longest-standing cabinet in interwar Poland. At the same time, however, Grabski's cabinet was severely criticized. Stanisław Głąbiński, for example, criticized Grabski's inefficiencies in the sphere of international relations, and Wincenty Witos disapproved of Grabski's deficient agricultural reform, as well as his inability to inform the public of the state's real financial situation. Life Władysław Grabski was born in 1874, in a family manor in Borów (a part of Gmina Bielawy) near Łowicz, Congress Poland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prime Minister Of Poland
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, or , involve 5 itself. However, 4 is composite because it is a product (2 × 2) in which both numbers are smaller than 4. Primes are central in number theory because of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic: every natural number greater than 1 is either a prime itself or can be factorized as a product of primes that is unique up to their order. The property of being prime is called primality. A simple but slow method of checking the primality of a given number , called trial division, tests whether is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . Faster algorithms include the Miller–Rabin primality test, which is fast but has a small chance of error, and the AKS primality test, which always ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Powązki Cemetery
Powązki Cemetery (; ), also known as Stare Powązki (), is a historic necropolis located in Wola district, in the western part of Warsaw, Poland. It is the most famous cemetery in the city and one of the oldest, having been established in 1790. It is the burial place of many illustrious individuals from Polish history. Some are interred along the "Avenue of the Distinguished" – ''Aleja Zasłużonych'', created in 1925. It is estimated that over one million people are buried at Powązki. The cemetery is often confused with the newer Powązki Military Cemetery, which is located to the north-west of Powązki Cemetery. History Powązki Cemetery was established on 4 November 1790 on land donated by nobleman Melchior Szymanowski, and consecrated on 20 May 1792. Initially it covered an area of only about 2.5 ha. In the same year Saint Karol Boromeusz Church, designed by Dominik Merlini, was built on the northern edge of the cemetery. The catacombs were erected soon therea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Łowicz
Łowicz is a town in central Poland with 27,436 inhabitants (2021). It is situated in the Łódź Voivodeship. Together with a nearby station of Bednary, Łowicz is a major rail junction of central Poland, where the line from Warsaw splits into two directions—towards Poznań, and Łódź. Also, the station Łowicz Main is connected through a secondary-importance line with Skierniewice. Łowicz was a residence of Polish Primate (bishop), primates in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. They served as regents when the town became a temporary "capital" of Poland during the interregnum. As a result, Łowicz has its own bishop and a Łowicz Cathedral, Cathedral Basilica in spite of its considerably small size. The Cathedral Basilica is designated a Historic Monument (Poland), Historic Monument of Poland, and the ruins of a former bishop's castle can be found on the outskirts of town. Also, the town was at the centre of the largest battle of the German invasion of Poland, the Battle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gmina Bielawy
__NOTOC__ Gmina Bielawy is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Bielawy, which lies approximately west of Łowicz and north of the regional capital Łódź. The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 5,992. Villages Gmina Bielawy contains the villages and settlements of Bielawska Wieś, Bielawy, Bogumin, Borów, Borówek, Brzozów, Chruślin, Drogusza, Emilianów, Gaj, Gosławice, Helin, Janinów, Łazin, Leśniczówka, Marianów, Marywil, Oszkowice, Piaski Bankowe, Piotrowice, Przezwiska, Psary, Rulice, Seligi, Skubiki, Sobocka Wieś, Sobota, Stare Orenice, Stare Piaski, Stary Waliszew, Traby, Trzaskowice, Walewice, Waliszew Dworski, Wojewodza, Wola Gosławska, Zakrzew, Żdżary and Zgoda. Neighbouring gminas Gmina Bielawy is bordered by the gminas of Bedlno, Domaniewice, Głowno, Łowicz Łowicz is a town in central P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanisław Głąbiński
Stanisław Głąbiński (25 February 1862 – 14 August 1941) was a Polish politician, academic, lawyer and writer who served in 1918 as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Poland. Early years Głąbiński was born on 25 February 1862 in Skole, in the Stryi district, Eastern Galicia, in what was then the Austrian Empire. His father, Jan Głąbiński, was a participant in the Krakow Uprising in 1846 and the Revolutions of 1848. Jan worked as a tax official in Brzozów, Czortków, Sambór and Skole. He became a town councillor and assessor in Sambor. Little is known about Stanisław Głąbiński's mother, Teofila, née Niedzielska. After graduating from grammar school in Sambór in 1880, Stanisław Głąbiński's was admitted to the Faculty of Law at the University of Lwów. He was a member of the Academic Reading Room and of the Brotherly Aid of Law Students of the Lwów University of Technology, and participated in the meetings of the scientific "Touris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Zloty
Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Polish people, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken * Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwriters * Kevin Polish, an American Paralympian archer Polish may refer to: * Polishing, the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing or chemical action ** French polishing, polishing wood to a high gloss finish * Nail polish * Shoe polish * Polish (screenwriting), improving a script in smaller ways than in a rewrite See also * * * Polishchuk (surname) * Polonaise (other) A polonaise ()) is a stately dance of Polish origin or a piece of music for this dance. Polonaise may also refer to: * Polonaises (Chopin), compositions by Frédéric Chopin ** Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53 (, ''Heroic Polonaise''; ) * Polon ... {{Disambiguation, surname Language and nationality disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bank Polski SA
Bank Polski SA, full name Bank Polski Spółka Akcyjna (), was the central bank of the Second Polish Republic. On , Bank Polski SA succeeded the Polska Krajowa Kasa Pożyczkowa (, ) that had been created in late 1916 for the puppet Kingdom of Poland and kept serving as Poland's bank of issue in 1918-1924. It operated until the invasion of Poland in 1939, after which it relocated to London together with the Polish Government in Exile. In liberated Poland, it was replaced in 1945 by the National Bank of Poland, and was eventually liquidated in 1952. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Bank of Poland" to distinguish it from its 19th-century namesake. Polish National Loan Bank The (PKKP) was established in December 1916 by Germany and Austria-Hungary to serve their puppet Kingdom of Poland. When Poland emerged as an independent country in 1918, it combined territories formerly under the central banking jurisdiction of the State Bank of the Russian Empire, Austro-Hungari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zofia Kirkor-Kiedroniowa
Zofia Kirkor-Kiedroniowa ( Grabska; 14 May 1872 – 15 June 1952) was a Polish national activist. Life and career Zofia Grabska was born to Feliks and Stanisława Grabski at the family possession in the village of Borów. Her brothers were Stanisław Grabski, politician and economist; and Władysław Grabski, Prime Minister of Poland. Until the age of ten, she attended school in her village, later moving to Warsaw. She graduated from a university there and passed the state exam for the mathematics teacher. Grabska was an activist of the Polish Socialist Party, for that she was arrested by Russian authorities and in 1894 sent to Perm and Yekaterinoslav. In 1896 she returned to Warsaw, and since 1900 cooperated with '' Liga Narodowa'' (National League), a political organization of the right-wing National Democracy camp. From 1905 to 1920 she resided in Cieszyn Silesia, where she was active together with her husband Józef Kiedroń in ''Polskie Zjednoczenie Narodowe'' (Polish N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanisław Grabski
Stanisław Grabski (; 5 April 1871 – 6 May 1949) was a Polish economist and politician associated with the National Democracy (Poland), National Democracy political camp. As the top Polish negotiator during the Peace of Riga talks in 1921, Grabski greatly influenced the future of Poland and the Soviet Union. Stanisław Grabski was the brother of Władysław Grabski, another prominent Polish economist and politician who served as Prime Minister of Poland, prime minister, and of political activist Zofia Kirkor-Kiedroniowa. Biography Stanisław Grabski became a political activist early in his life. In 1890, in Berlin, he edited ' (The Workers' Gazette). In 1892 he cofounded the Polish Socialist Party (''PPS''), but in 1901 he detached himself from that political movement to become a member of Roman Dmowski's "nationalist" camp (later known as National Democracy (Poland), National Democracy). A member of the National League (Poland, 1893), National League since 1905, a year l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I. The Second Republic was taken over in 1939, after it was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War. The Polish government-in-exile was established in Paris and later London after the fall of France in 1940. When, after several regional conflicts, most importantly the victorious Polish-Soviet war, the borders of the state were finalized in 1922, Poland's neighbours were Czechoslovakia, Germany, the Free City of Danzig, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, and the Soviet Union. It had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline known as the Polish Corridor on either side of the city of Gdynia. Between March and August 1939, Poland a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Democracy (Poland)
National Democracy (, often abbreviated as ND or known as ''Endecja''; ) was a Polish political movement that operated from the second half of the 19th century, during the partitions of Poland, until the end of the Second Polish Republic. It effectively ceased to exist following the Germano–Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. Throughout its history, National Democracy underwent several phases of development. Initially founded to advocate for Poland's sovereignty against the foreign imperial powers, the movement adopted a right-wing nationalist orientation after the country regained independence. Its key founder and principal ideologue was Roman Dmowski, with other influential figures in the movement including Zygmunt Balicki and Jan Ludwik Popławski. National Democracy found its main base of support in Greater Poland (western Poland), where early momentum was driven by opposition to Imperial Germany's Germanization policies in Polish territories. Over time, the movemen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Władysław Jan Grabski
Władysław Jan Grabski (21 October 1901 - 3 November 1970) was a Polish writer, publicist and poet. His work is embedded in the Catholic current. He wrote both historical novels related to the History of Poland as well as contemporary novels. Biography Władysław Jan Grabski was born on 21 October 1901 in Warsaw to Władysław Grabski, Prime Minister of Poland who served three times, and Katarzyna née Lewandowska. He spent his childhood as described in the autobiographical novel Scarves of Childhood in Borów, Strzelin County, Borów and St. Petersburg. In the years of 1912–1914, he attended the Konopczyński Junior High School. After the outbreak of World War I, he went with his parents to St. Petersburg, where he studied at the Moscow School of the Order of St Catherine, with a six-month break, when, after the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in mid-1917, she and her mother and siblings moved to Feodosia in Crimea. In April 1918, after the conclusion of the Treaty of Bres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
