|
Wu Ding
Wu Ding (; died ); personal name (), was a king of the Chinese Shang dynasty who ruled the central Yellow River valley. He is the earliest figure in Chinese history mentioned in contemporary records. The annals of the Shang dynasty compiled by later historians were once thought to be little more than legends until oracle script inscriptions on bones dating from his reign were unearthed at the ruins of his capital Yin (near modern Anyang) in 1899. Oracle bone inscriptions from his reign have been radiocarbon dated to 1254–1197 BC ±10 years, closely according with regnal dates derived by modern scholars from received texts, epigraphic evidence, and astronomical calculations. Wu Ding's reign is characterized by a prosperous period of the late Shang state, with a wide network of allies and subordinates. The first inscriptions unequivocally recognized as Chinese appeared during his reign, together with new technological innovations. More than half of Shang inscriptions date to his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Chinese Surname
Chinese surnames are used by Han Chinese and Sinicization, Sinicized ethnic groups in Greater China, Korea, Vietnam and among overseas Chinese communities around the world such as Singapore and Malaysia. Written Chinese names begin with surnames, unlike the Western name order, Western tradition in which surnames are written last. Around 2,000 Han Chinese surnames are currently in use, but the great proportion of Han Chinese people use only a relatively small number of these surnames; 19 surnames are used by around half of the Han Chinese people, while 100 surnames are used by around 87% of the population. A report in 2019 gives the List of common Chinese surnames, most common Chinese surnames as Wang (surname), Wang and Li (surname 李), Li, each shared by over 100 million people in China. The remaining eight of the top ten most common Chinese surnames are Zhang (surname), Zhang, Liu, Chen (surname), Chen, Yang (surname), Yang, Huang (surname), Huang, Zhao (surname), Zhao, Wu (surn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Chinese Historiography
Chinese historiography is the study of the techniques and sources used by historians to develop the recorded history of China. Overview of Chinese history The recording of events in Chinese history dates back to the Shang dynasty ( 1600–1046 BC). Many written examples survive of ceremonial inscriptions, divinations and records of family names, which were carved or painted onto tortoise shell or bones. The uniformly religious context of Shang written records makes avoidance of preservation bias important when interpreting Shang history. The first conscious attempt to record history in China may have been the inscription on the Zhou dynasty bronze Shi Qiang ''pan''. This and thousands of other Chinese bronze inscriptions form our primary sources for the period in which they were interred in elite burials. The oldest surviving history texts of China were compiled in the ''Book of Documents (Shujing)''. The '' Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu)'', the official chronicle of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Qiang Jia
Wo Jia () or Qiang Jia (), personal name Zi Yu, was a Shang dynasty King of China. In the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' he was listed by Sima Qian as the fifteenth Shang king, succeeding his brother Zu Xin (). He was enthroned in the year of Renyan () with Bi () as his capital. He ruled for about 25 years (although other sources claim 20 years) before his death. He was given the posthumous name Wo Jia and was succeeded by his nephew Zu Ding (). Oracle script inscriptions on bones unearthed at Yinxu Yinxu (; ) is a Chinese archeological site corresponding to Yin, the final capital of the Shang dynasty (). Located in present-day Anyang, Henan, Yin served as the capital during the Late Shang period () which spanned the reigns of 12 Shang ki ... alternatively record that he was the fourteenth Shang king, given the posthumous name Qiang Jia (). References {{DEFAULTSORT:Wo Jia Kings of the Shang dynasty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Zu Xin
Zu Xin (), personal name Zi Dan, was a Shang dynasty King of China. In the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' he was listed by Sima Qian as the fourteenth Shang king, succeeding his Father Zu Yi (). He was enthroned in the year of Wuzi () with Bi () as his capital. He ruled for about 16 years (although the ''Bamboo Annals'' claim 14 years) before his death. He was given the posthumous name Zu Xin and was succeeded by his younger brother Wo Jia (). Oracle script inscriptions on bones unearthed at Yinxu Yinxu (; ) is a Chinese archeological site corresponding to Yin, the final capital of the Shang dynasty (). Located in present-day Anyang, Henan, Yin served as the capital during the Late Shang period () which spanned the reigns of 12 Shang ki ... alternatively record that he was the thirteenth Shang king. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Zu Xin Kings of the Shang dynasty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Zu Yi
Zu Yi (), personal name Zǐ Téng, was a Shang dynasty King of China. In the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' he was listed by Sima Qian as the thirteenth Shang king, succeeding his Father He Dan Jia (). He was enthroned in the year of Jisi () with Xiang () as his capital. In the first year of his reign he moved his capital to Geng () where he held a ceremony and wrote the article of Zuyi. The following year he moved his capital again, this time to Bi () where six years later his palace was completed. During his reign the Shang became stronger than ever thanks to some fine appointments including Wuxian () as his prime minister in the third year of his reign and Gaoyu () as his vassal in the fifteenth year of his reign. He ruled for about 19 years before his death. He was given the posthumous name Zu Yi and was succeeded by his son Zu Xin (). Oracle script inscriptions on bones unearthed at Yinxu Yinxu (; ) is a Chinese archeological site corresponding to Yin, the final c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Agnatic Seniority
Agnatic seniority is a patrilineality, patrilineal principle of inheritance where the order of succession to the throne prefers the monarch's younger brother over the monarch's own sons. A monarch's children (the next generation) succeed only after the males of the elder generation have all been exhausted. Agnatic seniority excludes females of the dynasty and their descendants from the succession. Contrast Primogeniture#Agnatic primogeniture, agnatic primogeniture, where the king's sons stand higher in succession than his brothers. Description In hereditary monarchy, monarchies, particularly in more ancient times, seniority was a much-used principle of order of succession. The Ottoman Empire evolved from an elective succession (following the principle of agnatic seniority) to a succession inherited by the law of agnatic seniority. In succession based on rotation (close to seniority), all (male) members of the dynasty were entitled to the monarchy, in principle. However, this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Radiocarbon (journal)
''Radiocarbon'' is a scientific journal devoted to the topic of radiocarbon dating. It was founded in 1959 as a supplement to the ''American Journal of Science'', and is an important source of data and information about radiocarbon dating. It publishes many radiocarbon results, and since 1979 it has published the proceedings of the international conferences on radiocarbon dating. The journal is published six times per year. it is published by Cambridge University Press. See also * Carbon-14 References External links *''Radiocarbon''at the University of Arizona''Radiocarbon'' archives (1959-2012)at the University of Arizona The University of Arizona (Arizona, U of A, UArizona, or UA) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Tucson, Arizona, United States. Founded in 1885 by the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, it ... Campus Repository Radiocarbon dating Academic journals established in 1959 Cambridge Universi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project () was a multi-disciplinary project commissioned by the People's Republic of China in 1996 to determine with accuracy the location and time frame of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. The project was directed by professor Li Xueqin of Tsinghua University in Beijing, and involved around 200 experts. It used radiocarbon dating, archaeological dating methods, historical textual analysis, astronomy, and other methods to achieve greater temporal and geographic accuracy. Preliminary results were released in November 2000 and the final report was published in June 2022. Among other findings, it dated the beginning of the Xia to , the Shang to , and the Zhou to . However, some scholars have disputed several of the project's methods and conclusions. Background The traditional account of ancient China, represented by the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' written by Sima Qian in the Han dynasty, begins with the Three Sovereigns and Five Emper ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
The Cambridge History Of Ancient China
''The Cambridge History of China'' is a series of books published by the Cambridge University Press (CUP) covering the history of China from the founding of the Qin dynasty in 221 BC to 1982 AD. The series was conceived by British historian Denis Twitchett and American historian John King Fairbank in the late 1960s, and publication began in 1978. The complete ''History'' will contain 15 volumes made up of 17 books (not including the ''Cambridge History of Ancient China'') with volumes 5 and 9 consisting of two books each. Chinese history before the Qin dynasty is covered in an independent volume, ''The Cambridge History of Ancient China'' (1999) which follows the Pinyin romanization system; the other volumes except vol. 2 use Wade–Giles romanization. The final volume, Volume 4, was to be published in 2020, but is indefinitely delayed. An unauthorized Chinese translation of volume 7 (''The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1'') was made in 1992 by the Chinese Academy of Socia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Zhushu Jinian
The ''Bamboo Annals'' ( zh, t=竹書紀年, p=Zhúshū Jìnián), also known as the ''Ji Tomb Annals'' ( zh, t=汲冢紀年, p=Jí Zhǒng Jìnián), is a chronicle of ancient China. It begins in the earliest legendary time (the age of the Yellow Emperor) and extends to 299 BC, with the later centuries focusing on the history of the State of Wei in the Warring States period. It thus covers a similar period to Sima Qian's ''Records of the Grand Historian'' (91 BC). The original may have been lost during the Song dynasty, and the text is known today in two versions, a "current text" (or "modern text") of disputed authenticity and an incomplete "ancient text". Textual history The original text was buried with King Xiang of Wei (died 296 BC) and re-discovered nearly six centuries later in 281 AD (Western Jin dynasty) in the Jizhong discovery. For this reason, the chronicle survived the burning of the books by Emperor Qin Shi Huang. Other texts recovered from the same tomb included ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Sexagenary Cycle
The sexagenary cycle, also known as the gānzhī (干支) or stems-and-branches, is a cycle of sixty terms, each corresponding to one year, thus amounting to a total of sixty years every cycle, historically used for recording time in China and the rest of the East Asian cultural sphere, as well as in Southeast Asia. It appears as a means of recording days in the first Chinese written texts, the oracle bones of the late second millennium BC Shang dynasty. Its use to record years began around the middle of the 3rd century BC. The cycle and its variations have been an important part of the traditional calendrical systems in Chinese-influenced Asian states and territories, particularly those of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, with the old Chinese system still in use in Taiwan, and in Mainland China. In India, the Ahom people (descendants of the Dai people of Yunnan who migrated to Assam in the 13th century) also used the sexagenary cycle known as Lak-Ni. This traditional metho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Sima Qian
Sima Qian () was a Chinese historian during the early Han dynasty. He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for the ''Shiji'' (sometimes translated into English as ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China covering more than two thousand years from the rise of the legendary Yellow Emperor and formation of the first Chinese polity to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, during which Sima wrote. As the first universal history of the world as it was known to the ancient Chinese, the ''Shiji'' served as a model for official histories for subsequent dynasties across the Sinosphere until the 20th century. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, first conceived of the ambitious project of writing a complete history of China, but had completed only some preparatory sketches at the time of his death. After inheriting his father's position as court historian in the imperial court, he was determined to fulfill his father's dying wish of composing and putting together th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
