|
Wick (hieroglyph)
The total number of distinct Egyptian hieroglyphs increased over time from several hundred in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Middle Kingdom to several thousand during the Ptolemaic Kingdom. In 1928/1929 Alan Gardiner published an overview of hieroglyphs, Gardiner's sign list, the basic modern standard. It describes 763 signs in 26 categories (A–Z, roughly). Georg Möller compiled more extensive lists, organized by historical epoch (published posthumously in 1927 and 1936). In Unicode, the block Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block), ''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'' (2009) includes 1071 signs, organization based on Gardiner's list. As of 2016, there is a proposal by Michael Everson to extend the Unicode standard to comprise Möller's list. Subsets Notable subsets of hieroglyphs: * Egyptian_hieroglyphs#Determinatives, Determinatives * Egyptian uniliteral signs, Uniliteral signs * Egyptian biliteral signs, Biliteral signs * Egyptian triliteral signs, Triliteral signs * Egyptian numerals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egyptian Hieroglyphs
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs ( ) were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined Ideogram, ideographic, logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with more than 1,000 distinct characters.In total, there were about 1,000 graphemes in use during the Old Kingdom period; this number decreased to 750–850 during the Middle Kingdom, but rose instead to around 5,000 signs during the Ptolemaic period. Antonio Loprieno, ''Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction'' (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), p. 12. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for Ancient Egyptian literature, religious literature on papyrus and wood. The later hieratic and demotic (Egyptian), demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing, as was the Proto-Sinaitic script that later evolved into the Phoenician alphabet. Egyptian hieroglyphs are the ultimate ancestor of the Phoenician alphabet, the first widely adopted phonetic writing system. Moreov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egyptian Numerals
The system of ancient Egyptian numerals was used in Ancient Egypt from around 3000 BC until the early first millennium AD. It was a system of numeration based on multiples of ten, often rounded off to the higher power, written in hieroglyphs. The Egyptians had no concept of a positional notation such as the decimal system."The Story of Numbers" by John McLeish The hieratic form of numerals stressed an exact finite series notation, ciphered one-to-one onto the Egyptian alphabet. Digits and numbers The following hieroglyphs were used to denote powers of ten: Multiples of these values were expressed by repeating the symbol as many times as needed. For instance, a stone carving from Karnak shows the number 4,622 as: Egyptian hieroglyphs could be written in both directions (and even vertically). In this example the symbols decrease in value from top to bottom and from left to right. On the original stone carving, it is right-to-left, and the signs are thus reversed. Zero ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MediaWiki
MediaWiki is free and open-source wiki software originally developed by Magnus Manske for use on Wikipedia on January 25, 2002, and further improved by Lee Daniel Crocker,mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2001-August/000382.html, Magnus Manske's announcement of "PHP Wikipedia", wikipedia-l, August 24, 2001 after which development has been coordinated by the Wikimedia Foundation. It powers several wiki hosting websites across the Internet, as well as most websites hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation including Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikimedia Commons, Wikiquote, Meta-Wiki and Wikidata, which define a large part of the set requirements for the software. Besides its usage on Wikimedia sites, MediaWiki has been used as a knowledge management and content management system on websites such as Fandom (website), Fandom, wikiHow and major internal installations like Intellipedia and Diplopedia. MediaWiki is written in the PHP programming language and stores all text content into a database. The sof ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Help:WikiHiero Syntax
"WikiHiero" is a PHP script to render Egyptian hieroglyphs as PNG images. Since Egyptian hieroglyphs are currently only partially supported by Unicode, this is the only way of rendering hieroglyphs in article texts short of uploading custom images. The script is invoked by the tag. The tag produces an HTML table (of class='mw-hierotable') that will separate the surrounding text into paragraphs. For inline WikiHiero images, manually add tags around the paragraph and tags around the hieroglyphs. For example, the code: :Aleph is thought to be derived from the West Semitic word for " ox", and its shape is ultimately based on a hieroglyph depicting an ox's head, , in Egyptian reading a biliteral sign with the phonetic value . produces: :Aleph is thought to be derived from the West Semitic word for " ox", and its shape is ultimately based on a hieroglyph depicting an ox's head, , in Egyptian reading a biliteral sign with the phonetic value . (If the paragraph is set off with a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Griffith Institute
The Griffith Institute is an Egyptological institution based in the Griffith Wing of the Sackler Library and is part of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, England. It was founded for the advancement of Egyptology and Ancient Near Eastern Studies by the first Professor of Egyptology at the University of Oxford, Francis Llewellyn Griffith. Griffith bequeathed funds in his will (augmented by the personal fortune of his wife Nora Griffith) for the foundation of the Institute and it opened on 21 January 1939, with its own independent committee of management. Rosalind Moss operated the Griffith Institute from its opening until the mid-1960s. Overview The Griffith Institute Archive is home to an important and unique set of Egyptology resources. Built upon Griffith's original collection of manuscripts and excavation records, it contains and preserves early copies of inscriptions, drawings, watercolours, old negatives, photographs, squeezes, and rubbings. Among so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Being An Introduction To The Study Of Hieroglyphs
''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'' is a 1927 book by English Egyptologist Alan Gardiner. First published in 1927 in London by the Clarendon Press, it has been reprinted several times since. The third edition, published in 1957, is the most widely used version for the subject. Through a series of 33 lessons, the book gives a very thorough overview of the language and writing system of ancient Egypt. The focus of the book is the literary language of the Middle Kingdom. The creation of the book resulted in the development of an accurate and detailed hieroglyphic typeset, Gardiner's Sign List. Gardiner's work is considered to this day to be the most thorough textbook of the Egyptian language in existence, although subsequent developments have supplanted a number of aspects of Gardiner's understanding of Egyptian grammar, particularly with regard to the verbal system. Editions * First edition (1927), Oxford: Clarendon Press. * Second edition, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Cuneiform Signs
Cuneiform is one of the earliest systems of writing, emerging in Sumer in the late fourth millennium BC. Archaic versions of cuneiform writing, including the Third Dynasty of Ur, Ur III (and earlier, Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia), ED III cuneiform of literature such as the Barton Cylinder) are not included due to extreme complexity of arranging them consistently and unequivocally by the shape of their signs;Bendt Alster, "On the Earliest Sumerian Literary Tradition," ''Journal of Cuneiform Studies'' 28 (1976) 109-126/ref> see Early Dynastic Cuneiform for the Unicode block. The columns within the list contain: #MesZL: Sign index in Rykle Borger's (2004) ''Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon''. #ŠL/HA: Sign index in Deimel's ''Šumerisches Lexikon'' (ŠL), completed and accommodated in Ellermeier and Studt's ''Handbuch Assur'' (HA). #aBZL: Sign index in Mittermayer's (2006) ''Altbabylonische Zeichenliste der sumerisch-literarischen Texte''. #HethZL'':'' Sign index in Rüster and Neu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transliteration Of Ancient Egyptian
As used for Egyptology, transliteration of Ancient Egyptian is the process of converting (or mapping) texts written as Egyptian language symbols to alphabetic symbols representing uniliteral Egyptian hieroglyphs, hieroglyphs or their hieratic and Demotic (Egyptian), demotic counterparts. This process facilitates the publication of texts where the inclusion of photographs or drawings of an actual Egyptian document is impractical. Transliteration is not the same as transcription (linguistics), transcription. Transliteration is the representation of written symbols in a consistent way in a different writing system, while transcription indicates the pronunciation of a text. For the case of Ancient Egyptian, precise details of the phonology are not known completely. Transcription systems for Ancient Egyptian do exist, but they rely on linguistic reconstruction (depending on evidence from the Coptic language and other details) and are thus theoretical in nature. Egyptologists rely on tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egyptian Triliteral Signs
As part of the system of Egyptian hieroglyphs, some hieroglyphs served as phonograms representing one, two, or three consonants, used purely for their consonantal values. This use as phonograms contrasts with use as logograms, where hieroglyphs represent an entire word depicted by the image of the hieroglyph itself that may also have the same one, two, or three consonants. List The following is a list of hieroglyphs used as phonographs with triconsonantal phonetic values. These forms and their values are from Allen (2014), unless otherwise indicated. Usage Triliteral signs could be used by themselves to indicate the consonant sequence they represent, or they could more often be written along with phonetic complements, that is, they could appear with uniliteral signs that represent part of their value. Some examples of triliterals with phonetic complementation appear in the table below. See also *Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian *Egyptian uniliteral signs * Egyptian bil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
