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Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining ghetto population to the gas chambers of the Majdanek and Treblinka extermination camps. After the Grossaktion Warsaw of summer 1942, in which more than a quarter of a million Jews were deported from the ghetto to Treblinka and murdered, the remaining Jews began to build bunkers and smuggle weapons and explosives into the ghetto. The left-wing Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB) and right-wing Jewish Military Union (ŻZW) formed and began to train. A small resistance effort to another roundup in January 1943 was partially successful and spurred Polish resistance groups to support the Jews in earnest. The uprising started on 19 April when the ghetto refused to surrender to the police commander SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop, who ordered the destruction of the ghetto, block by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warsaw Ghetto Boy
The Warsaw Ghetto boy is a boy photographed in 1943 during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. In the best-known photograph taken during the uprising, a boy holds his hands over his head while Josef Blösche points a submachine gun in his direction. The boy and others hid in a bunker during the final liquidation of the ghetto, but they were caught and forced out by German troops. After the photograph was taken, all of the Jews in the photograph were marched to the ''Umschlagplatz'' and deported to a extermination camp (either Majdanek extermination camp, Majdanek or Treblinka). The exact location and the photographer are not known, and Blösche is the only person in the photograph who can be identified with certainty. The image is one of the most famous photographs of the Holocaust, and the boy came to represent children in the Holocaust, as well as all Jewish victims. Background Warsaw is the capital of Poland. Before the war, about 380,000 Jews lived there, about one-quarter of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghetto Uprisings
The ghetto uprisings during World War II were a series of armed revolts against the regime of Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe. Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Polish Jews were targeted from the outset. Within months inside occupied Poland, the Germans created hundreds of ghettos in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of economic exploitation. The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them. In most cities the Jewish underground resistance movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources. The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust known as Operation Reinhard (launched in 1942), against the Nazi plan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jewish Military Union
Żydowski Związek Wojskowy (ŻZW, Polish for ''Jewish Military Union,'' ) was an underground resistance organization operating during World War II in the area of the Warsaw Ghetto, which fought during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and 1944 Warsaw Uprising. It was formed, primarily of former officers of the Polish Army, in late 1939, soon after the start of the German occupation of Poland. Due to the ŻZW's close ties with the Armia Krajowa (AK), which was closely linked to the Polish Government in Exile, after the war the Soviet-dependent People's Republic of Poland suppressed publication of books and articles on ŻZW. Its role in the uprising in the ghetto was downplayed, in favour of the larger, more socialist Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (''Jewish Fighting Organization''). History Formation The ŻZW was formed some time in November 1939, immediately after the German and Soviet conquest of Poland. Among its founding members may have been Dawid Mordechaj Apfelba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leon Rodal
Leon Rodal, also Arie or Lejb Rodal (January 29, 1912 in Kielce – 6 May 1943, in Warsaw), was a Polish journalist, Zionist-Revisionist party activist, co-founder and one of the commanders of the Jewish Military Union. He participated and died in the Warsaw Ghetto uprising. Biography Rodal, also known under the names of Leib (in Yiddish) and Arie (in Hebrew), was a well-known journalist of the magazines ''Moment'' and ''Di Tat'', writing in Yiddish, before the war. He was also an activist of the Zionist right-wing Zionists-Revisionists Party. After the outbreak of the war, Rodal found himself in the Warsaw Ghetto, where in 1942 was one of the co-founders and commanders of the Jewish Military Union (ŻZW). In the Union, he was responsible for the information department, which prepared, printed and distributed newspapers, newsletters, posters as well as conducted radio eavesdropping. During the first days of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, Rodal fought in Muranów Square, defending ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paweł Frenkiel
Paweł Frenkiel (sometimes also Frenkel, ; 1920–1943) was a Polish Army officer and a Jew Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...ish youth leader in Warsaw and one of the senior commanders of the Jewish Military Union, or the ŻZW. Although one of the most important leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the Jewish resistance in the months preceding April 1943, Frenkiel is also one of the least well known to historians; both his early life and ultimate fate are a subject of some controversy. Biography Paweł Frenkiel was born in Warsaw, Poland. At the age of 18 he joined the revisionist Zionism, Zionist youth movement Betar. Following the outbreak of World War II, September Campaign, German conquest of Poland and the start of German repressions against the Jewish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marek Edelman
Marek Edelman (; 1919/1922 – October 2, 2009) was a Polish Jewish political and social activist and cardiologist. Edelman was the last surviving leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Long before his death, he was the last one to stay in the Polish People's Republic despite harassment by the Polish United Workers' Party authorities. Before World War II, he was a General Jewish Labour Bund activist. During the war he co-founded the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB). He took part in the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, becoming its leader after the death of Mordechaj Anielewicz. He also took part in the citywide 1944 Warsaw Uprising. After the war, Edelman remained in Poland and became a noted cardiologist. From the 1970s, he collaborated with the Workers' Defence Committee and other political groups opposing Poland's Communist regime. As a member of Solidarity, he took part in the Polish Round Table Talks of 1989. Following the peaceful transformations of 1989, he was a membe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maurycy Orzech
Maurycy Orzech (; nom de guerre: ''Janczyn'';David Cesarani, Sarah Kavanaugh, Holocaust: critical concepts in historical studies, Volume 4, Routledge, 2004, pg. 312/ref> 1891 – August 1943 in Pawiak, Warsaw) was a Polish Jewish economist, journalist, politician and a leader of the Jewish Bund in interwar Poland. He was one of the commanders of the Bund during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Interwar Poland Orzech joined the Bund in 1907 and was in charge of the party's newspaper, ''Forverts''. In the late 1920s he served as chairman of the Bund-founded Socialist Association of Artisans of the Republic of Poland ("Socialist Artisans").Joseph Marcus, "Social and political history of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939", Walter de Gruyter, 1983, pg. 134/ref> Orzech was also member of the Bund affiliated Morgnshtern sports organization. He owned a textile manufacturing factory, "Bazar Orzecha" which was very profitable. Orzech used money from his business to finance the Yiddish newspap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zivia Lubetkin
Zivia Lubetkin (, , , nom de guerre: Celina; 9 November 1914 – 11 July 1978) was one of the leaders of the Jewish underground in Nazi-occupied Warsaw and the only woman on the High Command of the resistance group Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB). She survived the Holocaust in German-occupied Poland and immigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1946, at the age of 32. Biography Pre-World War II Zivia Lubetkin was born in Byteń in the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Belarus). She joined the Labor Zionist Movement at an early age. During her school years, Lubetkin was educated in Hebrew by private tutors. In her late teens she joined the Zionist youth movement Dror, and in 1938 became a member of its Executive Council. In August 1939, she attended the twenty-first Zionist Congress as a delegate of the Eretz Israel Labor bloc. After Nazi Germany and later the Soviet Union invaded Poland in September 1939 she made a perilous journey from the Soviet oc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yitzhak Zuckerman
Yitzhak Zuckerman (; ; 13 December 1915 – 17 June 1981), also known by his nom de guerre "Antek", was one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 against Nazi Germany during World War II. Biography Zuckerman was born on December 13, 1915, in Vilnius, then part of the Russian Empire. After World War I Vilnius became part of the recreated Polish state. As a young man he embraced the concepts of Socialism and Zionism. He graduated from a religious elementary school associated with the Mizrachi Zionist movement, followed by a Hebrew gymnasium in 1933. He applied to study at the University of Vilnius and Hebrew University in Jerusalem, but never began university studies. In his youth, he became involved with the Zionist movement, as a member of HeHalutz and HeHalutz Hatzair. He lived in a Vilnius kibbutz on Subocz Street, then on a farm training pioneers in Grochów near Warsaw. In 1937, he became a member of the HeHalutz Hatzair Central Committee, and in 1938 he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mordechai Anielewicz
Mordechai Anielewicz (; 1919 – 8 May 1943) was the Polish leader of the Jewish Combat Organization (, ŻOB) during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; the largest Jewish resistance movement during the Second World War. Anielewicz inspired further rebellions in both ghettos and extermination camps with his leadership. His character was engraved as a symbol of courage and sacrifice, and was a major figure of Jewish resistance during the Holocaust. Biography Mordechai () Anielewicz was born to a Polish-Jewish family of Abraham (Avraham) and Cyryl (Cirel) née Zaltman, in the town of Wyszków near Warsaw where they met during the reconstitution of sovereign Poland. Shortly after Mordechai's birth, his family moved to Warsaw. Mordechai had a brother and two sisters: Pinchas, Hava and Frida. He finished Tarbut elementary with Hebrew instructions in 1933, at the age of 14. Mordechai was a member of the Betar youth movement from 1933 until 1935. He completed the private Jewish Laor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Hahn
Ludwig Hermann Karl Hahn (23 January 1908 – 10 November 1986) was a German SS-'' Standartenführer'', Nazi official and convicted war criminal. He held numerous positions with the German police and security services (RSHA) over the course of his career with the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS). As a senior officer of the ''Sicherheitspolizei'' (Security Police; SiPo) and ''Sicherheitsdienst'' (Security Service; SD) in occupied-Poland, Hahn was directly involved in the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto (July–September 1942) and the brutal suppression of both the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (April–May 1943) and the Warsaw Uprising (August–October 1944). During postwar investigations against him, Hahn was imprisoned from July 1960 to July 1961 and December 1965 to December 1967. Between 1972 and 1975, Hahn was the subject of two separate war crimes prosecutions in Hamburg, West Germany; both related to atrocities that occurred during his service with the SS in Warsaw. He was ultimate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arpad Wigand
Arpad Jakob Valentin Wigand (13 January 1906 – 26 July 1983) was a German Nazi war criminal with the rank of SS-''Oberführer'' who served as the SS and Police Leader (SSPF) in Warsaw from 4 August 1941 until 23 April 1943 during the occupation of Poland in World War II. He was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to prison. Early life Wigand was born the son of a railwayman in Mannheim. After completing secondary school, he began an apprenticeship with the ''Deutsche Reichsbahn'' in 1922. However, after completing his training, he was not hired due to austerity measures at the railway. From 1925 onward, he earned his living as a commercial clerk in Düsseldorf. He lost this job in 1931 as a result of the Great Depression.Andreas Mix''Vom Waldhof nach Warschau. Die Karriere des SS-Führers Arpad Wigand''auf Marchivum vom 10. April 2020 Peacetime SS career Wigand became a member of the Nazi Party in 1926 (membership number 30,682) and of the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS number 2,9 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
