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WAPAL
Wings apart-like protein homolog (WAPL) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''WAPAL'' gene. WAPL is a key regulator of the Cohesin complex which mediates Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion, sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and Topologically associating domain, DNA looping. Cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1A, SMC1, RAD21 and either STAG1, SA1 or STAG2, SA2. Cohesin has a ring-like arrangement and it is thought that it associates with the chromosome by entrapping it whether as a loop of DNA, a single strand or a pair of sister chromosomes. WAPL forms a complex with PDS5A or PDS5B and releases cohesin from DNA by opening the interface between SMC3 and RAD21. Interphase Cohesin loading begins in telophase and is mediated by NIPBL and its binding partner MAU2. In Cell cycle, G1, WAPL forms a complex with PDS5 and removes cohesin from the DNA but it is reloaded by NIPBL-MAU2. The equilibrium between loading and release give cohesin a DNA residence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SGOL1
Shugoshin 1 or Shugoshin-like 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SGO1'' gene. Mechanisms A physical mechanism that guarantees the accurate segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis arises from the ring shaped cohesin complex consisting of 4 subunits ( SMC1A/ B, SMC3, SCC1, and SA1/ 2 in humans). This complex encircles the two sister chromatids and resists the pulling force of microtubules. The characteristic X-shape chromosomes are formed due to the centromeric cohesin protected by Shugoshin- PP2A complex. Kinetochore localization of Sgo1-PP2A is dependent upon phosphorylation on histone H2A of nucleosome, which is the important substrate of spindle checkpoint kinase BUB1. Centromeric cohesin and H2A-pT120 specify two distinct pools of Sgo1-PP2A at inner centromeres and kinetochores respectively, while the CDK1 Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cohesin
Cohesin is a protein complex that mediates Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion, sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination, and Topologically associating domain, DNA looping. Cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1A, SMC1, RAD21, SCC1 and SCC3 (STAG1, SA1 or STAG2, SA2 in humans). Cohesin holds sister chromatids together after DNA replication until anaphase when removal of cohesin leads to separation of sister chromatids. The complex forms a ring-like structure and it is believed that sister chromatids are held together by entrapment inside the cohesin ring. Cohesin is a member of the SMC proteins, SMC family of protein complexes which includes Condensin, Nucleoid#MukBEF, MukBEF and SMC-ScpAB. Cohesin was separately discovered in budding yeast (''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'') both by Douglas Koshland and Kim Nasmyth in 1997. Structure and subunits Cohesin is a multi-subunit protein complex, made up of SMC1, SMC3, RAD21 and SCC3 (SA1 or SA2). SMC1 and SMC3 are members of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Establishment Of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
Sister chromatid cohesion refers to the process by which sister chromatids are paired and held together during certain phases of the cell cycle. Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion is the process by which chromatin-associated cohesin protein becomes competent to physically bind together the sister chromatids. In general, cohesion is established during S phase as DNA is replicated, and is lost when chromosomes segregate during mitosis and meiosis. Some studies have suggested that cohesion aids in aligning the kinetochores during mitosis by forcing the kinetochores to face opposite cell poles. Cohesin loading Cohesin first associates with the chromosomes during G1 phase. The cohesin ring is composed of two SMC protein, SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) proteins and two additional Scc proteins. Cohesin may originally interact with chromosomes via the ATPase domains of the SMC proteins. In yeast, the loading of cohesin on the chromosomes depends on proteins Scc2 and Scc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDS5B
Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B (PDS5B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PDS5B'' gene. It is a regulatory subunit of the Cohesin complex which mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and DNA looping. The core cohesin complex is formed of SMC3, SMC1, RAD21 and either SA1 or SA2. PDS5 associates with WAPL to stimulate the release of cohesin from DNA but during DNA replication PDS5 promotes acetylation of SMC3 by ESCO1 Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion N-acetyltransferase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ESCO1 gene. Function ESCO1 belongs to a conserved family of acetyltransferases involved in sister chromatid A sister chromatid ref ... and ESCO2. References Genes mutated in mice {{gene-13-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDS5A
Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PDS5A'' gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei .... References Further reading * * * * * * * {{gene-4-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CDCA5
WP:SE Sororin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CDCA5'' gene. Function Sororin is required for stable binding of cohesin to chromatin and for sister chromatid cohesion in interphase. Clinical significance Transactivation of Sororin and its phosphorylation at Ser209 by ERK play an important role in lung cancer Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung. Lung cancer is caused by genetic damage to the DNA of cells in the airways, often caused by cigarette smoking or inhaling damaging chemicals. Damaged ... proliferation. References Further reading * * * * * * * External links * {{gene-11-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cell Cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the sequential series of events that take place in a cell (biology), cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the growth of the cell, duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm, chromosomes and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division. In eukaryotic cells (having a cell nucleus) including animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells, the cell cycle is divided into two main stages: interphase, and the M phase that includes mitosis and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, and replicates its DNA and some of its organelles. During the M phase, the replicated Chromosome, chromosomes, organelles, and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells. To ensure the proper replication of cellular components and division, there are control mechanisms kno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NIPBL
Nipped-B-like protein (NIPBL), also known as SCC2 or delangin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NIPBL'' gene. NIPBL is required for the association of cohesin with DNA and is the major subunit of the cohesin loading complex. Heterozygous mutations in ''NIPBL'' account for an estimated 60% of case of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome. Structure and Interactions NIPBL is a large hook-shaped protein containing HEAT repeats. NIPBL forms a complex with MAU2 (Scc4 in budding yeast) known as the cohesin loading complex. As this name suggests NIPBL and MAU2 are required for the initial association of cohesin with DNA. Cohesin is thought to mediate enhancer-promoter interactions and generate Topologically associating domains (TADs). As well as mediating cohesion and regulating DNA architecture the cohesin complex is required for DNA repair by homologous recombination. Given that NIPBL is required for cohesin's association with DNA it is thought that NIPBL is also required for a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structure Of PDS5B (blue), WAPL (green) And IP6 (PDB 5HDT) (Ouyang Et Al
A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as biological organisms, minerals and chemicals. Abstract structures include data structures in computer science and musical form. Types of structure include a hierarchy (a cascade of one-to-many relationships), a network featuring many-to-many links, or a lattice featuring connections between components that are neighbors in space. Load-bearing Buildings, aircraft, skeletons, anthills, beaver dams, bridges and salt domes are all examples of load-bearing structures. The results of construction are divided into buildings and non-building structures, and make up the infrastructure of a human society. Built structures are broadly divided by their varying design approaches and standards, into categories including building structures, arc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
STAG2
Cohesin subunit SA-2 (SA2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''STAG2'' gene. SA2 is a subunit of the Cohesin complex which mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and DNA looping. In somatic cells cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1, RAD21 and either SA1 or SA2 whereas in meiosis, cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1B, REC8 and SA3. ''STAG2'' is frequently mutated in a range of cancers and several other disorders. Function SA2 is part of the cohesin complex, which is a structure that holds the sister chromatids together after DNA replication. STAG2 has been shown to interact with STAG1. Cohesion folds by DNA loop extrusion and this cohesion consists of SMC1, SMC3, RAD21, and either STAG1 or STAG2. SA2 interacts with a ring-like structure composed of SMC1A, SMC3, and RAD21, to form the core of the cohesin complex. The ring-like structure binds chromosomes together until degradation of the cohesin complex is finished during cell division. This ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of Gene product, RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first transcription (biology), copied into RNA. RNA can be non-coding RNA, directly functional or be the intermediate protein biosynthesis, template for the synthesis of a protein. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring, is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits from one generation to the next. These genes make up different DNA sequences, together called a genotype, that is specific to every given individual, within the gene pool of the population (biology), population of a given species. The genotype, along with environmental and developmental factors, ultimately determines the phenotype ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
