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Vekâyi-i Mısriyye
''Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya'' ( / ALA-LC: ; meaning "the Egyptian affairs") was an Egyptian newspaper (now a government information bulletin) established in 1828 on the order of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, originally titled ''Vekâyi-i Mısriyye'' () and written in Ottoman Turkish in the right column with an Arabic translation in the left one, and later in Arabic only under the Arabic title. It was printed at the Amiri Press. ''Al-Waqai'' was the official journal, official gazette of Egypt, and is now published as an appendix of the Official Journal of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Official Journal. Precedents The newspaper's earliest precedent was Napoleon, Napoleon's , published every five days (according to another source, every ten days) in four pages in French language, French starting on August 29, 1798, for French propaganda during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria. It included current events, courts-martial, and French Army festivities. Inspired by this, the g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Ali Of Egypt
Muhammad Ali (4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Albanians, Albanian viceroy and governor who became the ''de facto'' ruler of History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty, Egypt from 1805 to 1848, widely considered the founder of modern Egypt. At the height of his rule in 1840, he controlled Egypt, Turco-Egyptian Sudan, Sudan, Hejaz, the Levant, Crete and parts of Greece and transformed Cairo from a mere Ottoman provincial capital to the center of an expansive empire. Born in a village in Ottoman Albania, Albania, when he was young he moved with his family to Kavala in the Rumelia Eyalet, where his father, an Albanian tobacco and shipping merchant, served as an Ottoman commander of a small unit in the city. Ali was a military commander in an Albanian Ottoman force sent to recover Egypt from French campaign in Egypt and Syria, French occupation following Napoleon's withdrawal. He Muhammad Ali's rise to power, rose to power through a series of po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jurnal Al-Khidiw
''Jurnal al-Khidiw'' (, - lit. "Journal of the Khedive"), first published 1821–1822, was the first printed periodical in Arabic. It was a bilingual Turkish–Arabic bulletin for official use, with a run as small as 100 copies. At first it was handwritten and printed lithographically with irregular frequency. It was later printed with weekly and then daily frequency. It was succeeded by ''Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya ''Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya'' ( / ALA-LC: ; meaning "the Egyptian affairs") was an Egyptian newspaper (now a government information bulletin) established in 1828 on the order of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, originally titled ''Vekâyi-i MÄ ...'', first published December 3, 1828. References {{Egypt-newspaper-stub Defunct newspapers published in Egypt Ottoman Turkish language Defunct Arabic-language newspapers Defunct Turkish-language newspapers Muhammad Ali of Egypt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmud II
Mahmud II (, ; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. Often described as the "Peter the Great of Turkey", Mahmud instituted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms. His disbandment of the conservative Janissary, Janissary Corps removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire, creating the foundations of the subsequent Tanzimat era. Mahmud's reign was also marked by further Ottoman military defeats and loss of territory as a result of nationalist uprisings and European intervention. Mahmud ascended the throne following an Ottoman coups of 1807–1808, 1808 coup that deposed his half-brother Mustafa IV. Early in his reign, the Ottoman Empire ceded Bessarabia to Russia at the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), 1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War. Greece waged a Greek War of Independence, successful war of independence that started in 1821 with British, French and Russian su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Le Moniteur Ottoman
''Le Moniteur ottoman'' was a newspaper written in French and first published in 1831 on the order of Mahmud II.''État présent de l'empire ottoman'', p. 168. It was the first official gazette of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the Sublime Porte. Its name perhaps referred to the French newspaper ''Le Moniteur Universel''. It was issued weekly. Mahmud II wished to influence Europeans.Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). ''Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule'' (Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016. , 9781317118442. Google Books Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sami Efendi
Sami Efendi (, Modern Turkish: ''Hattat Mehmet Sâmi Efendi'') (1858-1912), was an Ottoman calligrapher. Life and work He was born Mehmed Sami on 13 March 1838 in Haydarhâne district of Fatih in Istanbul. His father was Mehmed Efendi, an official of the Quilt-makers Guild and his mother was Nefise Hanim. He studied calligraphy with Kibriszade Ismail Hakki Efendi and Haydar Bey (182-1870). He was also student of Sheikh Sadik Efendi, who had learned his art in 19th-century Bukhara and his students, including Sami, helped to carry it into the 20th-century. He was inspired by the work of Mustafa Raq'im (1757 - 1826) He also learned the art of paper making and the art of marbling paper by studying with Edhem Efendi. His personal style was most evident with ''Celî''. These plates were generally written on black paper with yellow colored ink, or sometimes with gold. Sami designed the most attractive designs for vowell signs, refined many aids to reading and also developed the ''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghee
Ghee is a type of clarified butter, originating from South Asia. It is commonly used for cooking, as a Traditional medicine of India, traditional medicine, and for Hinduism, Hindu religious rituals. Description Ghee is typically prepared by simmering butter, which is obtained by churning cream, skimming any impurities from the surface, then pouring and retaining the clear liquid fat while discarding the solid residue that settles at the bottom. Spices can be added for flavor. The texture, color, and taste of ghee depend on the quality of the butter, the milk used in the process, and the duration of boiling. Etymology The word ''ghee'' is borrowed from the Hindi word (''ghī''), which comes from (', ) 'clarified butter', from the root , , 'to sprinkle'; it is cognate with the Ancient Greek word (, 'rubbed, anointed'), from which the English word ''Christ'' is derived. In Hinduism Traditionally, ghee is made from bovine milk, either Cattle, cow or water buffalo, and has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Language
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as ( "the eloquent Arabic") or simply ' (). Arabic is the List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language, third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of the United Nations, and the Sacred language, liturgical language of Islam. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic, North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and List of islands of France, many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean, giving it Exclusive economic zone of France, one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world. Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Its Regions of France, eighteen integral regions—five of which are overseas—span a combined area of and hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KuruÅŸ
Kuruş ( ; ), also gurush, ersh, gersh, grush, grosha, and grosi, are all names for currency denominations in and around the territories formerly part of the Ottoman Empire. The variation in the name stems from the different languages it is used in (Arabic, Amharic, Turkish and Greek) and the different transcriptions into the Latin alphabet. In European languages, the kuruş was known as the piastre. Today the kuruş (.') is a Turkish currency subunit, with one Turkish lira equal to 100 kuruş as of the 2005 revaluation of the lira. Until the 1844 subdivision of the former Ottoman gold lira, the kuruş was the standard unit of currency within the Ottoman Empire, and was subdivided into 40 '' para'' or 120 '' akçe''. Name The Turkish word ''kuruş'' (, ''kurûş''); , ; plural , ) is derived from the French '' gros'' ("heavy"), which itself is derived from the Latin ''grossus'' ("thick"). It is cognate with the German ''Groschen'' and Hungarian ''garas''. History ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piastre
The piastre or piaster () is any of a number of units of currency. The term originates from the Italian for "thin metal plate". The name was applied to Spanish and Hispanic American pieces of eight, or pesos, by Venetian traders in the Levant in the 16th century. These pesos, minted continually for centuries, were readily accepted by traders in many parts of the world. After the countries of Latin America had gained independence, pesos of Mexico began flowing in through the trade routes, and became prolific in the Far East, taking the place of the Spanish pieces of eight which had been introduced by the Spanish at Manila, and by the Portuguese at Malacca. When the French colonised Indochina, they began issuing the new French Indochinese piastre (''piastre de commerce''), which was equal in value to the familiar Spanish and Mexican pesos. In the Ottoman Empire, the word ''piastre'' was a colloquial European name of KuruÅŸ. Successive currency reforms by debasing the Ot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Of The Ottoman Empire
The Military of the Ottoman Empire () was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire. It was founded in 1299 and dissolved in 1922. Army The Military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the years between 1300 (Byzantine expedition) and 1453 ( Conquest of Constantinople), the classical period covers the years between 1451 (second enthronement of Sultan Mehmed II) and 1606 ( Peace of Zsitvatorok), the reformation period covers the years between 1606 and 1826 ( Vaka-i Hayriye), the modernisation period covers the years between 1826 and 1858 and decline period covers the years between 1861 (enthronement of Sultan Abdülaziz) and 1918 ( Armistice of Mudros). The Ottoman army is the forerunner of the Turkish Armed Forces. Foundation period (1300–1453) The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a steppe-nomadic cavalry force.Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, ''A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk'', Pleager Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithography
Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the miscibility, immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by the German author and actor Alois Senefelder and was initially used mostly for sheet music, musical scores and maps.Meggs, Philip B. ''A History of Graphic Design''. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146, .Carter, Rob, Ben Day, Philip Meggs. ''Typographic Design: Form and Communication'', Third Edition. (2002) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 11. Lithography can be used to print text or images onto paper or other suitable material. A lithograph is something printed by lithography, but this term is only used for printmaking, fine art prints and some other, mostly older, types of printed matter, not for those made by modern commercial lithography. Traditionally, the image to be printed was drawn with a greasy substance, such as oil, fat, or wax on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
