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Varroa Destructor
''Varroa destructor'', the Varroa mite, is an ectoparasite, external parasitic mite that attacks and feeds on honey bees and is one of the most damaging honey bee pests in the world. A significant mite infestation leads to the death of a honey bee colony, usually in the late autumn through early spring. Without management for Varroa mite, honey bee colonies typically collapse within 2 to 3 years in temperate climates. These mites can infest ''Apis mellifera'', the western honey bee, and ''Apis cerana'', the Asian honey bee. Due to very similar physical characteristics, this species was thought to be the closely related ''Varroa jacobsoni'' prior to 2000, but they were found to be two separate species after DNA analysis. Parasitism of bees by mites in the genus ''Varroa'' is called varroosis. The Varroa mite can reproduce only in a honey bee colony. It attaches to the body of the bee and weakens the bee. The species is a vector for at least five debilitating bee viruses, includin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ectoparasite
Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson characterised parasites' way of feeding as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasites include single-celled protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as Armillaria mellea, honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the Orobanchaceae, broomrapes. There are six major parasitic Behavioral ecology#Evolutionarily stable strategy, strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), wikt:trophic, trophicallytransmitted parasitism (by being eaten), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Varroa Underwoodi
''Varroa underwoodi'' is a mite that feeds on honey bees. It is an external parasite of the western honey bee (''Apis mellifera''), Asian honey bee (''A. cerana''), '' A. nigrocincta'', and '' A. nuluensis'' ''V. underwoodi'' has been found on multiple bee species in Southern Asia, though has only been found on the Asian honey bee in China. The smallest sized ''V. underwoodi'' was collected from Papua New Guinea from western honey bee hives. Hosts Host A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it. Host may also refer to: Places * Host, Pennsylvania, a village in Berks County * Host Island, in the Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica People * ...s are primarily '' Apis dorsata'', '' A. laboriosa'' and '' A. breviligula''. Includes ''A. cerana''. References Mesostigmata Arachnids of Asia Beekeeping Parasites of bees Animals described in 1987 {{Mesostigmata-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Varroa Mite Between Segments1
''Varroa'' is a genus of parasitic mesostigmatan mites associated with honey bees, placed in its own family, Varroidae. The genus was named for Marcus Terentius Varro, a Roman scholar and beekeeper. The condition of a honeybee colony being infested with ''Varroa'' mites is called varroosis (also, incorrectly, ''varroatosis''). ''Varroa'' mites, specifically the species ''Varroa destructor'', are recognised as the biggest pest to honeybees worldwide due to their ability to transmit diseases such as deformed wing virus (or DWV) to larval or pupating bees, resulting in death or severe deformity of the pupae. History and behavior ''Varroa'' mites feed off the fat body tissue of adult, pupal, and larval honey bees, and may carry viruses that are particularly damaging to the bees (e.g., deformed wings, and IAPV), and accordingly they have been implicated in colony collapse disorder. Research has indicated that alone, neither ''Varroa'' mites nor deformed wing virus are particularly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Bottleneck
A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities such as genocide, speciocide, widespread violence or intentional culling. Such events can reduce the variation in the gene pool of a population; thereafter, a smaller population, with a smaller genetic diversity, remains to pass on genes to future generations of offspring. Genetic diversity remains lower, increasing only when gene flow from another population occurs or very slowly increasing with time as random mutations occur. This results in a reduction in the robustness of the population and in its ability to adapt to and survive selecting environmental changes, such as climate change or a shift in available resources. Alternatively, if survivors of the bottleneck are the individuals with the greatest genetic fitness, the frequency of the fitter genes within the gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drone (bee)
A drone is a male bee. Unlike the female worker bee, a drone has no stinger. He does not gather nectar or pollen and cannot feed without assistance from worker bees. His only role is to mate with a maiden queen in nuptial flight. Genetics Drones carry only one type of allele at each chromosomal position, because they are haploid (containing only one set of chromosomes from the mother). During the development of eggs within a queen, a diploid cell with 32 chromosomes divides to generate haploid cells called gametes with 16 chromosomes. The result is a haploid egg, with chromosomes having a new combination of alleles at the various loci. This process is called arrhenotokous parthenogenesis or simply arrhenotoky. Because the male bee technically has only a mother, and no father, their genealogical tree is unusual. The first generation has one member (the male). One generation back also has one member (the mother). Two generations back are two members (the mother and father of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phoretic
Phoresis or phoresy is a temporary Commensalism, commensalistic relationship when an organism (a phoront or phoretic) attaches itself to a host organism solely for travel. It has been seen in tick, ticks and mite, mites since the 18th century, and in fossils 320 million years old. It is not restricted to arthropods or animals; plants with seeds that disperse by attaching themselves to animals are also considered to be phoretic. ''Phoresis'' is rooted in the Greek words ''phoras'' (bearing) and ''phor'' (thief). The term, originally defined in 1896 as a relationship in which the host acts as a vehicle for its passenger, clashed with other terminology being developed at the time, so constraints on the length of time, feeding, and ontogeny are now considered. Phoresis is used as a strategy for Biological dispersal, dispersal, Migration (ecology), seasonal migration, transport to new host/habitat, escaping ephemeral habitats, and reducing inbreeding depression. In addition to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bee Brood
Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyly, monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea. They are currently considered a clade, called Anthophila. There are over 20,000 known species of bees in seven recognized Family (biology), biological families. Some speciesincluding honey bees, bumblebees, and stingless beeslive eusociality, socially in colonies while most species (>90%)including mason bees, carpenter bees, Megachile, leafcutter bees, and Halictidae, sweat beesare solitary. Bees are found on every continent except Antarctica, in every habitat on the planet that contains insect-pollinated flowering plants. The most common bees in the Northern Hemisphere are the Halictidae, or sweat bees, but they are small and often mistaken for wasps or flies. Bees range in size from tiny stingless bee species, whose ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apis Nuluensis
''Apis cerana nuluensis'' is a subspecies of honey bee described in 1996 by Tingek, Koeniger & Koeniger. The geographic distribution of the subspecies is the southeastern Asian island of Borneo, politically divided between Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. ''A. c. nuluensis'' is one of a number of Indonesian honey bees, including the more obscure ''Apis koschevnikovi'' and ''Apis nigrocincta'' (the latter of which has nearby habitat on nearby Sulawesi and Mindanao islands) A. c. nuluensis worker bees appear as dark honeybees. They have black tibias and light brown femurs, with long hairs and whitish tomenta on the abdomen. Drone bees are entirely black with no yellow/rufous color. A. c. nuluensis wing length is between 9.3mm and 9.8mm. While this was originally described as a species, it has since been classified as a geographic race (subspecies) of the widespread ''A. cerana''. Molecular evidence suggests it is divergent enough in its DNA sequences to potentially represent a b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apis Nigrocincta
''Apis nigrocincta'' is a species of honey bee that inhabits the Philippine island of Mindanao as well as the Indonesian islands of Sangihe and Sulawesi. The species is known to have queens with the highest mating frequencies of any species of the tribe Apini. It is a middle-sized species of the tribe'' Apini'', compared to the larger '' A. dorsata'' or smaller '' A. florea''. Taxonomy and phylogeny ''Apis nigrocincta'' is part of the subfamily Apinae within the Hymenopteran family Apidae. Apidae is the largest family of bees consisting of over 5,600 species, with the only bees that are colonized by humans for honey production. The subfamily Apinae includes a majority of the honey bee species, with 19 tribes; ''A. nigrocincta'' is part of Apini. Unlike the stingless honeybees of genus ''Meliponini'', ''A. nigrocincta'' is part of the genus ''Apis'' of true honeybees. The genus ''Apis'' is split into three major lineages – dwarf, giant, and cavity-nesting honeybees. ''Apis ni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apis Koschevnikovi
''Apis koschevnikovi'', Koschevnikov's honey bee, is a species of honey bee which inhabits Malaysian and Indonesian Borneo, where it lives sympatrically with other honey bee species such as '' Apis cerana'' (specifically '' A. c. nuluensis''). The species was first described by Hugo Berthold von Buttel-Reepen, who dedicated it to Grigory Aleksandrovich Kozhevnikov (1866–1933), a pioneer of honey bee morphology. This was an invalid designation, however, and the name was first formally made available by Günther Enderlein that same year. Therefore, Buttel-Reepen is not the author of the name (following the ICZN). The species was described again by Maa in 1953, this time with the name ''Apis vechti''. It was finally rediscovered by Tingek and his colleagues in 1988. Taxonomy and phylogeny ''Apis koschevnikovi'' is of the family Apidae and genus ''Apis''. ''A. koschevnikovi'' is known as one of the "Red Bees" of Borneo, described in 1988. ''A. koschevnikovi'' appears together w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asian Honey Bee
''Apis cerana'', the eastern honey bee, Asiatic honey bee or Asian honey bee, is a species of honey bee native to South, Southeast and East Asia. This species is the sister species of ''Apis koschevnikovi'' and both are in the same subgenus as the western (European) honey bee, ''Apis mellifera''. Engel, M.S. (1999) The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: ''Apis''). ''Journal of Hymenoptera Research'' 8: pp. 165–196. ''A. cerana'' is known to live sympatrically along with ''Apis koschevnikovi'' within the same geographic location. ''Apis cerana'' colonies are known for building nests consisting of multiple combs in cavities containing a small entrance, presumably for defense against invasion by individuals of another nest.Nanork, P., et al. "Social parasitism by workers in queenless and queenright Apis cerana colonies." Molecular ecology 16.5 (2007): 1107-1114. The diet of this honey bee species consists mostly of pollen and nectar, or honey.Haydak, Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Honey Bee
The western honey bee or European honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide. The genus name ''Apis'' is Latin for 'bee', and ''mellifera'' is the Latin for 'honey-bearing' or 'honey-carrying', referring to the species' production of honey. Like all honey bee species, the western honey bee is Eusociality, eusocial, creating Beehive, colonies with a single fertile female (or "Queen bee, queen"), many normally non-reproductive females or "workers", and a small proportion of fertile males or "Drone (bee), drones". Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organized by Bee learning and communication, complex communication between individuals, through both pheromones and the waggle dance. The western honey bee was one of the first Domestication, domesticated insects, and it is the primary species maintained by beekeepers to this day for both its honey production and pollination activities. With h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
