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Value-added
Value added is a term in economics for calculating the difference between market value of a product or service, and the sum value of its constituents. It is relatively expressed by the demand curve, supply-demand curve for specific units of sale. Value added is distinguished from the accounting term added value which measures only the financial profits earned upon transformational processes for specific items of sale that are available on the market. In business, ''total value added'' is calculated by tabulating the ''unit value added'' (measured by summing unit Profit (accounting), profit — the difference between Price, sale price and production cost, unit depreciation cost, and unit Direct labor cost, labor cost) per each unit sold. Thus, total value added is equivalent to revenue minus intermediate consumption. Value added is a higher portion of revenue for Integrated business planning, integrated companies (e.g. manufacturing companies) and a lower portion of revenue for less ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indirect Taxes
An indirect tax (such as a sales tax, per unit tax, value-added tax (VAT), excise tax, consumption tax, or tariff) is a tax that is levied upon goods and services before they reach the customer who ultimately pays the indirect tax as a part of market price of the good or service purchased. Alternatively, if the entity who pays taxes to the tax collecting authority does not suffer a corresponding reduction in income, i.e., the effect and tax incidence are not on the same entity meaning that tax can be shifted or passed on, then the tax is indirect. An indirect tax is collected by an intermediary (such as a retail store) from the person (such as the consumer) who pays the tax included in the price of a purchased good. The intermediary later files a tax return and forwards the tax proceeds to government with the return. In this sense, the term indirect tax is contrasted with a direct tax, which is collected directly by government from the persons (legal or natural) on whom it is impo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Value-added Tax
A value-added tax (VAT or goods and services tax (GST), general consumption tax (GCT)) is a consumption tax that is levied on the value added at each stage of a product's production and distribution. VAT is similar to, and is often compared with, a sales tax. VAT is an indirect tax, because the consumer who ultimately bears the burden of the tax is not the entity that pays it. Specific goods and services are typically exempted in various jurisdictions. Products exported to other countries are typically exempted from the tax, typically via a rebate to the exporter. VAT is usually implemented as a destination-based tax, where the tax rate is based on the location of the customer. VAT raises about a fifth of total tax revenues worldwide and among the members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). As of January 2025, 175 of the Member states of the United Nations, 193 countries with UN membership employ a VAT, including all OECD members except the Tax ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intermediate Consumption
Intermediate consumption (also called "intermediate expenditure") is an economic concept used in national accounts, such as the United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA), the US National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) and the European System of Accounts (ESA). Conceptually, the aggregate "intermediate consumption" is equal to the amount of the difference between gross output (roughly, the total sales value) and net output (gross value added or GDP). In the US economy, total intermediate consumption represents about 45% of gross output. The services component in intermediate consumption has grown strongly in the US, from about 30% in the 1980s to more than 40% today. Thus, intermediate consumption is an accounting flow which consists of the total monetary value of goods and services ''consumed or used up as inputs in production'' by enterprises, including raw materials, services and various other operating expenses. Because this value must be subtracted from gros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Net Output
Net output is an accounting concept used in national accounts such as the United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA) and the NIPAs, and sometimes in corporate or government accounts. The concept was originally invented to measure the total net addition to a country's stock of wealth created by production during an accounting interval. The concept of net output is basically "gross revenue from production ''less'' the value of goods and services ''used up'' in that production". The idea is that if one deducts intermediate expenditures from the annual flow of income generated by production, one obtains a measure of the net new value of the new goods and services created. Definition In national accounts, net output is equivalent to the gross value added during an accounting period when producing enterprises use inputs (labor and capital assets) to produce outputs. Gross value added is called "gross" because it includes depreciation charges (or more precisely, consumption ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Nations System Of National Accounts
The System of National Accounts or SNA (until 1993 known as the United Nations System of National Accounts or UNSNA) is an international standard system of concepts and methods for national accounts. It is nowadays used by most countries in the world. The first international standard was published in 1953. Manuals have subsequently been released for the 1968 revision, the 1993 revision, and the 2008 revision. The draft version for the SNA 2025 revision was adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission at its 56th Session in March 2025. Behind the accounts system, there is also a system of people: the people who are cooperating around the world to produce the statistics, for use by government agencies, businesspeople, academics and interest groups from all nations. The aim of SNA is to provide an integrated, complete system of standard national accounts, for the purpose of economic analysis, policy-making and decision-making. When individual countries use SNA standards to g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economic Value Added
In accounting, as part of financial statements analysis, economic value added is an estimate of a firm's economic profit, or the value created in excess of the Required rate of return, required return of the types of companies, company's shareholders. EVA is the net profit less the capital charge ($) for raising the firm's capital. The idea is that value is created when the return on the firm's economic capital employed exceeds the cost of that capital. This amount can be determined by making adjustments to Generally accepted accounting principles, GAAP accounting. There are potentially over 160 adjustments but in practice, only several key ones are made, depending on the company and its industry. Calculation EVA is net operating profit after taxes (or NOPAT) less a capital charge, the latter being the product of the cost of capital and the economic capital. The basic formula is: : \begin \text & = ( \text - \text ) \cdot (\text - \text) \\[8pt] & = \text - \text \cdot (\text - \ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gross Output
In economics, gross output (GO) is a measure of the value of production of new goods and services during an accounting period. Gross output represents the total value of ''sales'' by producing enterprises (their gross revenue or turnover) in an accounting period (a quarter or a year), before subtracting the value of intermediate goods used up in production from the value of sales. Gross output can also be defined as the value of net output (the gross value-added or GDP) ''plus'' the value of intermediate consumption. Gross output is therefore a broader measure of the value of production than gross domestic product (GDP), which measures only the net value of final output (finished goods and services). , for example, the Bureau of Economic Analysis estimated gross output in the United States to be $50.9 trillion, compared to $29.3 trillion for GDP. Gross output and net output are complementary measures of the value of production. The components of gross output provide extra in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gross Value Added
In economics, gross value added (GVA) is the measure of the value of goods and service (economics), services produced in an area, industry or sector of an economy. "The ''gross value added'' is the Value of output (economy), value of output minus the value of intermediate consumption; it is a measure of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry or sector; gross value added is the source from which the primary incomes of the System of National Accounts (SNA) are generated and is therefore carried forward into the primary distribution of income account." Relationship to gross domestic product GVA is an important measure used to determine gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is an indicator of the health of a national economy and economic growth. It represents the monetary value of all products and services produced in the country within a defined period of time. "In comparing GVA and GDP, we can say that GVA is a better measure for the Welfare definition of econo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulbo De Sitter
Lamoraal Ulbo de Sitter (6 March 1902 – 12 May 1980) was a Dutch geologist at Leiden University, where he was the founder of the school of structural geology. De Sitter was known for his research on the geology of the Alps and Pyrenees. His father was the astronomer Willem de Sitter (1872–1934), and one of his sons was the Dutch sociologist Ulbo de Sitter (1930–2010). Life and Works De Sitter studied geology in Switzerland and later at Leiden, where he was a pupil of geologists Karl Martin (1851–1942) and Berend George Escher (1885–1967). He finished his dissertation in 1925 and then got a job at the Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij. After some years, he returned to Leiden to become Escher's assistant. De Sitter's task was to supervise fieldwork and research in the Bergamo Alps (northern Italy). In addition to mapping geological structures, De Sitter also did experimental research on the development and origin of geological structures such as faults or f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bang For The Buck
"Bang for the buck" is an idiom meaning the worth of one's money or exertion. The phrase originated from the slang usage of the words "bang" which means "excitement" and "buck" which means "money". Variations of the term include "bang for your buck," "bang for one's buck," "more bang for the buck," "bigger bang for the buck," and mixings of these. "More bang for the buck" was preceded by "more bounce to the ounce", an advertising slogan used in 1950 to market the carbonated soft drink Pepsi. The phrase "bigger bang for the buck" was notably used by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Secretary of Defense, Charles Erwin Wilson, in 1954. He used it to describe the New Look policy of depending on nuclear weapons, rather than a large regular army, to keep the Soviet Union in check. Today, the phrase is used to mean a greater worth for the money used. History and usage William Safire discussed "bang for the buck" in his 1968 book, ''New Language of Politics''. Safire stated t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wages
A wage is payment made by an employer to an employee for work done in a specific period of time. Some examples of wage payments include compensatory payments such as ''minimum wage'', '' prevailing wage'', and ''yearly bonuses,'' and remunerative payments such as ''prizes'' and ''tip payouts.'' Wages are part of the expenses that are involved in running a business. It is an obligation to the employee regardless of the profitability of the company. Payment by wage contrasts with salaried work, in which the employer pays an arranged amount at steady intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked, with commission which conditions pay on individual performance, and with compensation based on the performance of the company as a whole. Waged employees may also receive tips or gratuity paid directly by clients and employee benefits which are non-monetary forms of compensation. Since wage labour is the predominant form of work, the term "wage" sometimes refers to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
